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Ouled Aitouna A, Barhoumi A, El Alaoui El Abdallaoui H, Mazoir N, Elalaoui Belghiti M, Syed A, Bahkali AH, Verma M, Zeroual A. Explaining the selectivities and the mechanism of [3+2] cycloloaddition reaction between isoalantolactone and diazocyclopropane. J Mol Model 2023; 29:280. [PMID: 37581864 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT [3+2] cycloaddition processes between isoalantolactone (ISALL) and diazocyclopropane (DCYP), have been surveyed exercising the MEDT, reactivity indices, reactions, and activation energies, are computed. In an investigation of conceptual DFT indices, DCYP behaves as a nucleophile in this reaction, whereas ISALL acts as an electrophile. This cyclization is stereo-, chemo-, and regiospecific, as demonstrated by the activation and reaction energies, in clear agreement with the experiment's results. The mechanism for this [3+2] cycloaddition is occurring in two steps, according to ELF analysis. METHODS For the purposes of this investigation, all computations were performed using the Gaussian 09 program. The optimization was completed using Berny's computational gradient optimization approach with the basis set 6-311G(d,p) and wB97XD functional. Frequency computations were utilized to characterize and locate stationary points where the transition phases have just one imaginary frequency and all frequencies for the reactants and products are positive. After evaluating the effect of dichloromethane (DCM) as a reaction solvent, the stationary point optimization was updated using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) developed by the Tomasi team. The electron localization function (ELF) has been examined within the context of topological investigations using Multiwfn software with a 0.05 grid step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Ouled Aitouna
- Molecular Modeling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Ali Barhoumi
- Molecular Modeling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Habib El Alaoui El Abdallaoui
- Molecular Modeling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Mazoir
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Elalaoui Belghiti
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Ben M'Sick Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, P.O. Box 7955, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Nernest Technology, 163 Willington Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5C7, Canada
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Bahkali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, India
| | - Abdellah Zeroual
- Molecular Modeling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco.
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Soleymani M, Emamian S. A molecular electron density theory study on the Chichibabin reaction: The origin of regioselectivity. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108240. [PMID: 35675725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) study was performed on the nucleophilic amination of pyridine and benzene to elucidate the observed regioselectivity in the Chichibabin reaction. For this purpose, three possible reaction paths were considered between NaNH2 and the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of pyridine. The reaction of NaNH2 and benzene was also investigated. The results indicated that in each reaction, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the NH2‾ ion toward the aromatic system to produce an anionic intermediate. The second step, proceeds via hydride elimination of the anionic intermediate to produce the corresponding aromatic amine. This step is more favourable both kinetically and thermodynamically for the reaction at the 2-position of pyridine relative to the 4-position. In contrast to the Parr functions analysis which indicates that the 4-position is activated more electrophilically in pyridine, the PES analysis reveals that the 2-position attack with the NH2‾ ion is more favourable both thermodynamically and kinetically. The results for the reaction of sodium amide and benzene indicated that this reaction is not feasible due to the high activation barriers. In consistent with the experimental results, the ELF analysis indicated that in the first step of the reaction between pyridine and sodium amide, the formation of the C2-N bond takes place via a pseudoradical coupling between the C2 carbon atom of pyridine and the N atom of NaNH2. These variations occur in the second-half of the first step of the reaction. NCI analysis on the reaction revealed that the more attractive forces between the fragments, make the transition states for the 2-position attack more stable relative to the others. Thus, the NCI analysis can satisfactorily describe the observed regioselectivity in the Chichibabin reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Soleymani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
| | - Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.
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Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with strained and electron-rich alkynes. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Biddle TJ, Wermuth UD, Loughlin WA, Cresswell SL, White AR. Potential Forensic Markers from Synthetic Pathways to 1-Phenyl-2-propanone from Uncontrolled and Controlled Substances. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adjieufack AI, Liégeois V, Ndassa Mbouombouo I, Domingo LR, Champagne B. Unveiling the [3+2] cycloaddition between difluoromethyl diazomethane and 3-ylideneoxindole from the perspective of molecular electron density theory. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02685f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of some key ELF basins along the IRC of the most favorable ortho/endo reaction path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Idrice Adjieufack
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LCT) and Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, High Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Vincent Liégeois
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LCT) and Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Ndassa Mbouombouo
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, High Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Luis Ramon Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LCT) and Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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Habibi-Khorassani SM, Shahraki M, Talaiefar S, Ghodsi F. Ionic strength effect on the kinetics and mechanism of N-vinyl compound formation in the presence of heterocyclic biological base: empirical and theoretical approaches. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1957171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Shahraki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Talaiefar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghodsi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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Unveiling the Unexpected Reactivity of Electrophilic Diazoalkanes in [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions within Molecular Electron Density Theory. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of strongly nucleophilic norbornadiene (NBD), with simplest diazoalkane (DAA) and three DAAs of increased electrophilicity, have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the MPWB1K/6-311G (d,p) computational level. These pmr-type 32CA reactions follow an asynchronous one-step mechanism with activation enthalpies ranging from 17.7 to 27.9 kcal·mol−1 in acetonitrile. The high exergonic character of these reactions makes them irreversible. The presence of electron-withdrawing (EW) substituents in the DAA increases the activation enthalpies, in complete agreement with the experimental slowing-down of the reactions, but contrary to the Conceptual DFT prediction. Despite the nucleophilic and electrophilic character of the reagents, the global electron density transfer at the TSs indicates rather non-polar 32CA reactions. The present MEDT study establishes the depopulation of the N–N–C core in this series of DAAs with the increase of the EW character of the substituents present at the carbon center is responsible for the experimentally found deceleration.
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Understanding the Origin of the Regioselectivity in Non-Polar [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions through the Molecular Electron Density Theory. ORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/org1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regioselectivity in non-polar [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions has been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. To this end, the 32CA reactions of nine simplest three-atom-components (TACs) with 2-methylpropene were selected. The electronic structure of the reagents has been characterized through the Electron Localisation Function (ELF) and the Conceptual DFT. The energy profiles of the two regioisomeric reaction paths and ELF topology of the transition state structures are studied to understand the origin of the regioselectivity in these 32CA reactions. This MEDT study permits to conclude that the least electronegative X1 end atom of these TACs controls the asynchronicity in the C−X (X=C, N, O) single bond formation, and consequently, the regioselectivity. This behaviour is a consequence of the fact that the creation of the non-bonding electron density required for the formation of the new single bonds has a lower energy demand at the least electronegative X1 atom than at the Z3 one.
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Understanding the Reactivity of Trimethylsilyldiazoalkanes Participating in [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions towards Diethylfumarate with a Molecular Electron Density Theory Perspective. ORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/org1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) study is presented here for [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of three trimethylsilyldiazoalkanes with diethyl fumarate. The presence of silicon bonded to the carbon of these silyldiazoalkanes changes its structure and reactivity from a pseudomonoradical to that of a zwitterionic one. A one-step mechanism is predicted for these polar zw-type 32CA reactions with activation enthalpies in CCl4 between 8.0 and 19.7 kcal·mol−1 at the MPWB1K (PCM)/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. The negative reaction Gibbs energies between −3.1 and −13.2 kcal·mole−1 in CCl4 suggests exergonic character, making the reactions irreversible. Analysis of the sequential changes in the bonding pattern along the reaction paths characterizes these zw-type 32CA reactions. The increase in nucleophilic character of the trimethylsilyldiazoalkanes makes these 32CA reactions more polar. Consequently, the activation enthalpies are decreased and the TSs require less energy cost. Non-covalent interactions at the TSs account for the stereoselectivity found in these 32CA reactions involving the bulky trimethylsilyl group.
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Abbiche K, Mohammad-Salim H, Salah M, Mazoir N, Zeroual A, El Alaoui El Abdallaoui H, El Hammadi A, Hilali M, Abdallah HH, Hochlaf M. Insights into the mechanism and regiochemistry of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between benzaldehyde and diazomethane. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Babazadeh SM, Emamian S. Shedding light on the energetics, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and mechanistic aspects of [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between azomethine imines and 2‐sulfolene through molecular electron density theory. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood BranchIslamic Azad University Shahrood Iran
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12
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Zeroual A, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Amiri O, El Idrissi M, Domingo LR. A molecular electron density theory study of the mechanism, chemo- and stereoselectivity of the epoxidation reaction of R-carvone with peracetic acid. RSC Adv 2019; 9:28500-28509. [PMID: 35529642 PMCID: PMC9071017 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epoxidation reaction of R-carvone 8 with peracetic acid 9 has been studied within the molecular electron density theory at the B3LYP/6-311(d,p) computational level. The chemo- and stereoisomeric reaction paths involving the two C-C double bonds of R-carvone 8 have been studied. DFT calculations account for the high chemoselectivity involving the C-C double bond of the isopropenyl group and the low diastereoselectivity, in complete agreement with the experimental outcomes. The Baeyer-Villiger reaction involving the carbonyl group of R-carvone 8 has also been analysed. A bonding evolution theory analysis of the epoxidation reaction shows the complexity of the bonding changes taking place along this reaction. Formation of the oxirane ring takes place asynchronously at the end of the reaction by attack of anionic oxygen on the two carbons of the isopropenyl C-C double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Zeroual
- Molecular Modeling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, ChouaïbDoukkali University P.O. Box 20 24000 El Jadida Morocco
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Ouafa Amiri
- Laboratory of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University B. P. 523 Beni-Mellal Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Idrissi
- Molecular Modeling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, ChouaïbDoukkali University P.O. Box 20 24000 El Jadida Morocco
- Department of Chemistry, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University Beni-Mellal Morocco
| | - Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
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13
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Ghodsi F, Habibi-Khorassani SM, Shahraki M, Emamian S, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR. Understanding the domino reactions of alkyne-tethered N-tosylhydrazones yielding fused polycyclic pyrazoles. An MEDT study. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Babazadeh SM, Emamian S, Zahedi E. [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction ofN,N′cyclic azomethine imines toward highly electron‐deficient nitroalkenes: A molecular electron density theory study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood BranchIslamic Azad University Shahrood Iran
| | - Ehsan Zahedi
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood BranchIslamic Azad University Shahrood Iran
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Mlostoń G, Celeda M, Jasiński R, Heimgartner H. Experimental and Computational Studies on Stepwise [3+2]-Cycloadditions of Diaryldiazomethanes with Electron-Deficient Dimethyl (E
)- and (Z
)-2,3-Dicyanobutenedioates. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Łódź; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Małgorzata Celeda
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Łódź; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Warszawska 24 31-155 Cracow Poland
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Asr A, Aghaie M, Emamian S, Aghaie H. A molecular electron density theory study on the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of thiocarbonyl ylides with hetaryl thioketones. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02021c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In situ generated TCY 2 is trapped with THK 3 over the course of a non-polar, entirely C1–C4 regioselective, pdr-type 32CA reaction passing through TS 1 in a non-concerted two-stage one-step molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Asr
- Faculty of Chemistry
- North-Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mehran Aghaie
- Faculty of Chemistry
- North-Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department
- Shahrood Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Shahrood
- Iran
| | - Hossein Aghaie
- Chemistry Department
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
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Li X, Wei D, Li Z. Theoretical Study on DBU-Catalyzed Insertion of Isatins into Aryl Difluoronitromethyl Ketones: A Case for Predicting Chemoselectivity Using Electrophilic Parr Function. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7029-7038. [PMID: 31457285 PMCID: PMC6645149 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The possible mechanisms of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-catalyzed chemoselective insertion of N-methyl isatin into aryl difluoronitromethyl ketone to synthesize 3,3-disubstituted and 2,2-disubstituted oxindoles have been studied in this work. As revealed by calculated results, the reaction occurs via two competing paths, including α and β carbonyl paths, and each path contains five steps, that is, nucleophilic addition of DBU to ketone, C-C bond cleavage affording difluoromethylnitrate anion and phenylcarbonyl-DBU cation, nucleophilic addition of difluoromethylnitrate anion to carbonyl carbon of N-methyl isatin, acyl transfer process, and dissociation of DBU and product. The computational results suggest that nucleophilic additions on different carbonyl carbons of N-methyl isatin via α and β carbonyl paths would lead to different products in the third step, and β carbonyl path associated with the main product 3,3-disubstituted oxindole is more energetically favorable, which is consistent with the experimental observations. Noteworthy, electrophilic Parr function can be successfully applied for exactly predicting the activity of reaction site and reasonably explaining the chemoselectivity. In addition, the distortion/interaction and noncovalent interaction analyses show that much more hydrogen bond interactions should be responsible for the lower energy of the transition state associated with β carbonyl path. The obtained insights would be valuable for the rational design of efficient organocatalysts for this kind of reactions with high selectivities.
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Ovchinnikov MY, Yangirov TA, Lobov AN, Sultanova RM, Khursan SL. Nature of Lewis Base Catalysis of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Methyl Diazoacetate to Methyl Acrylate; NMR Kinetic Spectroscopy and DFT Study. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6601-6609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu. Ovchinnikov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Tagir A. Yangirov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Lobov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Rimma M. Sultanova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Sergey L. Khursan
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M. A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study of the Reactivity of Azomethine Imine in [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050750. [PMID: 28481228 PMCID: PMC6154604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic structure and the participation of the simplest azomethine imine (AI) in [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions have been analysed within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d) level. Topological analysis of the electron localisation function reveals that AI has a pseudoradical structure, while the conceptual DFT reactivity indices characterises this three-atom-component (TAC) as a moderate electrophile and a good nucleophile. The non-polar 32CA reaction of AI with ethylene takes place through a one-step mechanism with moderate activation energy, 8.7 kcal·mol−1. A bonding evolution theory study indicates that this reaction takes place through a non-concerted [2n + 2τ] mechanism in which the C–C bond formation is clearly anticipated prior to the C–N one. On the other hand, the polar 32CA reaction of AI with dicyanoethylene takes place through a two-stage one-step mechanism. Now, the activation energy is only 0.4 kcal·mol−1, in complete agreement with the high polar character of the more favourable regioisomeric transition state structure. The current MEDT study makes it possible to extend Domingo’s classification of 32CA reactions to a new pseudo(mono)radical type (pmr-type) of reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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