1
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Azimi M, Kim CH, Fan J, Cicoira F. Effect of ionic conductivity of electrolyte on printed planar and vertical organic electrochemical transistors. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:540-555. [PMID: 37436097 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers with mixed electronic/ionic transport are attracting a great deal of interest for applications in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Ions play a crucial role in OECT performance. The concentration and mobility of ions in the electrolyte influence the current flow in the OECT and its transconductance. This study examines the electrochemical properties and ionic conductivity of two semi-solid electrolytes, iongels, and organogels, with diverse ionic species and properties. Our results indicate that the organogels exhibited higher ionic conductivities than the iongels. Furthermore, the geometry of OECTs plays an important role in determining their transconductance. Thus, this study employs a novel approach for fabricating vertical-configuration OECTs with significantly shorter channel lengths planar devices. This is achieved through a printing method that offers advantages, such as design versatility, scalability, expedited production time, and reduced cost relative to traditional microfabrication methods. The transconductance values obtained for the vertical OECTs were significantly (approximately 50 times) higher than those of the planar devices because of their shorter channel lengths. Finally, the impact of different gating media on the performance of both planar and vertical OECTs was studied, and devices gated by organogels demonstrated improved transconductance and switching speed (almost two times higher) than those gated by iongels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Azimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Chi-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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2
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Sander M, Fabig S, Borchardt L. The Transformation of Inorganic to Organic Carbonates: Chasing for Reaction Pathways in Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202860. [PMID: 36314665 PMCID: PMC10107195 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions are solvent-free alternatives to solution-based syntheses enabling even conventionally impossible transformations. Their reaction pathways, however, usually remain unexplored within the heavily vibrating, dense milling vessels. Here, we showcase how the green organic solvent diethyl carbonate is synthesized mechanochemically from inorganic alkali carbonates and how the complementary combination of milling parameter studies, synchrotron X-ray diffraction real time monitoring, and quantum chemical calculations reveal the underlying reaction pathways. With this, reaction intermediates are identified, and chemical concepts of solution-chemistry are challenged or corroborated for mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sander
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Fabig
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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3
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Barrat A, Simon F, Mazajczyk J, Charriere B, Fouquay S, Lalevee J. Thiophenium Salts as New Oxidant for Redox Polymerization under Mild- and Low-Toxicity Conditions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020627. [PMID: 36677685 PMCID: PMC9861688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In mild conditions (under air, room temperature, no monomer purification and without any energy activation), redox free radical polymerization (RFRP) is considered as one of the most effective methods to polymerize (meth)acrylate monomers. In the past several years, there has been a growing interest in research on the development of new redox initiating systems (RISs), thanks mainly to the evolution of toxicity labeling and the stability issue of the current RIS based on peroxide and aromatic amine. In this study, a new, low-toxicity RIS based on thiophenium salt as the oxidant species is presented with various reductive species. The reactivity and the stability of the proposed RISs are investigated and the synthesis of new thiophenium salts reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Barrat
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, France
- Bostik Smart Technology Centre, F-60280 Venette, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Lalevee
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, France
- Correspondence:
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4
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Wiśniewski M. The Consequences of Water Interactions with Nitrogen-Containing Carbonaceous Quantum Dots-The Mechanistic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14292. [PMID: 36430767 PMCID: PMC9694419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of quantum dots in a wide range of biological, chemical, and physical processes, the structure of the molecular layers surrounding their surface in solution remains unknown. Thus, knowledge about the interaction mechanism of Nitrogen enriched Carbonaceous Quantum Dots' (N-CQDs) surface with water-their natural environment-is highly desirable. A diffusive and Stern layer over the N-CQDs, characterized in situ, reveals the presence of anionic water clusters [OH(H2O)n]-. Their existence explains new observations: (i) the unexpectedly low adsorption enthalpy (ΔHads) in a pressure range below 0.1 p/ps, and ΔHads being as high as 190 kJ/mol at 0.11 p/ps; (ii) the presence of a "conductive window" isolating nature-at p/ps below 0.45-connected to the formation of smaller clusters and increasing conductivity above 0.45 p/ps, (iii) Stern layer stability; and (iv) superhydrophilic properties of the tested material. These observables are the consequences of H2O dissociative adsorption on N-containing basic centers. The additional direct application of surfaces formed by N-CQDs spraying is the possibility of creating antistatic, antifogging, bio-friendly coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wiśniewski
- Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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5
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Motoishi Y, Tanaka N, Fujigaya T. Postmodification of highly delocalized cations in an azide-based polymer via copper-catalyzed cycloaddition for anion exchange membranes. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Turgeman M, Bergman G, Nimkar A, Gavriel B, Ballas E, Malchik F, Levi MD, Sharon D, Shpigel N, Aurbach D. Unique Mechanisms of Ion Storage in Polyaniline Electrodes for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage Devices Unraveled by EQCM-D Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47066-47074. [PMID: 36214734 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The optimal performance of organic electrodes for aqueous batteries requires their full compatibility with selected electrolyte solutions. Electrode materials having 1-3-dimensional structures of variable rigidity possess a confined space in their structure filled with water and electrolyte solutions. Depending on the rigidity and confined space geometry, insertion and extraction of ions into electrode structures are often coupled with incorporation/withdrawal of water molecules. Aside from the scientific interest in understanding the charging mechanism of such systems, co-insertion of solvent molecules affects strongly the charge storage capability of the electrodes for energy storage devices. We present herein in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D) investigations of polyaniline (PANI) electrodes operating in various aqueous Na+-containing electrolytes, namely, Na2SO4, NaClO4, NaBF4, and NaPF6. Careful analysis of the EQCM-D results provides a dynamic snapshot of the mixed anionic/protonic fluxes and the accompanying water molecules' insertion/extraction to/from the PANI electrodes. Based on our observations, it was found that the charging mechanism, as well as the capacity values, strictly depends on the electrolyte pH, the chaotropic/kosmotropic character of the anionic dopants, and the amount of the extracted water molecules. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of analysis by EQCM-D in selecting electrolytes for batteries comprising organic electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Turgeman
- Department of Chemistry and BINA─BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Gil Bergman
- Department of Chemistry and BINA─BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Amey Nimkar
- Department of Chemistry and BINA─BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Bar Gavriel
- Department of Chemistry and BINA─BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Elad Ballas
- Department of Chemistry and BINA─BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Fyodor Malchik
- Center for Physical and Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Mikhael D Levi
- Department of Chemistry and BINA─BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Daniel Sharon
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem919040, Israel
| | - Netanel Shpigel
- Department of Chemistry and BINA─BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan5290002, Israel
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem919040, Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry and BINA─BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan5290002, Israel
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7
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Duan T, Qian B, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Xie F, Zou H, Zhou X, Song Y, Sheng Y. Preparation of CaCO3:Eu3+@SiO2 and its application on adsorption of Tb3+. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Han J, Varzi A, Passerini S. The Emergence of Aqueous Ammonium-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115046. [PMID: 34913235 PMCID: PMC9303650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous ammonium-ion (NH4 + ) batteries (AAIB) are a recently emerging technology that utilize the abundant electrode resources and the fast diffusion kinetics of NH4 + to deliver an excellent rate performance at a low cost. Although significant progress has been made on AAIBs, the technology is still limited by various challenges. In this Minireview, the most recent advances are comprehensively summarized and discussed, including cathode and anode materials as well as the electrolytes. Finally, a perspective on possible solutions for the current limitations of AAIBs is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)Helmholtzstrasse 1189081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Alberto Varzi
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)Helmholtzstrasse 1189081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)Helmholtzstrasse 1189081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
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9
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Han J, Varzi A, Passerini S. The Emergence of Aqueous Ammonium‐Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Alberto Varzi
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
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10
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Zhao L, Zhang Z, Xu J, Ji Y, Cai J, Zhang R, Yang Z. Volumetric and viscosity behavior studies of Et4NBF4, Pr4NBF4, and Bu4NBF4 in acetonitrile solutions at T = (293.15–323.15) K. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Design of Porous Carbons for Supercapacitor Applications for Different Organic Solvent-Electrolytes. Mol Vis 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/c7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenge of optimizing the pore size distribution of porous electrodes for different electrolytes is encountered in supercapacitors, lithium-ion capacitors and hybridized battery-supercapacitor devices. A volume-averaged continuum model of ion transport, taking into account the pore size distribution, is employed for the design of porous electrodes for electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) in this study. After validation against experimental data, computer simulations investigate two types of porous electrodes, an activated carbon coating and an activated carbon fabric, and three electrolytes: 1.5 M TEABF4 in acetonitrile (AN), 1.5 M TEABF4 in propylene carbonate (PC), and 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate (EC:EMC) 1:1 v/v. The design exercise concluded that it is important that the porous electrode has a large specific area in terms of micropores larger than the largest desolvated ion, to achieve high specific capacity, and a good proportion of mesopores larger than the largest solvated ion to ensure fast ion transport and accessibility of the micropores.
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12
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Electrochemical Evaluation of Directly Electrospun Carbide-Derived Carbon-Based Electrodes in Different Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Energy Storage Applications. Mol Vis 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/c6040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the electrochemical behavior of thin-layer fibrous carbide-derived carbon (CDC) electrospun electrodes in commercial and research and development stage organic-solvent and ionic liquid (IL) based electrolytes. The majority of earlier published works stated various electrolytes with asymmetric cells of powder-based pressure-rolled (PTFE), or slurry-cast electrodes, were significantly different from the presented CDC-based fibrous spun electrodes. The benefits of the fibrous structure are relatively low thickness (20 µm), flexibility and mechanical durability. Thin-layered durable electrode materials are gaining more interest and importance in mechanically more demanding applications such as the space industry and in wearable devices, and need to achieve a targeted balance between mechanical, electrical and electrochemical properties. The existing commercial electrode technologies lack compatibility in such applications due to their limited mechanical properties and high cost. The test results showed that the widest potential window dU ≤ 3.5 V was achieved in 1.5 M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumbis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide (EMIm-TFSI) solution in acetonitrile (ACN). Gravimetric capacitance reached 105.6 F g−1 for the positively charged electrode. Cycle-life results revealed stable material capacitance and resistance over 3000 cycles.
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13
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Nozu R, Suzuki E, Kimura O, Onagi N, Ishihara T. Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate additives for suppressed gas formation and increased cycle stability of dual-ion battery. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Wu Y, Li J, Jin Y, Zhou M. Binary solvent systems for durable self-adhesive conductive hydrogels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractConductive hydrogels without adhesiveness and durability characteristics face great challenges in practical applications, such as inconvenient use, unstable contact voltage, and difficult to store. Herein, we present sodium polyacrylate (PAANa) hydrogels with binary solvent systems composed of water and an alcohol [ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GLY), or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)] as solvent instead of traditional water to research their self-adhesiveness, durability, conductivity, and mechanical properties. PAANa hydrogels exhibited higher self-adhesive properties and durability after alcohol content increased, and GLY/water hydrogels showed the best self-adhesive and stable properties. With more alcohols added, the weaker conductivity became, and EG/water hydrogels showed the highest conductivity. It was observed the long carbon chain length of alcohol could help improve the rheological properties of hydrogels. Thus, PEG/water hydrogels had the highest storage modulus, loss modulus, and consistency. The results demonstrated that the GLY/water binary solvent could provide good self-adhesiveness and durability, but EG/water and PEG/water showed better conductivity and mechanical properties, respectively. Therefore, our work may provide novel physical insights into the long-term usage of self-adhesive conductive hydrogels to practical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yangfu Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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15
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Nozu R, Suzuki E, Kimura O, Onagi N, Ishihara T. Dual-ion battery using graphitic carbon and Li4Ti5O12: Suppression of gas formation and increased cyclability. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Alexe-Ionescu A, Zaccagnini P, Scalia A, Lamberti A, Tresso E, Pirri C, Barbero G. Frequency dependence of the phenomenological parameters describing adsorption processes in supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Fabrication of xanthate-modified chitosan/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) composite hydrogel for the selective adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) metal ions. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Stabilizing effect of ion complex formation in lithium–oxygen battery electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Saito M, Yamada S, Ishikawa T, Otsuka H, Ito K, Kubo Y. Factors influencing fast ion transport in glyme-based electrolytes for rechargeable lithium–air batteries. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07501d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the factors affecting Li-ion transport in glyme-based electrolytes, six kinds of 1.0 M tetraglyme (G4) electrolytes were prepared containing a Li salt (LiSO3CF3, LiN(SO2CF3)2, or LiN(SO2F)2) or different concentrations (0.5, 2.0, or 2.7 M) of LiN(SO2CF3)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Taro Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Hiromi Otsuka
- GREEN
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-044
- Japan
| | - Kimihiko Ito
- GREEN
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-044
- Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kubo
- GREEN
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-044
- Japan
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