1
|
Mandal S, Panda B, Mondal D, Khatun J, Dhak P, Dhak D. 3D flower-like zirconium magnesium oxide nanocomposite for efficient fluoride removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:119491-119505. [PMID: 37930573 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A 3D flower-shaped bimetallic nanocomposite zirconium magnesium oxide (ZMO) was prepared first time by the controlled solution combustion method using triethanolamine (TEA) as a fuel and chelating agent. The composite material was used to remove excess fluoride via adsorption. The thermal stability of the adsorbent was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the adsorbent. The surface charge of the nano adsorbent was determined by Zeta Sizer. The surface area and pore volume of the adsorbent were determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. The adsorption behavior of fluoride was studied systematically varying the pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial fluoride concentration. The adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 42.14 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was confirmed by the adsorption study. The maximum adsorption efficiency was in the 6-10 pH range. The reaction mechanism was mainly based on ion exchange between hydroxy and fluoride ions which was proven by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Real water tests indicated that ZMO could be used as a potential defluoridation agent for fluoride containing groundwater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 732104, West Bengal, India
| | - Bholanath Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 732104, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasish Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 732104, West Bengal, India
| | - Julekha Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 732104, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasanta Dhak
- Department of Chemistry, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Debasis Dhak
- Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 732104, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hossain N, Mobarak MH, Hossain A, Khan F, Mim JJ, Chowdhury MA. Advances of plant and biomass extracted zirconium nanoparticles in dental implant application. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15973. [PMID: 37215906 PMCID: PMC10192772 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are minimal materials with unique physicochemical features that set them apart from bulk materials of the same composition. These properties make nanoparticles highly desirable for use in commercial and medical research. The primary intention for the development of nanotechnology is to achieve overarching social objectives like bettering our understanding of nature, boosting productivity, improving healthcare, and extending the bounds of sustainable development and human potential. Keeping this as a motivation, Zirconia nanoparticles are becoming the preferred nanostructure for modern biomedical applications. This nanotechnology is exceptionally versatile and has several potential uses in dental research. This review paper concentrated on the various benefits of zirconium nanoparticles in dentistry and how they provide superior strength and flexibility compared to their counterparts. Moreover, the popularity of zirconium nanoparticles is also growing as it has strong biocompatibility potency. Zirconium nanoparticles can be used to develop or address the major difficulty in dentistry. Therefore, this review paper aims to provide a summary of the fundamental research and applications of zirconium nanoparticles in dental implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayem Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hosne Mobarak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Amran Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Fardin Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Juhi Jannat Mim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Gazipur, 1707, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alrowaili Z, Yilmaz E, Çalişkan F, Öztürk B, Olarinoye I, Arslan H, Al-Buriahi M. Radiation shielding performance of a newly synthesized bismuth borate glass system. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
4
|
Vinayagam R, Singhania B, Murugesan G, Kumar PS, Bhole R, Narasimhan MK, Varadavenkatesan T, Selvaraj R. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using newly synthesized zirconia nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113785. [PMID: 35793722 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) were prepared using the leaf extract of Muntingia calabura as a reductant. The absorption peak at 232 nm confirmed the signature peak for ZrO2NPs with band energy at 5.07 eV. The ZrO2NPs were tetragonal and highly crystalline, possessing a mean diameter of 14.83 nm as confirmed by XRD studies. The lattice constants (a = 0.362 nm and c = 0.511 nm) were consistent with the literature. Spherical nanoaggregates (29.25 nm) were seen in FESEM image and the specific signals for Zr and O were noticed in EDS image. The tetragonal phase of the ZrO2NPs were further confirmed from the XPS and Raman studies. PL spectrum had a sharp emission at 493 nm. The FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of various functional groups. ZrO2NPs were thermally stable with 5.76% total weight loss - as revealed from TGA profile. The photocatalytic breakdown of methylene blue (MB) dye under the influence of solar irradiation was performed using ZrO2NPs which exhibited 89.11% degradation within 5 h. Hence, the synthesized ZrO2NPs can be used as an alternate potential photocatalyst for the degradation of various dyes present in waste streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Vinayagam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhawesh Singhania
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gokulakrishnan Murugesan
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Ruchi Bhole
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Narasimhan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thivaharan Varadavenkatesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raja Selvaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee HJ, Kang DC, Kim EJ, Suh YW, Kim DP, Han H, Min HK. Production of H 2-Free Carbon Monoxide from Formic Acid Dehydration: The Catalytic Role of Acid Sites in Sulfated Zirconia. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3036. [PMID: 36080073 PMCID: PMC9458092 DOI: 10.3390/nano12173036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formic acid (CH2O2) decomposition over sulfated zirconia (SZ) catalysts prepared under different synthesis conditions, such as calcination temperature (500-650 °C) and sulfate loading (0-20 wt.%), was investigated. Three sulfate species (tridentate, bridging bidentate, and pyrosulfate) on the SZ catalysts were characterized by using temperature-programmed decomposition (TPDE), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The acidic properties of the SZ catalysts were investigated by the temperature-programmed desorption of iso-propanol (IPA-TPD) and pyridine-adsorbed infrared (Py-IR) spectroscopy and correlated with their catalytic properties in formic acid decomposition. The relative contributions of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites to the formic acid dehydration were compared, and optimal synthetic conditions, such as calcination temperature and sulfate loading, were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dong-Chang Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Young-Woong Suh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Haksoo Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyung-Ki Min
- LOTTE Chemical Research Institute, Daejeon 34110, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mani SK, Bhandari R. Efficient Fluoride Removal by a Fixed-Bed Column of Self-Assembled Zr(IV)-, Fe(III)-, Cu(II)-Complexed Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Beads. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15048-15063. [PMID: 35557681 PMCID: PMC9089380 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fixed-bed column adsorption studies are performed with metal-complexed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel beads to remove fluoride from groundwater. The fixed-bed column (bed height = 8 ± 0.2 cm) of copper-zirconium-PVA (PCZH), zirconium-PVA (PZH), and iron-zirconium-PVA (PFZH) hydrogel beads have equilibrium fluoride removal capacities of 17.26 ± 0.05, 31.67 ± 0.05, and 11.84 ± 0.05 mg g-1 from a 10 ± 0.20 mg L-1 fluoride solution of pH 6.5 maintained at a flow rate of 1 ± 0.01 mL min-1. The breakthrough curves for fluoride adsorption are analyzed by non-linear empirical models of Thomas, Bohart-Adams, Yoon-Nelson, and semi-empirical bed depth service time models. The maximum fluoride adsorption capacities obtained from the Thomas model are 25.66 ± 0.05, 38.17 ± 0.05, and 13.75 ± 0.05 mg g-1 for PCZH, PZH, and PFZH. Moreover, the column of PZH (bed height = 4 ± 0.2 cm) removes about 1.67 ± 0.05 mg g-1 of fluoride from the alkaline groundwater sample with high total dissolved solids containing 2.84 ± 0.20 mg L-1 fluoride maintained at a flow rate of 0.5 ± 0.01 mL min-1. The fluoride removal efficiency decreases marginally (<1 ± 0.02%) in the presence of interfering ions such as chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, bicarbonates, and nitrates. Furthermore, the fixed-bed column (bed height = 4 ± 0.2 cm) of PCZH, PZH, and PFZH remove 7.40 ± 0.05, 14.85 ± 0.05, and 6.53 ± 0.05 mg g-1 fluoride, respectively, even after the third regeneration cycle. Additionally, the hydrogel beads are effective in the removal of arsenate (≤90 ± 0.02%) and chromate ions (≤96 ± 0.02%) from 100 ± 0.20 mg L-1 solution in batch adsorption studies. Therefore, the hydrogel beads could be used as potent filters for the removal of fluoride, chromate, and arsenate ions from water.
Collapse
|
7
|
The Effect of Ultraviolet Treatment on TiO2 Nanotubes: A Study of Surface Characteristics, Bacterial Adhesion, and Gingival Fibroblast Response. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes are emerging as a provocative target for oral implant research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of UV on the wettability behavior, bacterial colonization, and fibroblast proliferation rate of TiO2 nanotube surfaces prepared using different anodization voltages and aimed for use as implant abutment materials. Four different experimental materials were prepared: (1) TiO2 nanotube 10 V; (2) TiO2 nanotube 15 V; (3) TiO2 nanotube 20 V; and (4) commercial pure titanium as a control group. TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared in an aqueous electrolyte solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF, 0.5 vol.%). Different anodization voltages were used to modify the morphology of the TiO2 nanotubes. Equilibrium contact angles were measured using the sessile drop method with a contact angle meter. The investigated surfaces (n = 3) were incubated at 37 °C in a suspension of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) for 30 min for bacterial adhesion and 3 days for biofilm formation. Human gingival fibroblasts were plated and cultured on the experimental substrates for up to 7 days and the cell proliferation rate was assessed using the AlamarBlue assayTM (BioSource International, Camarillo, CA, USA). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Water contact angle measurements on the TiO2 after UV treatment showed an overall hydrophilic behavior regardless of the anodization voltage. The ranking of the UV-treated surfaces of experimental groups from lowest to highest for bacterial adhesion was: TiO2 nanotube 20 V < Ti and TiO2 nanotube 15 V < TiO2 nanotube 10 V (p < 0.05), and for bacterial biofilm formation was: TiO2 nanotube 20 V-TiO2 nanotube 10 V < Ti-TiO2 nanotube 15 V (p < 0.05). Fibroblast cell proliferation was lower on TiO2 nanotube surfaces throughout the incubation period and UV light treatment showed no enhancement in cellular response. UV treatment enhances the wettability behavior of TiO2 nanotube surfaces and could result in lower bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Influence of annealing atmosphere on photoelectrochemical response of TiO2 nanotubes anodized under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Azeem PA, Evangeline B, Haranath D, Rao RP. Investigation of lanthanum-sensitized CaZrO 3 blue nanophosphors for white light-emitting diode applications. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 36:481-488. [PMID: 33080101 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, CaZrO3 nanophosphors were sensitized with lanthanum (La) at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) prepared using polyvinyl alcohol as the chelating agent through the sol-gel method. To study their structural and optical properties, samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL). The XRD results revealed that samples were well crystallized and average crystallite sizes were calculated. The average crystallite size value was in good agreement with the value obtained from TEM analysis. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and FE-SEM confirmed the existence of La in the prepared samples. In the PL spectra, La-sensitized samples exhibited three bands at 402 nm, 438 nm, and 463 nm in the visible range when excited at the 260 nm wavelength. As the proportion of La increased, the intensity of bands at 438 nm and 463 nm decreased, whereas the band at 402 nm remained stable. Time-resolved PL spectra illustrated the lifetime of the samples. Corresponding CIE co-ordinates for La-sensitized CaZrO3 were calculated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Abdul Azeem
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
| | - B Evangeline
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
| | - D Haranath
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
| | - R Prasada Rao
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gupta S, Noumbissi S, Kunrath MF. Nano modified zirconia dental implants: Advances and the frontiers for rapid osseointegration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Private Practise Dentistry Bangalore India
- International Academy of Ceramic Implantology Silver Spring MD USA
- Zirconia Implant Research Group (Z.I.R.G.) Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Sammy Noumbissi
- International Academy of Ceramic Implantology Silver Spring MD USA
- Zirconia Implant Research Group (Z.I.R.G.) Silver Spring MD USA
- Department of Oral Surgery University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Marcel F. Kunrath
- Dentistry Department School of Health and Life Sciences Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Andra S, Balu SK, Jeevanandham J, Muthalagu M, Vidyavathy M, Chan YS, Danquah MK. Phytosynthesized metal oxide nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:755-771. [PMID: 31098696 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Developments in nanotechnology field, specifically, metal oxide nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researchers due to their unique sensing, electronic, drug delivery, catalysis, optoelectronics, cosmetics, and space applications. Physicochemical methods are used to fabricate nanosized metal oxides; however, drawbacks such as high cost and toxic chemical involvement prevail. Recent researches focus on synthesizing metal oxide nanoparticles through green chemistry which helps in avoiding the involvement of toxic chemicals in the synthesis process. Bacteria, fungi, and plants are the biological sources that are utilized for the green nanoparticle synthesis. Due to drawbacks such as tedious maintenance and the time needed for the nanoparticle formation, plant extracts are widely used in nanoparticle production. In addition, plants are available all over the world and phytosynthesized nanoparticles show comparatively less toxicity towards mammalian cells. Secondary metabolites including flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins are present in plant extracts, and these are highly responsible for nanoparticle formation and reduction of toxicity. Hence, this article gives an overview of recent developments in the phytosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles and their toxic analysis in various cells and animal models. Also, their possible mechanism in normal and cancer cells, pharmaceutical applications, and their efficiency in disease treatment are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Andra
- Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Balu
- Department of Ceramic Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - Jaison Jeevanandham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Murugesan Muthalagu
- Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - Manisha Vidyavathy
- Department of Ceramic Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - Yen San Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng Y, Yang H, Yang Y, Huang J, Wu K, Chen Z, Wang X, Lin C, Lai Y. Progress in TiO 2 nanotube coatings for biomedical applications: a review. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1862-1886. [PMID: 32254353 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) have drawn wide attention and been extensively applied in the field of biomedicine, due to their large specific surface area, good corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and enhanced bioactivity. This review describes the preparation of TNTs and the surface modification that entrust the nanotubes with better antibacterial property and enhanced osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Considering the contact between TNTs' surface and surrounding tissues after implantation, the interactions between TNTs (with properties including their diameter, length, wettability, and crystalline phase) and proteins, platelets, bacteria, and cells are illustrated. The state of the art in the applications of TNTs in dentistry, orthopedic implants, and cardiovascular stents are introduced. In particular, the application of TNTs in biosensing has attracted much attention due to its ability for the rapid diagnosis of diseases. Finally, the difficulties and challenges in the practical application of TNTs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|