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Gautam P, Barman S, Ali A. Catalytic Synthesis of Energy‐rich Fuel Additive Levulinate Esters from Levulinic Acid using Modified Ultra‐stable Zeolite Y. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gautam
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
| | - Sanghamitra Barman
- Department of Chemical Engineering Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
- TIET-VT Center of Excellence for Emerging Materials Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
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Sustainable Ketalization of Glycerol with Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by the Iron(III)-Based Metal-Organic Framework MIL-88A. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217229. [PMID: 36364056 PMCID: PMC9658270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic properties of a simple iron-containing MOF based on fumaric acid, MIL-88A, were investigated in the ketalization of ethyl levulinate with glycerol. The corresponding product is a component of current interest as a renewable building block for many uses. Under the following conditions (solventless, 120 °C, stoichiometric ratio, 1% cat.), the reaction proceeds with good yields (85%), and the catalyst can be recovered and recycled without loss of activity, despite some changes in the crystalline lattice and morphology. Moreover, the residual iron content in the product is in the order of units of ppm (≤2), which demonstrates the robustness of the MOF under the reaction conditions.
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Nagarkar RA, Nagabhushana KS, Chaudhari P, Mal NK, Dapurkar SE. Efficient Process for the Production of Alkyl Esters. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28129-28137. [PMID: 35990439 PMCID: PMC9386816 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a scalable process development for the production of alkyl esters through the esterification route by utilizing fly ash as a catalyst. The catalyst consisting of mixed oxides such as alumina, iron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and silica was employed for the esterification reaction without modification. The catalyst was evaluated for the conversion of feedstock containing variable amounts of free fatty acids, mono/dibasic acid, and alcohol/polyols into the corresponding alkyl esters. Three types of fly ash catalysts, viz., FS-1, FP-1, and FC-1, were chosen from three different industrial sources. Synthesis of dimethyl adipate was studied as a model reaction. FS-1 fly ash gave the highest yield of dimethyl adipate, whereas FC-1 gave a low yield of dimethyl adipate. The recyclability of FS-1 was evaluated for three cycles, and no loss of yield was observed. Furthermore, the catalyst FS-I was found to be capable of producing good yields for various esterification reactions with different substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A. Nagarkar
- Tata
Chemicals Limited, Innovation Centre, Pune 412108, India
- Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | | | | | | | - Sudhir E. Dapurkar
- Tata
Chemicals Limited, Innovation Centre, Pune 412108, India
- Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
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Raof NA, Hamid HA, Mohamad Aziz NA, Yunus R. Prospects of Plant-Based Trimethylolpropane Esters in the Biolubricant Formulation for Various Applications: A Review. FRONTIERS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 8. [DOI: 10.3389/fmech.2022.833438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable lubricants from renewable feedstocks have been successfully developed to meet the demands of new machines with stringent requirements of the global standards, which address sustainability and environmental policy. Trimethylolpropane ester (TMPE) has been extensively evaluated as a biolubricant base stock and occasionally used as an additive, due to their low toxicity and excellent biodegradability. The formulation of high-performance TMPE-based lubricants involves addition of surface additives, multifunctional additives, and solid nano particles. This review focuses on the development of plant-based TMPE formulation for various applications, namely food-grade lubricant, engine oil, drilling fluid, insulating fluid, metal working fluid, hydraulic and heat transfer fluids. Even though plant-based TMPE lubricants have huge advantages over mineral oils, they have other challenging issues such as limited load-bearing capacity, hygroscopic properties, and high risk of toxic emission owing to additives selection. The details on the performance characteristics of TMPE as base stocks and additives are discussed, including the current prospects and challenges in the respective areas. This review concludes with a brief discussion on suggestions and recommendations for future advancement in the usage of TMPE and the remaining issues that must be overcome to allow for its full potential to be realized.
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Wolzak LA, Hermans JJ, de Vries F, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, Tromp M, Korstanje TJ. Mechanistic elucidation of monoalkyltin(iv)-catalyzed esterification. Catal Sci Technol 2021; 11:3326-3332. [PMID: 34123363 PMCID: PMC8147323 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Monoalkyltin(iv) complexes are well-known catalysts for esterification reactions and polyester formation, yet the mode of operation of these Lewis acidic complexes is still unknown. Here, we report on mechanistic studies of n-butylstannoic acid in stoichiometric and catalytic reactions, analyzed by NMR, IR and MS techniques. While the chemistry of n-butyltin(iv) carboxylates is dominated by formation of multinuclear tin assemblies, we found that under catalytically relevant conditions only monomeric n-BuSn(OAc)3 and dimeric (n-BuSnOAc2OEt)2 are present. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide support for a mononuclear mechanism, where n-BuSn(OAc)3 and dimeric (n-BuSnOAc2OEt)2 are regarded as off-cycle species, and suggest that carbon-oxygen bond breaking is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A Wolzak
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joen J Hermans
- Molecular Photonics, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Folkert de Vries
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ties J Korstanje
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Murru C, Badía-Laíño R, Díaz-García ME. Oxidative Stability of Vegetal Oil-Based Lubricants. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:1459-1476. [PMID: 35273833 PMCID: PMC8900678 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are widely distributed in nature and are one of the most important components of natural foods, synthetic compounds, and emulsions. To date, there is a strong social demand in the industrial sector for the use of sustainable products with a minimal environmental impact. Depending on their origin and composition, lipids can be employed as a plausible alternative as biodegradable lubricants in order to reduce the use of conventional mineral oil lubricants and mitigate their environmental impact. This perspective provides an overview of the advantages and constrains of vegetal oils under different lubrication regimes and the tribochemical reactions that can take place. Also, the different factors and pathways that influence their oxidation, the key role of moisture, and the changes of physical properties under pressure and temperature are reviewed. Special emphasis is devoted to the oxidation instability of fatty acids and vegetal oils and the physical and chemical approaches to improve oxidative and thermal stability are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Murru
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rosana Badía-Laíño
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta E Díaz-García
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo 33006, Asturias, Spain
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Dubois JL, Couturier JL, Asadauskas SJ, Labanauskas L, Bražinskienė D, Blaauw R. Conversion of fatty acid methyl esters into dibasic esters by metathesis and their lubricant properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31030-31041. [PMID: 35498951 PMCID: PMC9041410 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04045f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monounsaturated dibasic esters were obtained by FAME metathesis and tested for viscosity, extreme temperature and other lubricant properties. Their 2EH derivatives can produce 100% bio-derived basestocks for widespread heavy duty hydraulic fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Dubois
- Arkema, Corporate R&D, 420 Rue d’Estienne d’Orves, 92705 Colombes, France
- Centre de Recherches Rhône Alpes, rue Henri Moissan - CS 42063, 69491 Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Jean-Luc Couturier
- Arkema, Corporate R&D, 420 Rue d’Estienne d’Orves, 92705 Colombes, France
- Centre de Recherches Rhône Alpes, rue Henri Moissan - CS 42063, 69491 Pierre Bénite, France
| | | | - Linas Labanauskas
- Fiziniu ir Technologijos Mokslu Centras (FTMC), Sauletekio 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Bražinskienė
- Fiziniu ir Technologijos Mokslu Centras (FTMC), Sauletekio 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rolf Blaauw
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Liu S, Josephson TR, Athaley A, Chen QP, Norton A, Ierapetritou M, Siepmann JI, Saha B, Vlachos DG. Renewable lubricants with tailored molecular architecture. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav5487. [PMID: 30746491 PMCID: PMC6358318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a strategy to synthesize three types of renewable lubricant base oils with up to 90% yield using 2-alkylfurans, derived from nonfood biomass, and aldehydes, produced from natural oils or biomass through three chemistries: hydroxyalkylation/alkylation (HAA), HAA followed by hydrogenation, and HAA followed by hydrodeoxygenation. These molecules consist of (i) furan rings, (ii) saturated furan rings, and (iii) deoxygenated branched alkanes. The structures of these molecules can be tailored in terms of carbon number, branching length, distance between branches, and functional groups. The site-specific, energy-efficient C-C coupling chemistry in oxygenated biomass compounds, unmatched in current refineries, provides tailored structure and tunable properties. Molecular simulation demonstrates the ability to predict properties in agreement with experiments, proving the potential for molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibao Liu
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Tyler R. Josephson
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Abhay Athaley
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Qile P. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Angela Norton
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA
| | - J. Ilja Siepmann
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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