1
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Xu B, Wu M, Liu Y, Wei S. Study on Flame Retardancy Behavior of Epoxy Resin with Phosphaphenanthrene Triazine Compound and Organic Zinc Complexes Based on Phosphonitrile. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073069. [PMID: 37049832 PMCID: PMC10095624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel flame retardant phosphorus-containing organozinc complex (Zn-PDH) was prepared using zinc and iron as the metal center and 4-aminopyridine, with low steric hindrance, as the organic ligand, then using phosphazene to modify the organometallic complex (Zn-4APD). The flame retardant properties and mechanism of Zn-PDH/Tris-(3-DOPO-1-propyl)-triazinetrione (TAD) in epoxy resin (EP) were investigated. Flame inhibition behavior was studied by the vertical combustion test (UL94), while limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement and flame retardant properties were studied by the cone calorimeter test (CONE). The flame retardant modes of action were explored by using the thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) test, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy (LRS). When TAD and Zn-PDH were added to the epoxy resin in the ratio of 3:1, the system achieved a balance between the gas-phase and condense-phase actions of the flame retardant effects, and the 3%TAD/1%Zn-PDH/EP composite system achieved not only good flame inhibition but also obtained good smoke and heat suppression performance, showing a comprehensive flame retardant performance. The gas phase and Zn-PDH mostly promoted charring with a barrier and protective effect in the condensed phase. As for the mechanism, TAD released the phosphorus-containing radicals and phenoxy radicals during decomposition and mainly exerted a gas-phase quenching effect. While in the condense phase, Zn-PDH promoted the decomposition of the polymer matrix to produce more aromatic structures and rapidly formed a complete and dense carbon layer rich in P-O-C crosslinked structures at high temperatures. Meanwhile, more N entered the gas phase in the form of inert gas, which diluted the concentration of the combustible fuel and helped to inhibit the combustion reaction.
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2
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Vu CM, Thi HV. Enhanced mechanical properties and flame retardant of epoxy resin by using of GOPOS decorated MWCNTs. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Recent advances in flame retardant epoxy systems containing non-reactive DOPO based phosphorus additives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Diblock Copolymers Containing Titanium-Hybridized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Used as a Macromolecular Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091708. [PMID: 35566877 PMCID: PMC9105475 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-containing diblock copolymer poly[(p-hydroxybenzaldehyde methacrylate)m-b-(2-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate)n] (abbrev. poly(HAMAm-b-HEPOMAn)) was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. When it was continued to react with titanium-hybridized aminopropyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Ti-POSS) through a Schiff-base reaction, new grafted copolymers poly[(Ti-POSS-HAMA)m-b-HEPOMAn] (abbrev. PolyTi) were obtained. Then, they were used as macromolecular flame retardant to modify epoxy resin materials. The thermal, flame retardant and mechanical properties of the prepared EP/PolyTi composites were tested by TGA, DSC, LOI, UL-94, SEM, Raman, DMA, etc. The migration of phosphorus moiety from epoxy resin composites was analyzed by immersing the composites into ethanol/H2O solution and recording the extraction solution by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the added PolyTi enhanced the glass transition temperature, the carbon residue, the graphitization of char, LOI, and mechanical properties of the EP/PolyTi composites when compared to pure cured EP. Furthermore, the phosphorus moieties were more likely to migrate from EP/DOPO composites than that from EP/PolyTi composites. Obviously, compared with small molecular flame retardant modified EP, the macromolecular flame retardant modified EP/PolyTi composites exhibited better thermal stability, flame retardancy, and resistance to migration.
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5
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Han X, Guo Y, Cai H, Li X, Ding J, Zhao X, Zhou H, Guo W, Huang W, Zhao T. Synergistic effects of a half‐cage and cage structure phosphorus and nitrogen‐containing
POSS
with tetrabutyl titanate on flame retardancy of vinyl epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Xiang Li
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Jiangnan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Wantao Guo
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
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6
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Ho NM, Nguyen TC, Tran TTV, Nguyen TD, Thai H. Enhancement of dynamic mechanical properties and flame resistance of nanocomposites based on epoxy and nanosilica modified with KR‐12 coupling agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Ho
- Faculty of Chemistry Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Department of Composite Materials Institute of Chemistry and Materials Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thuy Chinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Department of Physico‐chemistry of Non‐metallic Materials Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Van Tran
- Department of Physico‐chemistry of Non‐metallic Materials Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tien Dung Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry Hanoi National University of Education Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thai
- Faculty of Chemistry Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Department of Physico‐chemistry of Non‐metallic Materials Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
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7
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Souza Magossi M, Souza Magossi M, Dias Filho NL, Ribeiro do Carmo D. Isoniazid‐sensing Behavior of a Hybrid Silsesquioxane and Cobalt Pentacyanonitrosylferrate‐based Nanocomposite. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Souza Magossi
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Departamento de Física e Química Av. Brasil, 56 15385-000 Ilha Solteira-SP Brazil
| | - Maiara Souza Magossi
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Departamento de Física e Química Av. Brasil, 56 15385-000 Ilha Solteira-SP Brazil
| | - Newton Luiz Dias Filho
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Departamento de Física e Química Av. Brasil, 56 15385-000 Ilha Solteira-SP Brazil
| | - Devaney Ribeiro do Carmo
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Departamento de Física e Química Av. Brasil, 56 15385-000 Ilha Solteira-SP Brazil
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8
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Lee CH, Khalina A, Nurazzi NM, Norli A, Harussani MM, Rafiqah SA, Aisyah HA, Ramli N. The Challenges and Future Perspective of Woven Kenaf Reinforcement in Thermoset Polymer Composites in Malaysia: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1390. [PMID: 33922885 PMCID: PMC8123178 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the challenges faced by woven kenaf thermoset polymer composites in Malaysia were addressed with respect to three major aspects: woven kenaf reinforcement quality, Malaysian citizen awareness of woven kenaf thermoset composite products, and government supports. Kenaf plantations were introduced in Malaysia in the last two decades, but have generally not produced much kenaf composite product that has been widely accepted by the public. However, woven kenaf fiber enhances the thermoset composites to a similar degree or better than other natural fibers, especially with respect to impact resistance. Woven kenaf composites have been applied in automotive structural studies in Malaysia, yet they are still far from commercialization. Hence, this review discusses the kenaf fiber woven in Malaysia, thermoset and bio-based thermoset polymers, thermoset composite processing methods and, most importantly, the challenges faced in Malaysia. This review sets guidelines, provides an overview, and shares knowledge as to the potential challenges currently faced by woven kenaf reinforcements in thermoset polymer composites, allowing researchers to shift their interests and plans for conducting future studies on woven kenaf thermoset polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hao Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Abdan Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - N. Mohd Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (A.N.)
| | - Abdullah Norli
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (A.N.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. Ayu Rafiqah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Natasha Ramli
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.R.); (H.A.A.); (N.R.)
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9
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Han X, Zhang X, Guo Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhou H, Zhang S, Zhao T. Synergistic Effects of Ladder and Cage Structured Phosphorus-Containing POSS with Tetrabutyl Titanate on Flame Retardancy of Vinyl Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091363. [PMID: 33921920 PMCID: PMC8122454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cage and ladder structured phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DOPO-POSS) have been synthesized through the hydrolytic condensation of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES). The unique ladder and cage–ladder structured components in DOPO-POSS endowed it with good solubility in vinyl epoxy resin (VE), and it was used with tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) to construct a phosphorus-silicon-titanium synergy system for the flame retardation of VE. Thermal stabilities, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the resultant VE composites were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), three-point bending tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, and cone calorimetry. The experimental results showed that with the addition of only 4 wt% DOPO-POSS and 0.5 wt% TBT, the limiting oxygen index value (LOI) increased from 19.5 of pure VE to 24.2. With the addition of DOPO-POSS and TBT, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) were decreased significantly compared to VE-0. In addition, the VE composites showed improved thermal stabilities and mechanical properties comparable to that of the VE-0. The investigations on pyrolysis volatiles of cured VE further revealed that DOPO-POSS and TBT exerted flame retardant effects in gas phase. The results of char residue of the VE composites by SEM and XPS showed that TBT and DOPO-POSS can accelerate the char formation during the combustion, forming an interior char layer with the honeycomb cavity structure and dense exterior char layer, making the char strong with the formation of Si-O-Ti and Ti-O-P structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xianyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Songli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
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10
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Li S, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Yang X, Yu R, Zhang Y, Deng K, Huang W. A facile approach to prepare cage‐ladder‐structure phosphorus‐containing amino‐functionalized
POSS
for enhancing flame retardancy of epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ran Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kuilin Deng
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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11
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Cheng Z, Fang M, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li H, Qian J. Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of a Cured Trifunctional Epoxy Resin with the Synergistic Effects of Silicon/Titanium. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4200-4212. [PMID: 32149250 PMCID: PMC7057714 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An amino curing agent containing silicon/titanium flame-retardant elements (STCA) based on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetrabutyl titanate was successfully prepared. The thermal decomposition and flame-retardant properties of a STCA-cured trifunctional epoxy resin, which was facilely synthesized by 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane and epichlorohydrin via a two-step method, were compared with those of another amino curing agent containing silicon (SCA) based on APTES and methyltrimethoxysilane. The structures of STCA and SCA were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), 29Si NMR, and Raman spectroscopies. The STCA-cured thermoset not only had good thermal stability with an initial decomposition temperature of 344.8 °C and a char yield of 52.7% at 800 °C but also exhibited the overall improvement of flame-retardant properties. V-0 rating was achieved using the UL-94 test, and the value of limiting oxygen index reached 33.8%. From the thermogravimetry-infrared test, the yield of pyrolysis products of the STCA-cured thermoset was significantly decreased, indicating the lower toxicity in contrast to the SCA-cured thermoset. Flame-retardant performances were also investigated using the cone calorimetry test, and the flame retardancy mechanism was studied using scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR, and energy-dispersive spectrometry. The results indicate that the introduction of silicon/titanium to the system reveals the synergistic effects to promote the formation of an intumescent, sufficient, and compact char layer during combustion, which could effectively prevent heat, oxygen, and flame from penetrating into the interior structure, and lead to the retardance of further combustion.
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12
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Wei Z, Wu J, Liu Z, Gu Y, Luan G, Sun H, Yu Q, Zhang S, Wang Z. Effect of ethyl‐bridged diphenylphosphine oxide on flame retardancy and thermal properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Wei
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Application R & D DepartmentQingdao Fusilin Chemical Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Qingdao China
| | - Zongru Liu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yanan Gu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Guifang Luan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hejing Sun
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qing Yu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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13
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Electrical Current Map and Bulk Conductivity of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111865. [PMID: 31726732 PMCID: PMC6918280 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A suitably modified resin film infusion (RFI) process was used for manufacturing carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) impregnated with a resin containing nanocages of glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (GPOSS) for enhancing flame resistance and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to contrast the electrical insulating properties of the epoxy resin. The effects of the different numbers (7, 14 and 24) of the plies on the equivalent direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrical conductivity were evaluated. All the manufactured panels manifest very high values in electrical conductivity. Besides, for the first time, CFRC strings were analyzed by tunneling atomic force microscopy (TUNA) technique. The electrical current maps highlight electrically conductive three-dimensional networks incorporated in the resin through the plies of the panels. The highest equivalent bulk conductivity is shown by the seven-ply panel characterized by the parallel (σ//0°) in-plane conductivity of 16.19 kS/m. Electrical tests also evidence that the presence of GPOSS preserves the AC electrical stability of the panels.
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14
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Zeng B, Hu R, Zhou R, Shen H, Liu X, Chen G, Xu Y, Yuan C, Luo W, Dai L. Co‐flame retarding effect of ethanolamine modified titanium‐containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in epoxy resin. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birong Zeng
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Rong Hu
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Ruirui Zhou
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Hong Shen
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Guorong Chen
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Yiting Xu
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Conghui Yuan
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Weiang Luo
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
| | - Lizong Dai
- College of Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China 361005
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15
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Li J, Zhu C, Zhao Z, Khalili P, Clement M, Tong J, Liu X, Yi X. Fire properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer improved by coating nonwoven flame retardant mat for aerospace application. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Chenkai Zhu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Zhongjie Zhao
- AVIC Composites Corporation (Beijing) Science and Technology Co., Ltd 66 Shuanghe Road, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300 China
| | - Pooria Khalili
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Mandy Clement
- Technical Fibre Products Ltd, Burneside Mills Kendal Cumbria LA9 6PZ UK
| | - Jianfeng Tong
- AVIC Composites Corporation (Beijing) Science and Technology Co., Ltd 66 Shuanghe Road, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300 China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Xiaosu Yi
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
- AVIC Composites Corporation (Beijing) Science and Technology Co., Ltd 66 Shuanghe Road, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300 China
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16
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Li S, Zhao X, Liu X, Yang X, Yu R, Zhang Y, Huang W, Deng K. Cage-ladder-structure, phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquinoxanes as promising reactive-type flame retardants for epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xinghua Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ran Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Kuilin Deng
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
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17
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Minh HN, Chinh NT, Thanh Van TT, Hoang T. Ternary nanocomposites based on epoxy, modified silica, and tetrabutyl titanate: Morphology, characteristics, and kinetics of the curing process. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Ngoc Minh
- Institute of Chemistry and Materials; Hoang Sam Street, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
- Institute for Tropical Technology; Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology; 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Chinh
- Graduate University of Science and Technology; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Thanh Van
- Graduate University of Science and Technology; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Thai Hoang
- Institute for Tropical Technology; Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology; 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
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18
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Wu H, Hu R, Zeng B, Yang L, Chen T, Zheng W, Liu X, Luo W, Dai L. Synthesis and application of aminophenyl-s-triazine derivatives as potential flame retardants in the modification of epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37631-37642. [PMID: 35558621 PMCID: PMC9089353 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07450j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel DOPO-substituted aminophenyl-s-triazine (TAT-DOPO) compounds with controllable P/N element ratio were synthesized and applied as flame retardants for epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wu
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Rong Hu
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Birong Zeng
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Li Yang
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Weiang Luo
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Lizong Dai
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
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19
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Zeng B, Yang L, Chen J, Liu X, Wu H, Zheng W, Chen G, Xu Y, Dai L. Improving the flame retardancy and thermal property of organotitanate-modified epoxy resin for electronic application via a simple method. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317749019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of halogen-free epoxy resins (EPs) has become a major concern in the field of electronic packaging materials because flame retardants containing halogen release toxic chemicals during combustion. In this article, a type of modified EP possessing multiple functionalities, including high flame retardancy and thermal property as well as low hygroscopicity, was prepared via a simple method by taking advantage of synergistic effects of organotitanate and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The mechanical and thermal properties of the as-prepared EP/titanium (Ti)/DOPO system were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis, glass transition temperature, differential scanning calorimetry, and so on. The results showed that the incorporation of organotitanate and DOPO into EP can not only enhance the decomposition temperature and residual char but also increase the glass transition temperature and limiting oxygen index (LOI) value. The EP/Ti/DOPO system reached UL94 V-0 rating with an LOI of 34.7%. Compared to pure epoxy, the peak heat release rate, heat release capacity, and total heat release of EP/Ti/DOPO were decreased by 33.3%, 35.1%, and 16.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birong Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinmei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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