1
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Yoon J, Kim BS. Coordinative Double Hydrophilic All-Polyether Micelles for pH-Responsive Delivery of Cisplatin. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1861-1870. [PMID: 38344950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite its widespread use in the treatment of numerous cancers, the use of cisplatin still raises concerns about its high toxicity and limited selectivity. Consequently, the necessity arises for the development of an effective drug delivery system. Here, we present an effective approach that introduces a double hydrophilic block copolyether for the controlled delivery of cisplatin. Specifically, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(glycidoxy acetic acid) (mPEG-b-PGA) was synthesized via anionic ring-opening polymerization using the oxazoline-based epoxide monomer 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline glycidyl ether, followed by subsequent acidic deprotection. The coordinative metal-ligand interaction between cisplatin and the carboxylate group within the PGA block facilitated the formation of micelles from the double hydrophilic mPEG-b-PGA copolyether. Cisplatin-loaded polymeric micelles had a high loading capacity, controlled pH-responsive release kinetics, and high cell viability. Furthermore, in vitro biological assays revealed cellular apoptosis induced by the cisplatin-loaded micelles. This study thus successfully demonstrates the potential use of double hydrophilic block copolyethers as a versatile platform for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoo Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Gineste S, Mingotaud C. Double-hydrophilic block copolymer-metal ion associations: Structures, properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102808. [PMID: 36442323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid polyionic complexes (HPICs), constructed from double-hydrophilic block copolymers and metal ions, have been largely developed with increasing interest in the past decade in the fields of catalysis, materials science and biological applications. The chemical natures of both blocks are very versatile, but one block should be able to interact with ions, and the second one should be neutral. Many metals have been used to form HPICs, which have, in their simplest architectural form, a core-shell structure of a few tens of nanometers in radius with an external shell made of the neutral block of the copolymer. In this review, we focus our discussion on the stability, shape, size and inner structure of these hybrid micelles. We then describe the most recent applications of HPICs, as reported in the literature, and point out the current challenges, missing structural information and future perspectives for this class of organized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gineste
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Mingotaud
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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3
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Synthesis, characterization and application of dual thermo- and solvent-responsive double-hydrophilic diblock copolymers of N-acryloylmorpholine and N-isopropylacrylamide. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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4
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Nabiyan A, Max JB, Schacher FH. Double hydrophilic copolymers - synthetic approaches, architectural variety, and current application fields. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:995-1044. [PMID: 35005750 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solubility and functionality of polymeric materials are essential properties determining their role in any application. In that regard, double hydrophilic copolymers (DHC) are typically constructed from two chemically dissimilar but water-soluble building blocks. During the past decades, these materials have been intensely developed and utilised as, e.g., matrices for the design of multifunctional hybrid materials, in drug carriers and gene delivery, as nanoreactors, or as sensors. This is predominantly due to almost unlimited possibilities to precisely tune DHC composition and topology, their solution behavior, e.g., stimuli-response, and potential interactions with small molecules, ions and (nanoparticle) surfaces. In this contribution we want to highlight that this class of polymers has experienced tremendous progress regarding synthesis, architectural variety, and the possibility to combine response to different stimuli within one material. Especially the implementation of DHCs as versatile building blocks in hybrid materials expanded the range of water-based applications during the last two decades, which now includes also photocatalysis, sensing, and 3D inkjet printing of hydrogels, definitely going beyond already well-established utilisation in biomedicine or as templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Nabiyan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes B Max
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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5
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Constantinou AP, Zhang K, Somuncuoğlu B, Feng B, Georgiou TK. PEG-Based Methacrylate Tetrablock Terpolymers: How Does the Architecture Control the Gelation? Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Constantinou
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Birsen Somuncuoğlu
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Bailin Feng
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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6
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Marková P, Uchman M. Synthesis and self-assembly of polyzwitterionic phenylboronic acid-containing double hydrophilic block copolymers. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Jeong YH, Ahn T, Yu W, Lee SM. Cholesterol-Functionalized Linear/Brush Block Copolymers for Metal-Incorporated Nanostructures with Modulated Core Density and Enhanced Self-Assembly Efficiency. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:492-497. [PMID: 35549233 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-mediated self-assembly of chelating double-hydrophilic block copolymer has become a facile preparation strategy of great importance for the metal-chelated hybrid nanostructures. Herein, we present a delicate control over the morphology regulation of metal-chelated nanostructures by a terminal modification of polymer building blocks with mesogenic cholesterol. Such a molecular design motif at an end of chelating linear/brush-type block copolymer imparts not only additional hydrophobicity for enhanced cohesive force to facilitate the metal-mediated self-assembly, but also significant morphological alteration of a metal-chelated core that otherwise generally forms a spherical interior with cholesterol-free block copolymers. The presence of cholesterol entities localized at the central core further allows for the density modulation of the final PtII-chelated nanostructures while maintaining the colloidal stability, comparable to that of the cholesterol-free nanoparticles in physiological conditions. This metal-mediated assembly strategy with modified polymer building blocks can provide a potential platform for the delivery of inorganic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Taekyung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Wonjeong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
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8
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Sproncken CM, Magana JR, Voets IK. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Attractive Soft Matter: Association Kinetics, Dynamics, and Pathway Complexity in Electrostatically Coassembled Micelles. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:167-179. [PMID: 33628618 PMCID: PMC7894791 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatically coassembled micelles constitute a versatile class of functional soft materials with broad application potential as, for example, encapsulation agents for nanomedicine and nanoreactors for gels and inorganic particles. The nanostructures that form upon the mixing of selected oppositely charged (block co)polymers and other ionic species greatly depend on the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of the micellar building blocks, such as charge density, block length (ratio), and hydrophobicity. Nearly three decades of research since the introduction of this new class of polymer micelles shed significant light on the structure and properties of the steady-state association colloids. Dynamics and out-of-equilibrium processes, such as (dis)assembly pathways, exchange kinetics of the micellar constituents, and reaction-assembly networks, have steadily gained more attention. We foresee that the broadened scope will contribute toward the design and preparation of otherwise unattainable structures with emergent functionalities and properties. This Viewpoint focuses on current efforts to study such dynamic and out-of-equilibrium processes with greater spatiotemporal detail. We highlight different approaches and discuss how they reveal and rationalize similarities and differences in the behavior of mixed micelles prepared under various conditions and from different polymeric building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
C. M. Sproncken
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing
Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and
Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J. Rodrigo Magana
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing
Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and
Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing
Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and
Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Cerra S, Matassa R, Beltrán AM, Familiari G, Battocchio C, Pis I, Sciubba F, Scaramuzzo FA, Del Giudice A, Fratoddi I. Insights about the interaction of methotrexate loaded hydrophilic gold nanoparticles: Spectroscopic, morphological and structural characterizations. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Wang Y, Quinsaat JEQ, Ono T, Maeki M, Tokeshi M, Isono T, Tajima K, Satoh T, Sato SI, Miura Y, Yamamoto T. Enhanced dispersion stability of gold nanoparticles by the physisorption of cyclic poly(ethylene glycol). Nat Commun 2020; 11:6089. [PMID: 33257670 PMCID: PMC7705015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-sized metal particles are attracting much interest in industrial and biomedical applications due to the recent progress and development of nanotechnology, and the surface-modifications by appropriate polymers are key techniques to stably express their characteristics. Herein, we applied cyclic poly(ethylene glycol) (c-PEG), having no chemical inhomogeneity, to provide a polymer topology-dependent stabilization for the surface-modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through physisorption. By simply mixing c-PEG, but not linear counterparts, enables AuNPs to maintain dispersibility through freezing, lyophilization, or heating. Surprisingly, c-PEG endowed AuNPs with even better dispersion stability than thiolated PEG (HS-PEG-OMe). The stronger affinity of c-PEG was confirmed by DLS, ζ-potential, and FT-IR. Furthermore, the c-PEG system exhibited prolonged blood circulation and enhanced tumor accumulation in mice. Our data suggests that c-PEG induces physisorption on AuNPs, supplying sufficient stability toward bio-medical applications, and would be an alternative approach to the gold-sulfur chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Jose Enrico Q Quinsaat
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Maeki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
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11
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Magana JR, Sproncken CCM, Voets IK. On Complex Coacervate Core Micelles: Structure-Function Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1953. [PMID: 32872312 PMCID: PMC7565781 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-assembly of ionic-neutral block copolymers with oppositely charged species produces nanometric colloidal complexes, known, among other names, as complex coacervates core micelles (C3Ms). C3Ms are of widespread interest in nanomedicine for controlled delivery and release, whilst research activity into other application areas, such as gelation, catalysis, nanoparticle synthesis, and sensing, is increasing. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the functional roles that C3Ms can fulfil in these and other fields, focusing on emerging structure-function relations and remaining knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilja K. Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (J.R.M.); (C.C.M.S.)
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12
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Patlolla SR, Kao CR, Chen GW, Huang YC, Chuang YC, Sneed BT, Chou WC, Ong TG, Dong CL, Kuo CH. Au-BINOL Hybrid Nanocatalysts: Insights into the Structure-Based Enhancement of Catalytic and Photocatalytic Performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b06489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Reddy Patlolla
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Rui Kao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Wei Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chun Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Brian T. Sneed
- Cabot Microelectronics, Aurora, Illinois 60504, United States
| | | | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei 25137, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Kuo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan
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13
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Constantinou AP, Marie-Sainte U, Peng L, Carroll DR, McGilvery CM, Dunlop IE, Georgiou TK. Effect of block copolymer architecture and composition on gold nanoparticle fabrication. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00931k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) fabricated via the self-assembly of block copolymers of various architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Constantinou
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Uriel Marie-Sainte
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Lihui Peng
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Dean R. Carroll
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Catriona M. McGilvery
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Iain E. Dunlop
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
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14
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Preparation of metal-polymer nanocomposites by chemical reduction of metal ions: functions of polymer matrices. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Alinejad Z, Khakzad F, Mahdavian AR. Efficient approach to in-situ preparation of anisotropic and assemblable gold nanoparticles mediated by stimuli-responsive PDMAEMA. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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17
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Lü J, Liu B, Shi B, Lü C. Coordination-induced assemblies of quantum dots in amphiphilic thermo-responsive block copolymer micelles: morphologies, optical properties and applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermo-responsive dual-emitting QD/BCP assemblies with QDs located in the core (CDMs), shell (SDMs) and the interface (IDMs) between the core and the shell of micelles were constructed via coordination-driven assemblies for the selective detection of TNP and Hg2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Lü
- Institute of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Bingxin Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Qinghai University
- Xining 810016
- P. R. China
| | - Bingfeng Shi
- Institute of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Changli Lü
- Institute of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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