Microwave-induced one-pot synthesis of 3-imidazolyl indole clubbed 1,2,3-triazole hybrids as antiproliferative agents and density functional theory study

Herein, we outline a highly efficient PEG-4000-mediated one-pot three-component reaction for the synthesis of 3-imidazolyl indole clubbed 1,2,3-triazole derivatives (5a-r) at up to 96% yield as antiproliferative agents. This three-component protocol offers the advantages of an environmentally benign reaction, excellent yield, quick response time, and operational simplicity triggered by the copper catalyst under microwave irradiation. All the synthesized compounds were tested for antiproliferative activity against six human solid tumor cell lines, that is, A549 and SW1573 (nonsmall cell lung), HBL100 and T-47D (breast), HeLa (cervix), and WiDr (colon). Among them, six compounds, 5g-j, 5m, and 5p, demonstrated effective antiproliferative action with GI50 values under 10 μM. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for all the synthesized molecules through geometry optimizations, frontier molecular orbital approach, and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP). The theoretical DFT calculation was performed using the DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) basis set. Moreover, the biological reactivity of all the representative synthesized molecules was compared with the theoretically calculated quantum chemical descriptors and MESP 3D plots. We also investigated the drug-likeness characteristic and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction. In general, our approach enables environmentally friendly access to 3-imidazolyl indole clubbed 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as prospective antiproliferative agents.

New Perspectives for Antihypertensive Sartans as Components of Co-crystals and Co-amorphous Solids with Improved Properties and Multipurpose Activity

Sartans (angiotensin II receptor blockers, ARBs), drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, play a principal role in addressing the global health challenge of hypertension. In the past three years, their potential use has expanded to include the possibility of their application in the treatment of COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases (80 clinical studies worldwide). However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by their poor solubility and bioavailability, prompting the need for innovative approaches to improve their pharmaceutical properties. This review discusses methods of co-crystallization and co-amorphization of sartans with nonpolymeric, low molecular, and stabilizing co-formers, as a promising strategy to synthesize new multipurpose drugs with enhanced pharmaceutical properties. The solid-state forms have demonstrated the potential to address the poor solubility limitations of conventional sartan formulations and offer new opportunities to develop dual-active drugs with broader therapeutic applications. The review includes an in-depth analysis of the co-crystal and co-amorphous forms of sartans, including their properties, possible applications, and the impact of synthetic methods on their pharmacokinetic properties. By shedding light on the solid forms of sartans, this article provides valuable insights into their potential as improved drug formulations. Moreover, this review may serve as a valuable resource for designing similar solid forms of sartans and other drugs, fostering further advances in pharmaceutical research and drug development.

A Comprehensive Account on Recent Progress in Pharmacological Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives

Nowadays, nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules have attracted a great deal of interest among medicinal chemists. Among these potential heterocyclic drugs, benzimidazole scaffolds are considerably prevalent. Due to their isostructural pharmacophore of naturally occurring active biomolecules, benzimidazole derivatives have significant importance as chemotherapeutic agents in diverse clinical conditions. Researchers have synthesized plenty of benzimidazole derivatives in the last decades, amidst a large share of these compounds exerted excellent bioactivity against many ailments with outstanding bioavailability, safety, and stability profiles. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the bioactivity of the benzimidazole derivatives reported in recent literature (2012-2021) with their available structure-activity relationship. Compounds bearing benzimidazole nucleus possess broad-spectrum pharmacological properties ranging from common antibacterial effects to the world's most virulent diseases. Several promising therapeutic candidates are undergoing human trials, and some of these are going to be approved for clinical use. However, notable challenges, such as drug resistance, costly and tedious synthetic methods, little structural information of receptors, lack of advanced software, and so on, are still viable to be overcome for further research.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel fluoro-substituted benzimidazole derivatives with anti-hypertension activities

A series of new fluoro-substituted benzimidazole derivatives were designed, synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. All the target compounds were characterized by ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR, mass spectra and elemental analysis. The biological evaluation showed that most of the synthesized compounds displayed nanomolar affinity to the angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptor and could decrease blood pressure efficiently in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The maximal response of mean blood pressure (MBP) lowered 74.5 ± 3.5 mmHg (1g) and 69.2 ± 0.9 mmHg (2a) at 10 g/kg after oral administration, and the antihypertensive effect lasted beyond 24 h, which performed better than both losartan and telmisartan. So, compounds 1g and 2a may be considered as potential antihypertension drug candidates.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of AT1 receptor blockers derived from 6-substituted aminocarbonyl benzimidazoles

A series of new 6-substituted aminocarbonyl benzimidazole derivatives with 1, 4-disubsituted or 1, 5-disubsituted indole moiety and benzoic acid moiety were designed, synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. Most of the synthesized compounds could bind to the AT₁ receptor and decrease blood pressure significantly. Notably, 2e and 1h could obviously decrease MBP in a dose dependent manner. The maximal response lowered 57.9 ± 2.3 mmHg (2e) and 57.6 ± 1.9 mmHg (1h) of MBP at 10 mg/kg after oral administration, and the antihypertensive effect lasted beyond 24 h, which performed better than Losartan (Fig. 1). These results indicate that 2e and 1h are effective and long-lasting anti-hypertension drug candidates and deserve further investigation for therapeutic application.