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Werner WSM, Simperl F, Blödorn F, Brunner J, Kero J, Bellissimo A, Ridzel O. Energy Dissipation of Fast Electrons in Polymethylmethacrylate: Toward a Universal Curve for Electron-Beam Attenuation in Solids between ∼0 eV and Relativistic Energies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:186203. [PMID: 38759161 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.186203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Spectroscopy of correlated electron pairs was employed to investigate the energy dissipation process, as well as the transport and the emission of low-energy electrons on a polymethylmethacrylate surface, providing secondary electron spectra causally related to the energy loss of the primary. Two groups are identified in the cascade of slow electrons, corresponding to different stages in the energy dissipation process. The characteristic lengths for attenuation due to collective excitations and momentum relaxation are quantified for both groups and are found to be distinctly different: λ_{1}=(12±2) Å and λ_{2}=(62±11) Å. The results strongly contradict the commonly employed model of exponential attenuation with the electron inelastic mean free path as characteristic length, but they essentially agree with a theory used for decades in astrophysics and neutron transport, albeit with characteristic lengths expressed in units of angstroms rather than light-years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang S M Werner
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Simperl
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Blödorn
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Brunner
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Kero
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Bellissimo
- Institut für Photonik, Technische Universität Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29/E387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olga Ridzel
- Theiss Research, 7411 Eads Avenue, La Jolla, California 92037-5037, USA
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2
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Rahman M, Al Mamun MS. Future prospects of MXenes: synthesis, functionalization, properties, and application in field effect transistors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:367-385. [PMID: 38235082 PMCID: PMC10790980 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) materials that have drawn a lot of interest recently because of their distinctive characteristics and possible uses in a variety of industries. This review emphasizes the bright future prospects of MXene materials in the realm of FETs. Their remarkable properties, coupled with their tunability and compatibility, position MXenes as promising candidates for the development of high-performance electronic devices. As research in this field continues to evolve, the potential of MXenes to drive innovation in electronics becomes increasingly evident, fostering excitement for their role in shaping the future of electronic technology. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of MXene materials, focusing on their synthesis methods, functionalization strategies, intrinsic properties, and their promising application in Field Effect Transistors (FETs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Rahman
- Chemistry Discipline, Khulna University Khulna-9208 Bangladesh
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3
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Identifying and imaging polymer functionality at high spatial resolution with core-loss EELS. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 246:113688. [PMID: 36701963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a proven tool for probing materials chemistry at high spatial resolution. Core-loss EELS fine structure should allow measurement of local polymer chemistry. For organic materials, sensitivity to radiolysis is expected to limit the resolution achievable with EELS: but core-loss EELS has proven difficult at any resolution, yielding inconsistent spectra that compare unfavorably with theoretically analogous x-ray absorption spectra. Many of the previously identified shortcomings should not be limiting factors on modern equipment. This study establishes that EELS can generate identifiable carbon K-edge spectra for a range of common polymer types and chemistry, and demonstrates fine structure features matching prior x-ray absorption spectra. EELS fine structure features broaden intuitively with the instrument's energy resolution, and beam-induced features are readily differentiated by collecting spectra at a series of doses. The results are demonstrated with spectrum images of a model polymer blend, and used to estimate practical pixel sizes that can be used for mapping core-loss EELS as a function of electron dose.
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4
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Shao Y, Hou B, Li W, Yan X, Wang X, Xu Y, Dong Q, Li W, He J, Zhang WB. Three-Component Bolaform Giant Surfactants Forming Lamellar Nanopatterns with Sub-5 nm Feature Sizes. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weiyi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojin Yan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yuchun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qingshu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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5
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Pal R, Sikder AK, Saito K, Funston AM, Bellare JR. Study of polycarbonate‐polystyrene interfaces using Scanning Transmission Electron
Microscopy‐Spectrum
Imaging (
STEM‐SI
). POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pal
- IITB‐Monash Research Academy IIT Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Arun K. Sikder
- SABIC Research and Technology Pvt. Ltd. Bengaluru 562125 India
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Alison M. Funston
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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6
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Valencia L, de la Mata M, Herrera M, Delgado F, Hernández-Saz J, Molina S. Induced damage during STEM-EELS analyses on acrylic-based materials for Stereolithography. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Lesiak B, Zemek J, Jiricek P, Rezek B, Jóźwik A. Effect of electron irradiation on polypropylene and polystyrene foils studied by pattern recognition methods on electron spectroscopy data. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1978487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Lesiak
- Department of Catalysis on Metals, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Josef Zemek
- Department of Optical Materials, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jiricek
- Department of Optical Materials, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Jóźwik
- Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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8
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Pal R, Bourgeois L, Weyland M, Sikder AK, Saito K, Funston AM, Bellare JR. Chemical Fingerprinting of Polymers Using Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23934-23942. [PMID: 34568672 PMCID: PMC8459415 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is becoming an important tool in the characterization of polymeric materials. The sensitivity of EELS to changes in the chemical structure of polymeric materials dictates its applicability. In particular, it is important for compositional analysis to have reference spectra of pure components. Here, we report the spectra of the carbon K-edge of six polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, and polylactic acid) including copolymers (styrene acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), to be used as reference spectra for future EELS studies of polymers. We have successfully decomposed the carbon K-edge of each of the polymers and assigned the observed peaks to bonding transitions. The spectra have been acquired in standard experimental conditions, and electron beam damage has been taken into account during establishment of spectral-structural relationships. We found that the more commonly available low-energy resolution spectrometers are adequate to chemically fingerprint linear saturated hydrocarbons such as PE, PP, and PLA. We have thus moved a step closer toward creating an atlas of polymer EELS spectra, which can be subsequently used for chemical bond mapping of polymeric materials with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pal
- IITB-Monash
Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Laure Bourgeois
- Monash
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew Weyland
- Monash
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arun K. Sikder
- SABIC
Research and Technology Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru 562125, India
| | - Kei Saito
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alison M. Funston
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre
of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jayesh R. Bellare
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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9
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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10
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Parent LR, Gnanasekaran K, Korpanty J, Gianneschi NC. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymeric Materials by In Situ Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:14-38. [PMID: 35548998 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A century ago, Hermann Staudinger proposed the macromolecular theory of polymers, and now, as we enter the second century of polymer science, we face a different set of opportunities and challenges for the development of functional soft matter. Indeed, many fundamental questions remain open, relating to physical structures and mechanisms of phase transformations at the molecular and nanoscale. In this Viewpoint, we describe efforts to develop a dynamic, in situ microscopy tool suited to the study of polymeric materials at the nanoscale that allows for direct observation of discrete structures and processes in solution, as a complement to light, neutron, and X-ray scattering methods. Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) is a nascent in situ imaging technique for characterizing and examining solvated nanomaterials in real time. Though still under development, LPTEM has been shown to be capable of several modes of imaging: (1) imaging static solvated materials analogous to cryo-TEM, (2) videography of nanomaterials in motion, (3) observing solutions or nanomaterials undergoing physical and chemical transformations, including synthesis, assembly, and phase transitions, and (4) observing electron beam-induced chemical-materials processes. Herein, we describe opportunities and limitations of LPTEM for polymer science. We review the basic experimental platform of LPTEM and describe the origin of electron beam effects that go hand in hand with the imaging process. These electron beam effects cause perturbation and damage to the sample and solvent that can manifest as artefacts in images and videos. We describe sample-specific experimental guidelines and outline approaches to mitigate, characterize, and quantify beam damaging effects. Altogether, we seek to provide an overview of this nascent field in the context of its potential to contribute to the advancement of polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Parent
- Innovation Partnership Building, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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11
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Pryshchepa O, Pomastowski P, Buszewski B. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, investigation techniques, and properties. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102246. [PMID: 32977142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The unique silver properties, especially in the form of nanoparticles (NPs), allow to utilize them in numerous applications. For instance, Ag NPs can be utilized for the production of electronic and solar energy harvesting devices, in advanced analytical techniques (NALDI, SERS), catalysis and photocatalysis. Moreover, the Ag NPs can be useful in medicine for bioimaging, biosensing as well as in antibacterial and anticancer therapies. The Ag NPs utilization requires comprehensive knowledge about their features regarding the synthesis approaches as well as exploitation conditions. Unfortunately, a large number of scientific articles provide only restricted information according to the objects under investigation. Additionally, the results could be affected by artifacts introduced with exploited equipment, the utilized technique or sample preparation stages. However, it is rather difficult to get information about problems, which may occur during the studies. Thus, the review provides information about novel trends in the Ag NPs synthesis, among which the physical, chemical, and biological approaches can be found. Basic information about approaches for the control of critical parameters of NPs, i.e. size and shape, was also revealed. It was shown, that the reducing agent, stabilizer, the synthesis environment, including trace ions, have a direct impact on the Ag NPs properties. Further, the capabilities of modern analytical techniques for Ag NPs and nanocomposites investigations were shown, among other microscopic (optical, TEM, SEM, STEM, AFM), spectroscopic (UV-Vis, IR, Raman, NMR, electron spectroscopy, XRD), spectrometric (MALDI-TOF MS, SIMS, ICP-MS), and separation (CE, FFF, gel electrophoresis) techniques were described. The limitations and possible artifacts of the techniques were mentioned. A large number of presented techniques is a distinguishing feature, which makes the review different from others. Finally, the physicochemical and biological properties of Ag NPs were demonstrated. It was shown, that Ag NPs features are dependent on their basic parameters, such as size, shape, chemical composition, etc. At the end of the review, the modern theories of the Ag NPs toxic mechanism were shown in a way that has never been presented before. The review should be helpful for scientists in their own studies, as it can help to prepare experiments more carefully.
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12
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Pal R, Bourgeois L, Weyland M, Sikder AK, Saito K, Funston AM, Bellare JR. Chemical fingerprinting of polyvinyl acetate and polycarbonate using electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates that the high sensitivity of EELS can be used to identify the changes in the chemical structure of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pal
- IITB-Monash Research Academy
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Laure Bourgeois
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy
- Monash University
- Australia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Monash University
| | - Matthew Weyland
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy
- Monash University
- Australia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Monash University
| | - Arun K. Sikder
- SABIC Research and Technology Pvt. Ltd
- Bengaluru 562125
- India
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Alison M. Funston
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
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13
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Pang J, Mendes RG, Bachmatiuk A, Zhao L, Ta HQ, Gemming T, Liu H, Liu Z, Rummeli MH. Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:72-133. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of MXene materials and their energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Pang
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR)
- University of Jinan
| | - Rafael G. Mendes
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
| | - Liang Zhao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Huy Q. Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Thomas Gemming
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR)
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Mark H. Rummeli
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
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