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Novo DC, Edgar KJ. Smart fluorescent polysaccharides: Recent developments and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121471. [PMID: 37985079 PMCID: PMC10661488 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are ubiquitous, generally benign in nature, and compatible with many tissues in biomedical situations, making them appealing candidates for new materials such as therapeutic agents and sensors. Fluorescent labeling can create the ability to sensitively monitor distribution and transport of polysaccharide-based materials, which can for example further illuminate drug-delivery mechanisms and therefore improve design of delivery systems. Herein, we review fluorophore selection and ways of appending polysaccharides, utility of the product fluorescent polysaccharides as new smart materials, and their stimulus-responsive nature, with focus on their biomedical applications as environment-sensitive biosensors, imaging, and as molecular rulers. Further, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and future prospects for creation and use of these self-reporting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Novo
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; GlycoMIP, National Science Foundation Materials Innovation Platform, United States.
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Bejan A, Marin L. Outstanding Sorption of Copper (II) Ions on Porous Phenothiazine-Imine-Chitosan Materials. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020134. [PMID: 36826303 PMCID: PMC9957313 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of a solid-state material, prepared by crosslinking chitosan with a phenothiazine-based aldehyde, to remove copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions, in a fast and selective manner. The metal uptake experiments, including the retention, sensibility, and selectivity against eight different metal ions, were realized via batch adsorption studies. The capacity of the material to retain copper (II) ions was investigated by spectrophotometric measurements, using poly(ethyleneimine) complexation agent, which allowed detection in a concentration range of 5-500 µM. The forces driving the copper sorption were monitored using various methods, such as FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDAX technique, and optical polarized microscopy, and the adsorption kinetics were assessed by fitting the in vitro sorption data on different mathematical models. The phenothiazine-imine-chitosan material proved high ability to recover copper from aqueous media, reaching a maximum retention capacity of 4.394 g Cu (II)/g adsorbent when using a 0.5 M copper solution, which is an outstanding value compared to other chitosan-based materials reported in the literature to this date. It was concluded that the high ability of the studied xerogel to retain Cu (II) ions was the result of both physio- and chemo-sorption processes. This particular behavior was favored on one hand by the porous nature of the material and on the other hand by the presence of amine, hydroxyl, imine, and amide groups with the role of copper ligands.
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Cibotaru S, Nicolescu A, Marin L. Dynamic PEGylated phenothiazine imines; synthesis, photophysical behavior and reversible luminescence switching in response to external stimuli. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cibotaru S, Ailincai D, Andreica BI, Cheng X, Marin L. TEGylated Phenothiazine-Imine-Chitosan Materials as a Promising Framework for Mercury Recovery. Gels 2022; 8:692. [PMID: 36354600 PMCID: PMC9689029 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports new solid materials based on TEGylated phenothiazine and chitosan, with a high capacity to recover mercury ions from aqueous solutions. They were prepared by hydrogelation of chitosan with a formyl derivative of TEGylated phenothiazine, followed by lyophilization. Their structural and supramolecular characterization was carried out by 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy. Their morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and their photophysical behaviour was examined by UV/Vis and emission spectroscopy. Swelling evaluation in different aqueous media indicated the key role played by the supramolecular organization for their hydrolytic stability. Mercury recovery experiments and the analysis of the resulting materials by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy showed a high ability of the studied materials to bind mercury ions by coordination with the sulfur atom of phenothiazine, imine linkage, and amine units of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandu Cibotaru
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Ailincai
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bianca-Iustina Andreica
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Xinjian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Luminita Marin
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Saeedi M, Vahidi O, Moghbeli MR, Ahmadi S, Asadnia M, Akhavan O, Seidi F, Rabiee M, Saeb MR, Webster TJ, Varma RS, Sharifi E, Zarrabi A, Rabiee N. Customizing nano-chitosan for sustainable drug delivery. J Control Release 2022; 350:175-192. [PMID: 35914615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polymer with acceptable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability; hence, it has been widely appraised for drug and gene delivery applications. However, there has been no comprehensive assessment to tailor-make chitosan cross-linkers of various types and functionalities as well as complex chitosan-based semi- and full-interpenetrating networks for drug delivery systems (DDSs). Herein, various fabrication methods developed for chitosan hydrogels are deliberated, including chitosan crosslinking with and without diverse cross-linkers. Tripolyphosphate, genipin and multi-functional aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and epoxides are common cross-linkers used in developing biomedical chitosan for DDSs. Methods deployed for modifying the properties and performance of chitosan hydrogels, via their composite production (semi- and full-interpenetrating networks), are also cogitated here. In addition, recent advances in the fabrication of advanced chitosan hydrogels for drug delivery applications such as oral drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, and cancer therapy are discussed. Lastly, thoughts on what is needed for the chitosan field to continue to grow is also debated in this comprehensive review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saeedi
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Vahidi
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Moghbeli
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Groups, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Thomas J Webster
- School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China; School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Materials Engineering, UFPI, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 6517838736 Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea.
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Prospects and Challenges of the Drug Delivery Systems in Endometriosis Pain Management: Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:2727174. [PMID: 34957311 PMCID: PMC8695015 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2727174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is considered a serious public health issue because of the large number of females affected by this illness. Chronic pain management in patients with endometriosis demands new strategies to increase the life quality of these patients. The development of drug delivery systems represents a new approach in pain treatment among endometriosis patients. Diclofenac sodium, one of the most utilized nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), has its own limitations when being used in formulas such as oral, parental, or local applications. In this paper, a series of four drug release formulations based on chitosan, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde, and diclofenac sodium salt were prepared in view of the investigation of the drug release ability. The formulations were analyzed from a morphological and supramolecular point of view by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy. The in vitro drug release ability was investigated by mimicking a physiologic environment. A mathematical model, using the fractal paradigm of motion, is utilized to explain the behaviors of the drug delivery system presented in this paper. These results suggest a great potential of the proposed drug delivery system, based on chitosan and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde to improve the diclofenac sodium salt bioavailability, and it may represent a future treatment formula for endometriosis pain.
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Xiong S, Sun W, Chen R, Yuan Z, Cheng X. Fluorescent dialdehyde-BODIPY chitosan hydrogel and its highly sensing ability to Cu 2+ ion. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118590. [PMID: 34560991 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent hydrogel with proper hydrophilicity and thermal stability, excellent sensitivity and high selectivity has important practical and scientific significance, especially in heavy metal ion detection. In this work, by adjusting the content of [2, 6-Bis-[4-formylthiophene]]-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-phenyl-4, 4-difluoroborazaindoloene (B3), as a cross-linking agent, a series of chitosan- fluoroboron dipyrrole-chitosan-based fluorescent hydrogels (CBC) with large stokes shift were designed and prepared. The hydrogels can be used as fluorescent probes for identifying Cu2+ in aqueous solution. The linear quenching range of Cu2+ is 0-50 μM, and the detection limit and quenching constant are 4.75 μM and 3.52 × 104 M-1, respectively. Under the interaction of Cu2+, the imine bond CN was converted to C- N bond, which causes the phenomenon of fluorescence quenching. In addition, relatively high crosslink density improves hydrophilicity and thermal stability of initial chitosan, and made the swelling ability better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xinjian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
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Chitosan crosslinking with pyridoxal 5-phosphate vitamer toward biocompatible hydrogels for in vivo applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1734-1743. [PMID: 34785198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is an essential micronutrient in the mammalian diet, with role of coenzyme and synergistic effect with some antibiotics and antitumor drugs. Based on these, we hypothesized that its use for the preparation of hydrogels can yield multifunctional biomaterials suitable for in vivo applications. To this aim, chitosan was reacted with the active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, via acid condensation, when clear hydrogels were obtained. Their investigation by structural characterization methods proved that the hydrogelation was a consequence of both covalent imine formation and physical interactions. The novel hydrogels had microporous morphology and showed shrinking effect in phosphate buffer, indicating good shape preservation and slow dissolution in in vivo environment. Their enzymatic biodegradation could be controlled by the imination degree, varying from 40 to 61% in 21 days. They demonstrated very good in vitro cytocompatibility on normal human dermal fibroblasts cells and no harmful effect on experimental mice, confirming their safely use for in vivo application.
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Pushparekha, Sarojini BK, Hegde S. The structural studies of 2-[(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5–(4-biphenyl)]-1, 3, 4- oxadiazole (PBD) incorporated γ ray irradiated chitosan films for optoelectronic applications. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Abstract
Chitosan is a biopolymer originating from renewable resources, with great properties which make it an attractive candidate for plenty of applications of contemporary interest. By manufacturing chitosan into nanofibers using the electrospinning method, its potential is amplified due to the enhancement of the active surface and the low preparation cost. Many attempts were made with the aim of preparing chitosan-based nanofibers with controlled morphology targeting their use for tissue engineering, wound healing, food packaging, drug delivery, air and water purification filters. This was a challenging task, which resulted in a high amount of data, sometimes with apparent contradictory results. In this light, the goal of the paper is to present the main routes reported in the literature for chitosan electrospinning, stressing the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of various electrospinning parameters on the morphological characteristics of the fibers and their suitability for distinct applications.
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Kaczmarek H, Rybczyński P, Maćczak P, Smolarkiewicz-Wyczachowski A, Ziegler-Borowska M. Chitosan as a Protective Matrix for the Squaraine Dye. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1171. [PMID: 33801523 PMCID: PMC7958846 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan was used as a protective matrix for the photosensitive dye-squaraine (2,4-bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]cyclobutane-1,3-diol). The physicochemical properties of the obtained systems, both in solution and in a solid-state, were investigated. However, it was found that diluted chitosan solutions with a few percent additions of dye show an intense fluorescence, which is suppressed in the solid-state. This is related to the morphology of the heterogeneous modified chitosan films. The important advantage of using a biopolymer matrix is the prevention of dye degradation under the influence of high energy ultraviolet (UV) radiation while the dye presence improves the chitosan heat resistance. It is caused by mutual interactions between macromolecules and dye. Owing to the protective action of chitosan, the dye release in liquid medium is limited. Chitosan solutions with a few percent additions of squaraine can be used in biomedical imaging thanks to the ability to emit light, while chitosan films can be protective coatings resistant to high temperatures and UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.R.); (P.M.); (A.S.-W.); (M.Z.-B.)
| | - Patryk Rybczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.R.); (P.M.); (A.S.-W.); (M.Z.-B.)
| | - Piotr Maćczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.R.); (P.M.); (A.S.-W.); (M.Z.-B.)
- Water Supply and Sewage Enterprise LLC, Przemysłowa 4, 99-300 Kutno, Poland
| | | | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.R.); (P.M.); (A.S.-W.); (M.Z.-B.)
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Porous thiourea-grafted-chitosan hydrogels: Synthesis and sorption of toxic metal ions from contaminated waters. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Iftime MM, Dobreci DL, Irimiciuc SA, Agop M, Petrescu T, Doroftei B. A theoretical mathematical model for assessing diclofenac release from chitosan-based formulations. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:1125-1133. [PMID: 32720542 PMCID: PMC7470131 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1797242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper reports a new mathematical model for understanding the mechanism delivery from drug release systems. To do this, two drug release systems based on chitosan and diclofenac sodium salt as a drug model, were prepared by in situ hydrogelation in the presence of salicylaldehyde. The morphology of the systems was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy and the drug release was in vitro investigated into a medium mimicking the in vivo environment. The drug release mechanism was firstly assessed by fitting the in vitro release data on five traditional mathematical model. In the context of pharmacokinetics behavioral analysis, a new mathematical procedure for describing drug release dynamics in polymer-drug complex systems was proposed. Assuming that the dynamics of polymer-drug system's structural units take place on continuous and nondifferentiable curves (multifractal curves), it was showed that in a one-dimensional hydrodynamic formalism of multifractal variables the drug release mechanism is given through synchronous dynamics at a differentiable and non-differentiable scale resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Maria Iftime
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy of Sciences, Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniel Lucian Dobreci
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Bacău, Romania
| | | | - Maricel Agop
- Department of Structural Mechanics, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Tudor Petrescu
- Department of Physics, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Doroftei
- Origyn Fertility Center, Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
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Andreica BI, Cheng X, Marin L. Quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan. A critical overview on the synthesis and properties generated by quaternization. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cibotaru S, Sandu AI, Belei D, Marin L. Water soluble PEGylated phenothiazines as valuable building blocks for bio-materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111216. [PMID: 32806288 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The paper reports a series of three new PEGylated phenothiazine derivatives which keep the potential of valuable building blocks for preparing eco-materials addressed to a large realm of fields, from bio-medicine to opto-electronics. They were synthetized by connecting the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) to the hydrophobic phenothiazine via an ether, ester, or amide linking group. The successful synthesis of the targeted polymers and their purity were demonstrated by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy methods. Their capacity to self-assembly in water was studied by DLS and UV-vis techniques and the particularities of the formed aggregates were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, POM and UV light microscopy. The biocompatibility was assessed on normal human dermal fibroblasts and human cervical cancer cells. The synthetized compounds showed the formation of luminescent aggregates and proved excellent biocompatibility on normal cells. In addition, a concentration dependent cytotoxicity against HeLa cancer cells was noticed for the PEGylated phenothiazine containing an ester unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandu Cibotaru
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea-Isabela Sandu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Dalila Belei
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania.
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Bejan A, Doroftei F, Cheng X, Marin L. Phenothiazine-chitosan based eco-adsorbents: A special design for mercury removal and fast naked eye detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1839-1848. [PMID: 32745550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the paper was to investigate the ability of an eco-friendly luminescent xerogel prepared by chitosan crosslinking with a phenothiazine luminogen to detect and remove heavy metals. Its ability to give a divergent morphological and optical response towards fifteen environmental relevant metals was investigated by naked eye and UV lamp, fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A distinct response was noted for mercury, consisting in the transformation of the xerogel into a rubber-like material accompanied by the red shifting of the color of emitted light from yellow-green to greenish-yellow domain. The particularities of the metals anchoring into the xerogel were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The morphological changes and the metal uptake were analyzed by SEM-EDAX, swelling and gravimetric methods. It was concluded that mercury has a superior affinity towards this heteroatoms rich system, leading to a secondary crosslinking. This directed a great absorption capacity of 1673 mg/g and a specific morphological response for mercury ion concentrations up to 0.001 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Bejan
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Florica Doroftei
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Xinjian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi 700487, Romania.
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Citryl-imine-PEG-ylated chitosan hydrogels - Promising materials for drug delivery applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1323-1337. [PMID: 32599243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present paper focuses on the synthesis and characterization of new hydrogels and drug delivery systems, designed for local therapy. The hydrogels were obtained by reacting PEG-ylated chitosan derivatives with citral in different molar ratios of their functionalities. The drug delivery systems were obtained by the in situ hydrogelation of PEG-ylated chitosan derivatives with citral, in the presence of a hydrophilic anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac sodium salt. The hydrogels and the drug delivery systems were characterized from the structural, supramolecular and morphological points of view by FTIR spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro release kinetics of the drug has been monitored in physiological conditions, while the in vivo release was evaluated by the somatic pain model on rats. The in vitro enzymatic degradability of the hydrogels was evaluated in the presence of lysozyme, leading to a significant mass loss of 47% in 21 days. All the findings, recommend the investigated materials as promising candidates for local drug delivery applications.
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18
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Iftime MM, Irimiciuc SA, Agop M, Angheloiu M, Ochiuz L, Vasincu D. A Theoretical Multifractal Model for Assessing Urea Release from Chitosan Based Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061264. [PMID: 32492849 PMCID: PMC7362081 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the calibration of a theoretical multifractal model based on empirical data on the urea release from a series of soil conditioner systems. To do this, a series of formulations was prepared by in situ hydrogelation of chitosan with salicylaldehyde in the presence of different urea amounts. The formulations were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy. The in vitro urea release was investigated in an environmentally simulated medium. The release data were fitted on five different mathematical models, Korsmeyer–Peppas, Zero order, First order, Higuchi and Hixson–Crowell, which allowed the establishment of a mechanism of urea release. Furthermore, a multifractal model, used for the fertilizer release for the first time, was calibrated using these empirical data. The resulting fit was in good agreement with the experimental data, validating the multifractal theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Maria Iftime
- Romanian Academy of Sciences, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Stefan Andrei Irimiciuc
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics—NILPRP, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Maricel Agop
- Department of Physics, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Marian Angheloiu
- Center for Services and Research in Advanced Biotechnologies, Calugareni, Sanimed International Impex SRL, Road Bucuresti-Magurele, no. 70 F, sector 5, 077125 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lacramioara Ochiuz
- University of Medicine and Farmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, 700115 Iaşi, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Decebal Vasincu
- University of Medicine and Farmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, 700115 Iaşi, Romania;
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Iftime MM, Mititelu Tartau L, Marin L. New formulations based on salicyl-imine-chitosan hydrogels for prolonged drug release. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:398-408. [PMID: 32470585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to investigate the new formulations based on salicyl-imine-chitosan hydrogels as potential controlled drug release systems. They were prepared by in situ hydrogelation of chitosan with salicylaldehyde in the presence of diclofenac sodium salt (DCF) as model drug. FTIR, X-ray Spectroscopy, POM and SEM techniques were used to confirm the structural, supramolecular and morphological particularities of the formulations. Swelling test, in vitro enzymatic biodegradation and release profile were investigated in similar conditions mimicking the in vivo environment, and the release mechanism was assessed by fitting into five mathematical models. It was established that the formulations have the capacity to release DCF in a sustained manner for 10 days rate, the drug release rate being correlated to the crosslinking density and hydrogelation speed. The biodegradation occurred in three main stages, reaching a mass loss of 48% after 21 days. In order to be used in the biomedical field, the in vivo biocompatibility of the formulations was investigated on experimental rats. After 7 days of subcutaneous implantation, no influence on the hematologic profile, liver, kidney or immune defence capacity were observed, suggesting these formulations as valuable materials for biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela-Maria Iftime
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania.
| | | | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, Iasi, Romania
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20
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Chen H, Zhao R, Hu J, Wei Z, McClements DJ, Liu S, Li B, Li Y. One-Step Dynamic Imine Chemistry for Preparation of Chitosan-Stabilized Emulsions Using a Natural Aldehyde: Acid Trigger Mechanism and Regulation and Gastric Delivery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5412-5425. [PMID: 32320613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a polysaccharide widely used as a structuring agent in foods and other materials because of its positive charge (amino groups). At present, however, it is difficult to form and stabilize emulsions using chitosan due to its high hydrophilicity. In this study, oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using a one-pot green-chemistry method. The chitosan and aldehyde molecules were in situ interfacially conjugated during homogenization, which promoted the adsorption of chitosan onto the oil droplet surfaces where they created a protective coating. The universality of this method was verified by using chitosan with different molecular weights and four kinds of natural aldehydes [cinnamaldehyde (CA), citral (CT), citronella (CN), and vanillin (VL)]. Chitosan with higher molecular weight facilitated the formation of emulsions. By harnessing the dynamic covalent nature of imine bonds, chitosan emulsions with an imine link display dynamic behavior with acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The aldehyde structure could control the pH point of trigger for breakdown of emulsions, which was 1.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 4.0 for CA emulsion, CT emulsion, CN emulsion, and VL emulsion, respectively. At pH 6.5, aldehyde helped to decrease the interfacial tension of chitosan to about 10 mN/m, while this value would increase if the pH decreased by adding acid during the measurement. Chemical kinetics studies indicated that the hydrophobicity and conjugation effect of the aldehyde together determined the trigger points and properties of the emulsion. Finally, we used the optimized emulsions to encapsulate and control the release of curcumin. The gastric release behavior of the curcumin depended on aldehyde structure: VL > CN > CT ≈ CA. Hence, a tailor-made trigger release emulsion system can be achieved by rational selection and design of aldehyde structure to control hydrophobicity and conjugation effect of aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanle Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Runan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zixiang Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shilin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
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Li N, Qu X, Wang L, Tian Q, Chen Y, Yao X, Chen S, Jin S. Chemical synthesis of chitosan-mimetic polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization and their applications in Cu 2+ adsorption and catalytic decomposition. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00668h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at solving the uncontrollability in the properties of chitosan, we synthesized two chitosan-mimetic polymers, the homopolymer mimic PHNI and the copolymer mimic PHNI-PHNIA, by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaosai Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Paper Chemicals
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Tian
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Paper Chemicals
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Xianping Yao
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Paper Chemicals
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shusen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
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22
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Nanoporous furfuryl-imine-chitosan fibers as a new pathway towards eco-materials for CO2 adsorption. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Theoretical Modeling of Long-Time Drug Release from Nitrosalicyl-Imine-Chitosan Hydrogels through Multifractal Logistic Type Laws. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:4091464. [PMID: 31485257 PMCID: PMC6710764 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4091464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug release is a complex phenomenon due to the large number of interdependent side effects that occur simultaneously, involving strong nonlinear dynamics. Therefore, since their theoretical description is difficult in the classical mathematics modelling, we have built a theoretical model based on logistic type laws, validated by the correlations with the experimental data, in a special case of drug release from hydrogels. The novelty of our approach is the implementation of multifractality in logistic type laws, situation in which any chaotic system, characterized by a small number of nonlinear interactions, gets memory and, implicitly, characterization through a large number of nonlinear interactions. In other words, the complex system polymer-drug matrix becomes “pseudo-intelligent.”
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24
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Designing chitosan based eco-friendly multifunctional soil conditioner systems with urea controlled release and water retention. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115040. [PMID: 31427019 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The paper reports new soil conditioner systems obtained by in situ hydrogelation of chitosan with salicylaldehyde in the presence of urea fertilizer, designed to address both fertilization and water retention of the soil. The new systems were structural, supramolecular and morphological characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD diffraction, POM and SEM microscopy. The rate of urea release has been investigated by NMR analysis and the release mechanism has been assessed by fitting five mathematical models. The formulations showed high water absorbency of 68 g/g, and they induced water holding capacity in soil up to 154% and an increment of the nitrogen content in soil to almost double, leading to a growth of plants with almost 70% higher compared to the reference soil. All these data revealed the new systems as new multifunctional soil conditioner ecoproducts capable to address both fertilizing and water retention issues, with high potential of application for sustainable agriculture.
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25
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Fan K, Wang X, Yu S, Han G, Xu D, Zhou L, Song J. A chitosan-based fluorescent hydrogel for selective detection of Fe2+ ions in gel-to-sol mode and turn-off fluorescence mode. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel chitosan-based fluorescent hydrogel has been synthesized by chemically bonding terpyridine-bearing aldehydes onto chitosan via an acid condensation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Fan
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Journal Editorial Department
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P.R. China
| | - Shuyan Yu
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P.R. China
| | - Guanglu Han
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P.R. China
| | - Die Xu
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P.R. China
| | - Liming Zhou
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P.R. China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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Craciun AM, Mititelu Tartau L, Pinteala M, Marin L. Nitrosalicyl-imine-chitosan hydrogels based drug delivery systems for long term sustained release in local therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 536:196-207. [PMID: 30368091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The paper focuses on the synthesis and characterization of new drug delivery systems for local therapy. They were prepared by in situ hydrogelation of chitosan biopolymer with nitrosalicylaldehyde in the presence of a model drug, varying the crosslinking density. The structural, supramolecular and morphological characteristics of the systems were studied by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and, POM and SEM microscopy. In vitro release of the drug has been explored in simulated physiological conditions and in vivo release was investigated by the somatic pain model on rats. Information on the biodegradation of the systems was gain by simulating experiments of enzymatic degradation. The systems were biodegradable and showed a prolonged drug release, assuring an in vivo efficient therapeutic effect over 5 days, with no systemic toxicity. All these findings demonstrated that the new hydrogels based on nitrosalicyl-imine-chitosan provides a practical approach for sustained drug delivery for local chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Mihaela Craciun
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Mariana Pinteala
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Marin
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania.
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Ailincai D, Peptanariu D, Pinteala M, Marin L. Dynamic constitutional chemistry towards efficient nonviral vectors. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 94:635-646. [PMID: 30423749 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic constitutional chemistry has been used to design nonviral vectors for gene transfection. Their design has been thought in order to fulfill ab initio the main requirements for gene therapy. As building blocks were used hyperbranched PEI as hydrophilic part and benzentrialdehyde and a diamine linear siloxane as hydrophobic part, connected through reversible imine linkages. The obtaining of the envisaged structures has been confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The dynamic synthesized amphiphiles proved to be able to self-assemble in nano-sized spherical entities as was demonstrated by TEM and DLS, characterized by a narrow dimensional polydispersity. Agarose gel electrophoresis proved the ability of the synthesized compounds to bind DNA, while TEM revealed the spherical morphology of the formed polyplexes. As a proof of the concept, the nonviral vectors promoted an efficient transfection on HeLa cells, demonstrating that dynamic constitutional chemistry can be an important tool in the development of this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ailincai
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania.
| | | | | | - Luminita Marin
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
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Iftime MM, Marin L. Chiral betulin-imino-chitosan hydrogels by dynamic covalent sonochemistry. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 45:238-247. [PMID: 29705318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of chiral hydrogels was prepared from a homogeneous mixture of chitosan and betulinic aldehyde in different molar ratios, under the effect of ultrasound. The hydrogelation mechanism has been investigated by FTIR and CD spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy. The morphology of hydrogels was examined by SEM. The swelling ability has been tested in three media of different pH. It was concluded that hydrogelation occurred by different pathways, closely related to the peculiarities of the chitosan-betulin systems. Circular dichroism measurements revealed chiroptical properties of the hydrogels, correlated to their content and crosslinking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Maria Iftime
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Marin
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania.
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