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Supian ABM, Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Najeeb MI, Alhayek A, Al-Dala’ien RN, Manar G, Atiqah A. Thermochromic Polymer Nanocomposites for the Heat Detection System: Recent Progress on Properties, Applications, and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1545. [PMID: 38891491 PMCID: PMC11174980 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Reversible thermochromic polymers have emerged as compelling candidates in recent years, captivating attention for their application in heat detection systems. This comprehensive review navigates through the multifaceted landscape, intricately exploring both the virtues and hurdles inherent in their integration within these systems. Their innate capacity to change colour in response to temperature fluctuations renders reversible thermochromic nanocomposites promising assets for heat detection technologies. However, despite their inherent potential, certain barriers hinder their widespread adoption. Factors such as a restricted colour spectrum, reliance on external triggers, and cost considerations have restrained their pervasive use. For instance, these polymer-based materials exhibit utility in the domain of building insulation, where their colour-changing ability serves as a beacon, flagging areas of heat loss or inadequate insulation, thus alerting building managers and homeowners to potential energy inefficiencies. Nevertheless, the limited range of discernible colours may impede precise temperature differentiation. Additionally, dependency on external stimuli, such as electricity or UV light, can complicate implementation and inflate costs. Realising the full potential of these polymer-based materials in heat detection systems necessitates addressing these challenges head-on. Continuous research endeavours aimed at augmenting colour diversity and diminishing reliance on external stimuli offer promising avenues to enhance their efficacy. Hence, this review aims to delve into the intricate nuances surrounding reversible thermochromic nanocomposites, highlighting their transformative potential in heat detection and sensing. By exploring their mechanisms, properties, and current applications, this manuscript endeavours to shed light on their significance, providing insights crucial for further research and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. M. Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT), Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - M. I. Najeeb
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdulrahman Alhayek
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - Rayeh Nasr Al-Dala’ien
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - Gunasilan Manar
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT), Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - A. Atiqah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ma J, Choi J, Park S, Kong I, Kim D, Lee C, Youn Y, Hwang M, Oh S, Hong W, Kim W. Liquid Crystals for Advanced Smart Devices with Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Applications: Recent Progress for Next-Generation Communications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302474. [PMID: 37225649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs) technology have a well-established history of applications in visible light, particularly in the display industry. However, with the rapid growth in communication technology, LCs have become a topic of current interest for high-frequency microwave (MW) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications due to promising characteristics such as tunability, continuous tuning, low losses, and price compatibility. To improve the performance of future communication technology using LCs, it is not sufficient only with the perspective of radio-frequency (RF) technology. Therefore, it is imperative to understand not only the novel structural designs and optimization of MW engineering but also the perspective of materials engineering when implementing advanced RF devices with maximum performance for next-generation satellite and terrestrial communication. Herein, based on advanced nematic LCs, polymer-modified LCs, dual-frequency LCs, and photo-reactive LCs, this article summarizes and examines the modulation principles and key research directions for the design strategies of LCs for advanced smart RF devices with improved driving performance and novel functionality. Furthermore, the challenges in development of state-of-the-art smart RF devices that use LCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseok Ma
- Laboratory of Wave-Arrays and Display Engineering (WADE Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Choi
- Laboratory of Wave-Arrays and Display Engineering (WADE Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungeun Park
- Laboratory of Wave-Arrays and Display Engineering (WADE Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Imbo Kong
- Laboratory of Wave-Arrays and Display Engineering (WADE Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyeon Kim
- Laboratory of Microwave Antenna, Device and System (MADs Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonga Lee
- Laboratory of Microwave Antenna, Device and System (MADs Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngno Youn
- Laboratory of Microwave Antenna, Device and System (MADs Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeonggin Hwang
- Laboratory of Microwave Antenna, Device and System (MADs Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Oh
- Laboratory of Liquid Crystal Photonics (LCP Group), Department of Electrical Information Communication Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Hong
- Laboratory of Microwave Antenna, Device and System (MADs Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooksung Kim
- Laboratory of Wave-Arrays and Display Engineering (WADE Group), Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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3
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Xing T, Veetil SP, Lin Q, Chen Y, Liu C, Zhu J. Elliptically polarized light photoelasticity based on LCD. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:28161-28173. [PMID: 37710877 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a three-wavelength elliptically polarized light photoelasticity method for high efficiency and low-cost stress measurement. By illuminating the sample with two different forms of elliptically polarized light for each wavelength sources, twelve images are acquired. From these images, phase delay and the principal internal stress difference are precisely computed using developed algorithms. Our proposed method based on an LCD panel has the unrivalled advantage that elliptically polarized light can be automatically adjusted, which reduces the mechanical rotation of the system, in contrast to the traditional six-step phase-shifting photoelasticity method, which requires manual rotation for circularly polarized light. In addition, the system has the potential to theoretically expand the area of illumination infinitely, thereby expanding the measurement area. The viability of the suggested methods is confirmed with numerical simulation and stress measurement.
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Zhang R, Zhang Z, Han J, Yang L, Li J, Song Z, Wang T, Zhu J. Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:11. [PMID: 36593244 PMCID: PMC9807646 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the development of optical technologies, transparent materials that provide protection from light have received considerable attention from scholars. As important channels for external light, windows play a vital role in the regulation of light in buildings, vehicles, and aircrafts. There is a need for windows with switchable optical properties to prevent or attenuate damage or interference to the human eye and light-sensitive instruments by inappropriate optical radiation. In this context, liquid crystals (LCs), owing to their rich responsiveness and unique optical properties, have been considered among the best candidates for advanced light protection materials. In this review, we provide an overview of advances in research on LC-based methods for protection against light. First, we introduce the characteristics of different light sources and their protection requirements. Second, we introduce several classes of light modulation principles based on liquid crystal materials and demonstrate the feasibility of using them for light protection. In addition, we discuss current light protection strategies based on liquid crystal materials for different applications. Finally, we discuss the problems and shortcomings of current strategies. We propose several suggestions for the development of liquid crystal materials in the field of light protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zicheng Song
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- School of Energy Science & Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150080, China.
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Joshi A, Gayakwad A, Manjuladevi V, Varia MC, Kumar S, Gupta R. Photoinduced modulation of refractive index in Langmuir-Blodgett films of azo-based H-shaped liquid crystal molecules. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yan J, Fan X, Liu Y, Yu Y, Qu K, Li RZ. Thermal imprint of wide-angle viewing bi-stable cholesteric liquid crystal displays. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:1577-1582. [PMID: 35201048 DOI: 10.1364/ao.448311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A thermal-imprint addressable and electrically erasable bi-stable cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) display with a wide viewing angle is demonstrated. The proposed device with a multi-domain planar state is realized by filling a negative CLC in a vertical-alignment cell. The thermal-imprint method is introduced to restore the CLC from a reflective state (multi-domain planar state) to a translucent state (focal-conic state) to display images, and an electric field is used to erase the device back to totally reflective mode. This CLC display is bi-stable and does not require a complex driving circuit. Together with the features of a large viewing angle and less color shift, this device shows great potential for update-on-demand applications.
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8
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Zou X, Ji H, Zhao Y, Lu M, Tao J, Tang P, Liu B, Yu X, Mao Y. Research Progress of Photo-/Electro-Driven Thermochromic Smart Windows. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123335. [PMID: 34947687 PMCID: PMC8706103 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermochromic smart windows can automatically control solar radiation according to the ambient temperature. Compared with photochromic and electrochromic smart windows, they have a stronger applicability and lower energy consumption, and have a wide range of application prospects in the field of building energy efficiency. At present, aiming at the challenge of the high transition temperature of thermochromic smart windows, a large amount of innovative research has been carried out via the principle that thermochromic materials can be driven to change their optical performance by photothermal or electrothermal effects at room temperature. Based on this, the research progress of photo- and electro-driven thermochromic smart windows is summarized from VO2-based composites, hydrogels and liquid crystals, and it is pointed out that there are two main development trends of photo-/electro-driven thermochromic smart windows. One is exploring the diversified combination methods of photothermal materials and thermochromic materials, and the other is developing low-cost large-area heating electrodes.
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Kakiuchida H, Kabata M, Matsuyama T, Ogiwara A. Thermoresponsive Reflective Scattering of Meso-Scale Phase Separation Structures of Uniaxially Orientation-Ordered Liquid Crystals and Reactive Mesogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41066-41074. [PMID: 34427077 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymer network liquid crystals (PNLCs) capable of thermoresponsive change in reflective scattering were fabricated using a self-organization technique called photopolymerization-induced phase separation. These PNLCs exhibit nonscattering states at temperatures τ below the nematic-to-isotropic (NI) phase transition temperature τNI but reflective scattering states at τ values above τNI. The magnitude of change of optical clarity is 80% and of solar transmittance is 20% in PNLCs with a thickness of 50 μm. The microscopic structures consist of wavelength- or meso-scale phase separation domains of liquid crystals (LCs) and polymerized reactive mesogens (RMs) in which cyanobiphenyl (CB) groups are thermoresponsively transformed between uniaxially orientation-co-ordered and disordered states. Such thermoresponsive structures were fabricated by employing the CB groups as mesogenic bodies, which were expected to mutually associate due to their physicochemical structures. Cross-linkers stabilized the meso-scale domains and made the PNLCs durable through repeated temperature changes. Polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy showed meso-scale composites that reflectively scatter visible and near-infrared light. POM and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy at different temperatures suggest that the orientation order of the CB groups changes in the LC phase in response to temperature but remains ordered in the RM phase. Such a thermoresponsive change in the orientation order produces the switchability in meso-scale nonuniformity and consequently in reflective light scattering. The thermoresponsive PNLCs are not only effective as energy-saving smart windows but also advantageous at stages of manufacture, installation, and operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kakiuchida
- Innovative Functional Materials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2266-98 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kabata
- Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd., 1-7-20 Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0052, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuyama
- Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd., 1-7-20 Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0052, Japan
| | - Akifumi Ogiwara
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, 8-3 Gakuen-higashi, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
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Farooq S, Ngaini Z. Mesomeric Effects of Azobenzene Bearing Natural Product-Based Molecules for Liquid Crystal Materials: An Overview. Curr Org Synth 2021; 18:318-332. [PMID: 32778031 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200810142857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Latest progress in the liquid crystal (LC) field related to azo molecules incorporated into natural product- based moieties for the improvement of LC texture and mesomeric phases has received great interest among researchers. A LC containing natural product-based moieties i.e. menthol, kojic acid, cholesterol and chalcone with stable azo and azobenzene scaffolds with specific optical tunability, has been widely used in photo-active materials such as Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), LC films, smart windows and other devices. This review discusses the influence of azobenzene, a renowned photo-responsive and stable LC scaffold, in mesogenic phases due to photo-isomerization and optical switching. The incorporation of mesomeric phases of natural product moieties to azo molecules has improved the properties of LC, i.e, from the nematic phase to the smectic phase with proper magnetic field alignment. Natural product-based LC can be useful in numerous applications, especially practical electronic or optic devices such as optical image storage, display devices, solar cells, optical switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Farooq
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Zainab Ngaini
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Kougo J, Araoka F, Haba O, Yonetake K, Aya S. Photo-reconfigurable twisting structure in chiral liquid crystals triggered by photoresponsive surface. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:061101. [PMID: 34391362 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape-transformable molecular additives with photoresponsivity, such as azobenzene or spiropyran, in matter are known to decrease the local order parameter and lead to drastic state variations under light irradiation. For example, a liquid crystalline state can be transformed to an isotropic liquid state by photo-exciting a tiny amount of azobenzene additives from trans- to cis-conformers. On the other hand, structural or shape transformation without changing the phase state is also intriguing since it offers an opportunity for manipulating specific structures. Here, we demonstrate an active control of the topology of chiral particle-like twisting structures, dubbed toron, by light. Interestingly, the individual twisting structure is fully reconfigurable between spherical and unique branched topological states. We reveal that the shape transformation is driven by the free-energy competition between the variation of surface anchoring strength and the elastic energy stored in the twisting structure. The mean-field simulation based on the Landau-de Gennes framework shows that the elastic anisotropy plays the dominant role in modifying the toron topology upon weak anchoring. The results offer a new path for understanding the process of topology-involved shape transformation and fabrication of novel functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kougo
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fumito Araoka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Osamu Haba
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Koichiro Yonetake
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Aya
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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12
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Mohammed H. Synthesis, Identification, and Biological Study for Some Complexes of Azo Dye Having Theophylline. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:9943763. [PMID: 34335115 PMCID: PMC8321766 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9943763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This article includes the synthesis of heterocyclic azo dye of theophylline by coupling diazonium salt of 4-chloroaniline with theophylline which is, namely, 8-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)azo)theophylline (CPAT). The complexes of cobalt and nickel were prepared by reacting their ions with CPAT ligand in ethanol under 1 : 2 ratio metal-ligand. The CPAT ligand and its complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry, electronic absorption spectroscopy, molar conductivity, and magnetic moment. The cobalt and nickel complexes show octahedral geometry having general formula [M(CPAT)2Cl2]. This article addresses the properties of CPAT dye such as photochromic properties. The CPAT dye exhibited obvious and desired changes under irradiation with visible light (405 nm), high sensitive for pH changes which refer to its ability to be analysis indicator. CPAT dye exhibited solvatochromic properties presenting red shift with polar solvent. The CPAT and its complexes show interesting antibiological activities towards Staph. aureus and E. coli bacteria and Aspergillus fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammed
- Chemistry Department, Science College, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
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Liu J, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhou G, Ikeda T, Jiang L. Inkless Rewritable Photonic Crystals Paper Enabled by a Light-Driven Azobenzene Mesogen Switch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12383-12392. [PMID: 33656314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rewritable paper, as an environment-friendly approach of information transmission, has potential possibility to conserve energy and promote a sustainable development of our society. Recently, photonic crystals (PCs) have become a research hotspot in the development of rewritable paper. However, there are still many shortcomings that limit the further application of PC paper, such as slow response sensitivity, short-cycle lifetime, poor storage stability, and so on. Herein, we constructed an optically rewritable azobenzene inverse opals (AZOIOs) with a thin film (ca. 1 μm) plated on an inverse opal structure based on the UV/vis switchable structure color of the sample. The top thin film acts as a protective layer to avoid the large deformation of the pore structure and the bottom inverse opal structure with refractive index/pore structure change that provides reversible structure color. Large, reversible, and rapid bandgap shift (ca. 60 nm, 2 s) of AZOIOs can be repeated more than 100 times under alternating UV/vis irradiation based on isomerization of high content of the azobenzene group. On-demand long-time preservation pattern can be obtained by the appearance of azobenzene's intrinsic color. The proof of concept for rewritable PC paper is demonstrated herein. Such inkless rewritable colorful paper paves a way for developing novel display technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tomiki Ikeda
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfaces Sciences, Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
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14
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Oh SW, Nam SM, Kim SH, Yoon TH, Kim WS. Self-Regulation of Infrared Using a Liquid Crystal Mixture Doped with Push-Pull Azobenzene for Energy-Saving Smart Windows. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5028-5033. [PMID: 33472366 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A self-regulating liquid crystal (LC) smart window whose reflectance changes with ambient conditions is demonstrated. Thermally or optically induced switching between the transparent state and a near-infrared (NIR) reflective state can be used for energy-saving windows. Reflection of NIR can reduce the energy used for cooling, while remaining transparent to visible light. By changing the initial alignment of LCs, the window can be switched between hazy-opaque and IR-reflective states to be used for privacy windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Oh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Nam
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeok Kim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Wook Sung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
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15
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Carabet CA, Moanță A, Pălărie I, Iacobescu G, Rotaru A, Leulescu M, Popescu M, Rotaru P. Physical, Thermal and Biological Properties of Yellow Dyes with Two Azodiphenylether Groups of Anthracene. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235757. [PMID: 33291331 PMCID: PMC7731036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two yellow bis-azo dyes containing anthracene and two azodiphenylether groups (BPA and BTA) were prepared, and an extensive investigation of their physical, thermal and biological properties was carried out. The chemical structure was confirmed by the FTIR spectra, while from the UV-Vis spectra, the quantum efficiency of the laser fluorescence at the 476.5 nm was determined to be 0.33 (BPA) and 0.50 (BTA). The possible transitions between the energy levels of the electrons of the chemical elements were established, identifying the energies and the electronic configurations of the levels of transition. Both crystals are anisotropic, the optical phenomenon of double refraction of polarized light (birefringence) taking place. Images of maximum illumination and extinction were recorded when the crystals of the bis-azo compounds rotated by 90° each, which confirms their birefringence. A morphologic study of the thin films deposited onto glass surfaces was performed, proving the good adhesion of both dyes. By thermal analysis and calorimetry, the melting temperatures were determined (~224-225 °C for both of them), as well as their decomposition pathways and thermal effects (enthalpy variations during undergoing processes); thus, good thermal stability was exhibited. The interaction of the two compounds with collagen in the suede was studied, as well as their antioxidant activity, advocating for good chemical stability and potential to be safely used as coloring agents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Alice Carabet
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Anca Moanță
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. AI Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ion Pălărie
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Gabriela Iacobescu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Andrei Rotaru
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Department of Chemical Thermodynamics, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei, Nr. 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +40-745-379-205
| | - Marian Leulescu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Mariana Popescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rareş Street, Nr. 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Petre Rotaru
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, Str. A.I. Cuza, Nr. 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania; (C.A.C.); (I.P.); (G.I.); (M.L.); (P.R.)
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Balam-Villarreal JA, López-Mayorga BJ, Gallardo-Rosas D, Toscano RA, Carreón-Castro MP, Basiuk VA, Cortés-Guzmán F, López-Cortés JG, Ortega-Alfaro MC. π-Extended push-pull azo-pyrrole photoswitches: synthesis, solvatochromism and optical band gaps. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1657-1670. [PMID: 32048680 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new family of push-pull biphenyl-azopyrrole compounds 3b-g and 4b-d was efficiently obtained via a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between 2-(4'-iodophenyl-azo)-N-methyl pyrrole (1a) or 3-(4'-iodophenyl-azo)-1,2,5-trimethyl pyrrole (2a) and 4'-substituted phenyl boronic acids in excellent yields. The influence of the π-biphenyl backbone and pyrrole pattern substitution was correlated with their optical properties. Solvatochromic studies via UV-visible spectrophotometry revealed that the inclusion of a 4'-nitro-biphenyl fragment favors a red-shift of the main absorption band in these azo compounds compared with their non-substituted analogues. Likewise, optical band-gaps were estimated by means of electronic absorption spectra and correlated with TD-DFT studies. The pyrrole pattern substitution and the π-conjugated backbone exhibit a clear influence on their thermal isomerization kinetics at room temperature. In all cases, biphenylazo-pyrrole compounds lead to the formation of J-type aggregates in binary MeOH : H2O solvents. Under these conditions, compounds 3b-c undergo a water-assisted cis-to-trans isomerization at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Balam-Villarreal
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - B J López-Mayorga
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - D Gallardo-Rosas
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - R A Toscano
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Cuidad de México, Mexico.
| | - M P Carreón-Castro
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - V A Basiuk
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - F Cortés-Guzmán
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Cuidad de México, Mexico.
| | - J G López-Cortés
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Cuidad de México, Mexico.
| | - M C Ortega-Alfaro
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Kakiuchida H, Matsuyama A, Ogiwara A. Normal- and Reverse-Mode Thermoresponsive Controllability in Optical Attenuation of Polymer Network Liquid Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19404-19412. [PMID: 31062576 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple nonuniform irradiation method for photopolymerization-induced phase separation (PPIPS) was developed to produce unconventional mesoscale domain structures composed of liquid crystal (LC) and reactive mesogen (RM) phases. The LC/RM phase formations and their molecular orientation ordering through PPIPS were comprehensively investigated as a function of LC/RM molar ratio, curing temperature, and the use of uniform or nonuniform irradiation. Then, two different optical-anisotropic structures that can cause normal- or reverse-mode thermoresponsive light attenuation were formed by nonuniform irradiation at different curing temperatures at the same molar ratios. These two structures consist of mesoscale domains organized with multiaxially orientation-ordered LCs and orientation-disordered RMs for normal-mode thermoresponse and uniaxially orientation-ordered LCs and RMs for reverse-mode thermoresponse. Phase-separation nuclei were generated by nonuniform irradiation at the incipient stage during the PPIPS process under nonuniform irradiation and subsequently coalesced to form mesoscale polymer networks while maintaining their molecular orientation order. This is a promising method to overcome the restraint of structural controllability due to intrinsic material properties and thus to provide unconventional optical and photonic devices, such as thermoresponsive smart windows and thermometric sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kakiuchida
- Structural Materials Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 2266-98 Anagahora, Shimoshidami , Moriyama-ku, Nagoya , Aichi 463-8560 , Japan
| | - Akihiko Matsuyama
- Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering , Kyushu Institute of Technology , 680-4 Kawazu , Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502 , Japan
| | - Akifumi Ogiwara
- Department of Electronics Engineering , Kobe City College of Technology , 8-3 Gakuen-higashi , Nishiku, Kobe 651-2194 , Japan
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Huh JW, Seo JH, Oh SW, Kim SH, Yoon TH. Tristate switching of a liquid-crystal cell among initial transparent, haze-free dark, and high-haze dark states. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dos Santos CH, Uchiyama NM, Bagatin IA. Selective azo dye-based colorimetric chemosensor for F -, CH 3COO - and PO 43. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 210:355-361. [PMID: 30500744 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing anionic receptors is a huge challenge, especially those using hydrogen bonds to interact with the analytes. Azobenzene-derivative selective chemosensor has been evaluated for anion recognition properties. 2‑(4‑Hydroxiazobenzene)benzoic acid (HABA) has two hydrogens groups available for interaction; one is the phenol group and the other is the carboxylic acid group, enabling interaction with cations and anions. Subsequently titrations of chromophore 2‑(4‑hydroxiazobenzene) benzoic acid were performed with cations and anions; however, only the interactions with fluoride, acetate, and phosphate were significant. These data demonstrated the sensitivity of the ligand HABA by these anions, characterized by the displacement of the absorbance bands at 372nm to 491nm in acetonitrile. The association constants found to fluoride, acetate, and phosphate were 1.56×104±0.28, 1.25×104±0.60, and 1.90×104±0.67mol-1dm3 respectively. 1H NMR titrations data confirmed association constants values in agreement with those of UV-Vis, besides showing evidence of the analyte interaction by the hydrogen-bonding of the carboxylic acid group. Overall, UV-Vis limit of detection data for fluoride (1.05×10-7moldm-3), acetate (3.77×10-8moldm-3) and phosphate (3.00×10-8moldm-3), support that HABA can detect low concentration of these anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Henrique Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Depto de Química, Laboratório de Química de Calixarenos, Espectroscopia Molecular e Catálise, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Arthur Riedel, 275, CEP 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Natan M Uchiyama
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Depto de Química, Laboratório de Química de Calixarenos, Espectroscopia Molecular e Catálise, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Arthur Riedel, 275, CEP 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Izilda A Bagatin
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Depto de Química, Laboratório de Química de Calixarenos, Espectroscopia Molecular e Catálise, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Arthur Riedel, 275, CEP 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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Kim SH, Oh SW, Yoon TH. Enhancement of absorption and haze with hybrid anchoring of dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:14259-14266. [PMID: 29877466 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.014259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that hybrid anchoring of dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals (ChLCs) could be used for the simultaneous control of haze and transmittance. Hybrid anchoring of ChLCs can be obtained by the vertical anchoring at one substrate surface and planar anchoring at the other substrate surface. In a ChLC cell with hybrid anchoring, the LCs near the planar alignment layer are in the planar state, while those near the vertical alignment layer are in the focal-conic state. In the initial opaque state, the incident light can be absorbed by the LC mixture in the planar state and scattered by the LCs in the focal-conic state. The ChLC cell with hybrid anchoring exhibited lower transmittance and haze value than those of a focal-conic state in a ChLC cell with vertical anchoring. The cell can be switched to the transparent state without use of a complicated drive scheme at a driving voltage significantly lower than that for a double-layered cell.
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