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Jha R, Gorai P, Shrivastav A, Pathak A. Label-Free Biochemical Sensing Using Processed Optical Fiber Interferometry: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:3037-3069. [PMID: 38284054 PMCID: PMC10809379 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, optical fiber-based devices have been exploited extensively in the field of biochemical sensing, with applications in many specific areas such as the food processing industry, environmental monitoring, health diagnosis, bioengineering, disease diagnosis, and the drug industry due to their compact, label-free, and highly sensitive detection. The selective and accurate detection of biochemicals is an essential part of biosensing devices, which is to be done through effective functionalization of highly specific recognition agents, such as enzymes, DNA, receptors, etc., over the transducing surface. Among many optical fiber-based sensing technologies, optical fiber interferometry-based biosensors are one of the broadly used methods with the advantages of biocompatibility, compact size, high sensitivity, high-resolution sensing, lower detection limits, operating wavelength tunability, etc. This Review provides a comprehensive review of the fundamentals as well as the current advances in developing optical fiber interferometry-based biochemical sensors. In the beginning, a generic biosensor and its several components are introduced, followed by the fundamentals and state-of-art technology behind developing a variety of interferometry-based fiber optic sensors. These include the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the Michelson interferometer, the Fabry-Perot interferometer, the Sagnac interferometer, and biolayer interferometry (BLI). Further, several technical reports are comprehensively reviewed and compared in a tabulated form for better comparison along with their advantages and disadvantages. Further, the limitations and possible solutions for these sensors are discussed to transform these in-lab devices into commercial industry applications. At the end, in conclusion, comments on the prospects of field development toward the commercialization of sensor technology are also provided. The Review targets a broad range of audiences including beginners and also motivates the experts helping to solve the real issues for developing an industry-oriented sensing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Jha
- Nanophotonics
and Plasmonics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Pintu Gorai
- Nanophotonics
and Plasmonics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Anand Shrivastav
- Department
of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute
of Science and Technology, Kattankulthar, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Anand Pathak
- School
of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
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2
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Chen Y, Wan H, Chang H, Lin X, Hu F. Highly sensitive RI and temperature sensor based on an asymmetric fiber coupler. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:4063-4067. [PMID: 36256080 DOI: 10.1364/ao.453335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a highly sensitive refractive index (RI) and temperature sensor based on an asymmetric fiber coupler (AFC). The AFC was fabricated by weak fusion of a pre-stretched single-mode fiber and a few-mode fiber. An ultra-sensitivity RI can be achieved near the dispersion turning point (DTP). The proposed RI sensor achieves a high RI sensitivity of -10,662.4nm/RIU within the RI range of 1.31-1.35. By packaging the AFC into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the temperature sensitivity reaches 11.44 nm/°C. The proposed AFC with high RI and temperature sensitivity can be potentially used in the field of chemical monitoring, biochemical detection, and clinical diagnosis.
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Al Faruque MA, Syduzzaman M, Sarkar J, Bilisik K, Naebe M. A Review on the Production Methods and Applications of Graphene-Based Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2414. [PMID: 34578730 PMCID: PMC8469961 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials in the form of fibres, fabrics, films, and composite materials are the most widely investigated research domains because of their remarkable physicochemical and thermomechanical properties. In this era of scientific advancement, graphene has built the foundation of a new horizon of possibilities and received tremendous research focus in several application areas such as aerospace, energy, transportation, healthcare, agriculture, wastewater management, and wearable technology. Although graphene has been found to provide exceptional results in every application field, a massive proportion of research is still underway to configure required parameters to ensure the best possible outcomes from graphene-based materials. Until now, several review articles have been published to summarise the excellence of graphene and its derivatives, which focused mainly on a single application area of graphene. However, no single review is found to comprehensively study most used fabrication processes of graphene-based materials including their diversified and potential application areas. To address this genuine gap and ensure wider support for the upcoming research and investigations of this excellent material, this review aims to provide a snapshot of most used fabrication methods of graphene-based materials in the form of pure and composite fibres, graphene-based composite materials conjugated with polymers, and fibres. This study also provides a clear perspective of large-scale production feasibility and application areas of graphene-based materials in all forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Syduzzaman
- Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (M.S.); (K.B.)
- Department of Textile Engineering Management, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Joy Sarkar
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh;
| | - Kadir Bilisik
- Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Maryam Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
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Burmistrova NA, Pidenko PS, Presnyakov KY, Drozd DD, Skibina YS, Pidenko SA, Goryacheva IY. Multicapillary Systems in Analytical Chemistry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Luo B, Liu Z, Wang X, Shi S, Zhong N, Ma P, Wu S, Wu D, Zhao M, Liang W. Dual-peak long period fiber grating coated with graphene oxide for label-free and specific assays of H5N1 virus. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000279. [PMID: 32902141 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza is an acute infectious disease caused by the avian influenza virus (AIV), which has caused enormous economic losses and posed considerable threats to public health. This study aimed to demonstrate an immunosensor based on dispersion turning point long-period fiber grating (DTP-LPFG) integrated with graphene oxide (GO) for the specific detection of a type of AIV H5N1 virus. LPFG was designed to work at DTP, whose dual-peak spacing was very high sensitive to a refractive index. Anti-H5N1 monoclonal antibodies were covalently bonded with the GO film on the fiber surface, thus constructing an immunosensor for the label-free and specific detection of the H5N1 virus. The proposed method was capable of the reliable detection of H5N1 virus with the limit of detection as low as ~1.05 ng/ml within the large range of 1 ng/mL to 25 µg/mL. More importantly, immunoassays of the whole H5N1 virus in clinical samples further confirmed that the GO-integrated DTP-LPFG immunosensor showed very high specificity to the H5N1 virus and demonstrated great potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijiang Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shenghui Shi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Nianbing Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Peijie Ma
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Decao Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingfu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wangwang Liang
- Animal Disease Surveillance and Diagnosis Department, Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
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6
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Fang F, Li Y, Yang L, Li L, Yan Z, Sun Q. Sensitive and In Situ Hemoglobin Detection Based on a Graphene Oxide Functionalized Microfiber. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122461. [PMID: 33317010 PMCID: PMC7763212 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The determination of hemoglobin (Hb) level is indispensable in the pathological study of many blood diseases. Graphene oxide (GO), with its excellent optical properties and great biocompatibility, has attracted significant attention and been widely utilized in biochemical detection. Here, we report an ultrasensitive Hb sensor based on a graphene oxide (GO)-coated microfiber. The GO was utilized as a linking layer deposited on the microfiber surface, which can provide an enhanced local evanescent light field and abundant bonding sites for Hb molecules. The optical microfiber with a compact structure and a strong evanescent light field served as the platform for biosensing. The surface morphology characterized by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy offers detailed evidence for the success of GO deposition. The dynamic bonding between GO and target Hb molecules was monitored in real-time through an optical spectrum analyzer. An ultrahigh sensitivity of 6.02 nm/(mg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.17 μg/mL was achieved by tracking the resonant wavelength shift of spectra. It is important to highlight that the detection limit of GO-coated microfiber is 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than other reported fiber optic Hb sensors. Benefiting from high sensitivity, low cost, small size, and fast response, the proposed sensing microfiber coated with GO could be a competitive alternative in the diagnosis of blood diseases and a subject of further research in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qizhen Sun
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-6718-7589
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7
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Li Y, Fang F, Yang L, Tan S, Yan Z, Sun Q. In-situ DNA hybridization detection based on a reflective microfiber probe. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:970-979. [PMID: 32121816 DOI: 10.1364/oe.380896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A label-free biosensor based on a reflective microfiber probe for in-situ real-time DNA hybridization detection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The microfiber probe is simply fabricated by snapping a non-adiabatic biconical microfiber through closing the oxyhydrogen flame during fiber stretching. Assisted with the Fresnel reflection at the end of microfiber, a reflective microfiber modal interferometer is realized. The in-situ DNA hybridization relies on the surface functionalization of a monolayer of Poly-L-lysine (PLL) and synthetic DNA sequences that bind to a given target with high specificity. The detection processes of DNA hybridization in various concentration of target DNA solutions are monitored in real-time and the experimental results present a minimum detectable concentration of 10pM with good repeatability. Additionally, the detection specificity is also investigated by immersing the microfiber probe into the non-complementary ssDNA solutions and observing the spectral variation. The proposed biosensor has advantages of high sensitivity, compact size, ease of use and simple fabrication, which makes it has great potential to be applied in a lot of fields such as disease diagnosis, medicine, and environmental science.
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Micro-/Nanofiber Optics: Merging Photonics and Material Science on Nanoscale for Advanced Sensing Technology. iScience 2019; 23:100810. [PMID: 31931430 PMCID: PMC6957875 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-/nanofibers (MNFs) are optical fibers with diameters close to or below the wavelength of the guided light. These tiny fibers can offer engineerable waveguiding properties including optical confinement, fractional evanescent fields, and surface intensity, which is very attractive to optical sensing on the micro-/nano scale. In this review, we first introduce the basics of MNF optics and MNF optical sensors from physical and chemical to biological applications and review the progress and current status of this field. Then, we review and discuss hybrid MNF structures for advanced optical sensing by merging MNFs with functional structures including chemical indicators, quantum dots, dye molecules, plasmonic nanoparticles, 2-D materials, and optofluidic chips. Thirdly, we introduce the emerging trends in developing MNF-based advanced sensing technology for ultrasensitive, active, and wearable sensors and discuss the future prospects and challenges in this exciting research field. Finally, we end the review with a brief conclusion.
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9
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Recent development of fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors: Mechanisms, materials, micro/nano-fabrications and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Luo B, Lu H, Shi S, Lu J, Zhao M, Wu S, Li L, Wang X, Wang Y. Immunosensing platform with large detection range using an excessively tilted fiber grating coated with graphene oxide. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:8805-8810. [PMID: 30461859 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.008805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report an immunosensing platform with a large detection range using an excessively tilted fiber grating (ExTFG) coated with graphene oxide (GO). ExTFG was inscribed in standard single-mode fiber; GO film was coated on the fiber surface through hydrogen bond. The effectiveness and uniformity of GO deposited on the ExTFG surface were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum method. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were used as biometric units to link the GO film through a covalent bond for the specific detection of BSA, so as to evaluate the performances of the proposed biosensor. The whole dynamic immobilization process of BSA MAbs and BSA detection were observed by the spectral evolution of the sensor. Experimental results show that the fabricated GO-coated ExTFG biosensor has a large detection range from 1.5 nM-75 nM and fast response for BSA antigen; the limit of detection is ∼0.88 nM by using an optical spectrum analyzer with a resolution of 0.03 nm, and the dissociation constant KD and the affinity constant KA are calculated to be ∼6.66×10-9 M and ∼1.5×108 M-1, respectively. The proposed GO-coated ExTFG immunosensing platform could lay a foundation for the specific detection of other biomolecules.
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11
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Zainuddin NH, Chee HY, Ahmad MZ, Mahdi MA, Abu Bakar MH, Yaacob MH. Sensitive Leptospira DNA detection using tapered optical fiber sensor. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700363. [PMID: 29570957 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of tapered optical fiber sensor to detect a specific Leptospira bacteria DNA. The bacteria causes Leptospirosis, a deadly disease but with common early flu-like symptoms. Optical single mode fiber (SMF) of 125 μm diameter is tapered to produce 12 μm waist diameter and 15 cm length. The novel DNA-based optical fiber sensor is functionalized by incubating the tapered region with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde. Probe DNA is immobilized onto the tapered region and subsequently hybridized by its complementary DNA (cDNA). The transmission spectra of the DNA-based optical fiber sensor are measured in the 1500 to 1600 nm wavelength range. It is discovered that the shift of the wavelength in the SMF sensor is linearly proportional with the increase in the cDNA concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 nM. The sensitivity of the sensor toward DNA is measured to be 1.2862 nm/nM and able to detect as low as 0.1 fM. The sensor indicates high specificity when only minimal shift is detected for non-cDNA testing. The developed sensor is able to distinguish between actual DNA of Leptospira serovars (Canicola and Copenhageni) against Clostridium difficile (control sample) at very low (femtomolar) target concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul H Zainuddin
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Y Chee
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmad
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Center, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd A Mahdi
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad H Abu Bakar
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd H Yaacob
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Micro/Nanofibre Optical Sensors: Challenges and Prospects. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18030903. [PMID: 30720780 PMCID: PMC5876663 DOI: 10.3390/s18030903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanofibres (MNFs) are optical fibres with diameters close to or below the vacuum wavelength of visible or near-infrared light. Due to its wavelength- or sub-wavelength scale diameter and relatively large index contrast between the core and cladding, an MNF can offer engineerable waveguiding properties including optical confinement, fractional evanescent fields and surface intensity, which is very attractive to optical sensing on the micro and nanometer scale. In particular, the waveguided low-loss tightly confined large fractional evanescent fields, enabled by atomic level surface roughness and extraordinary geometric and material uniformity in a glass MNF, is one of its most prominent merits in realizing optical sensing with high sensitivity and great versatility. Meanwhile, the mesoporous matrix and small diameter of a polymer MNF, make it an excellent host fibre for functional materials for fast-response optical sensing. In this tutorial, we first introduce the basics of MNF optics and MNF optical sensors, and review the progress and current status of this field. Then, we discuss challenges and prospects of MNF sensors to some extent, with several clues for future studies. Finally, we conclude with a brief outlook for MNF optical sensors.
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13
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Gao S, Sun LP, Li J, Jin L, Ran Y, Huang Y, Guan BO. High-sensitivity DNA biosensor based on microfiber Sagnac interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:13305-13313. [PMID: 28788866 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.013305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid detection with label-free biosensors circumvents the need for costly fluorophore functionalization steps associated with conventional assays by utilizing optical fiber transducers. In spite of their technological prowess, however, these biosensors' sensitivity is limited by the design/configuration of their transducers. Therefore, it is imperative to integrate novel optical fiber transducers with existing label-free approaches to overcome those limitations. Herein, we present a high sensitivity label-free fiber optic biosensor that employs polarimetric interference of a high-birefringence (Hi-Bi) microfiber to specifically detect DNA molecules. A slight target DNA concentration change is converted into an optical wavelength shift of polarimetric interference generated by the microfiber Sagnac interferometer. The sensor provides a log-linear response to target ssDNA concentrations range from 100 pM to 1 μM and a minimum detectable concentration of 75 pM.
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Yue W, Tang C, Wang C, Bai C, Liu S, Xie X, Hua H, Zhang Z, Li D. An electricity-fluorescence double-checking biosensor based on graphene for detection of binding kinetics of DNA hybridization. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08246k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an electricity-fluorescence double-checking biosensor based on graphene materials has been presented for detection of DNA hybridization kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yue
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
| | - Caiyan Tang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
| | - Chunxing Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
| | - Chengjie Bai
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Liu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Xie
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
| | - Hongling Hua
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
| | - Dengwang Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250358
- P. R. China
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