1
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Maßmann SC, Metselaar GA, van Dijken DJ, van den Berg KJ, Witte MD, Minnaard AJ. Regioselective palladium-catalysed aerobic oxidation of dextran and its use as a bio-based binder in paperboard coatings. Green Chem 2024; 26:4005-4012. [PMID: 38571728 PMCID: PMC10986772 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc04204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The coatings industry is aiming to replace petrochemical-based binders in products such as paints and lacquers with bio-based alternatives. Native polysaccharide additives are already used, especially as adhesives, and here we show the use of oxidised dextran as a bio-based binder additive. Linear dextran with a molecular weight of 6 kDa was aerobically oxidised in water at the C3-position of its glucose units, catalysed by [(neocuproine)PdOAc]2(OTf)2. The resulting keto-dextran with different oxidation degrees was studied using adipic dihydrazide as a crosslinker in combination with the commercial petrochemical-based binder Joncryl®. Coating experiments show that part of the Joncryl® can be replaced by keto-dextran while maintaining the desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina C Maßmann
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Martin D Witte
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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2
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Ramspoth TF, Flapper J, van den Berg KJ, Feringa BL, Harutyunyan SR. A highly efficient and sustainable catalyst system for terminal epoxy-carboxylic acid ring opening reactions. Green Chem 2024; 26:3346-3355. [PMID: 38505506 PMCID: PMC10948088 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc04301k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides by carboxylic acids is an indispensable transformation for materials science and coating technologies. Due to this industrial significance, improvements in operational energy consumption and catalyst sustainability are highly desirable for this transformation. Herein, an efficient, environmentally benign and non-toxic halide free cooperative catalyst system based on an iron(iii) benzoate complex and guanidinium carbonate is reported. The novel catalyst system shows improved activity over onium halide catalysts under neat conditions and in several solvents, including anisole and nBuOAc. Detailed mechanistic studies using FeCl3/DMAP as a catalyst revealed the importance of a carboxylate bridged cationic trinuclear μ3-oxo iron cluster and guanidinium carbonate or DMAP as a carboxylate reservoir due to its superior activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizian-Frank Ramspoth
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jitte Flapper
- Department Resin Technology, AkzoNobel Car Refinishes BV 2171 AJ Sassenheim The Netherlands
| | - Keimpe J van den Berg
- Department Resin Technology, AkzoNobel Car Refinishes BV 2171 AJ Sassenheim The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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3
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de Zwart FJ, Wolzak LA, Laan PCM, Mathew S, Flapper J, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Thermal/Blue Light Induced Cross-Linking of Acrylic Coatings with Diazo Compounds. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300380. [PMID: 37595267 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The thermal curing of industrial coatings (e.g., car painting and metal coil coatings) is accompanied by a substantial energy consumption due to the intrinsically high temperatures required during the curing process. Therefore, the development of new photochemical curing processes-preferably using visible light-is in high demand. This work describes new diazo-based cross-linkers that can be used to photocure acrylic coatings using blue light. This work demonstrates that the structure of the tethered diazo compounds influences the cross-linking efficiency, finding that side reactions are suppressed upon engineering greater molecular flexibility. Importantly, this work shows that these diazo compounds can be employed as either thermal or photochemical cross-linkers, exhibiting identical crosslinking performances. The performance of diazo-cross-linked coatings is evaluated to reveal excellent water resistance and demonstrably similar material properties to UV-cured acrylates. These studies pave the way for further usage of diazo-functionalized cross-linkers in the curing of paints and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J de Zwart
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas A Wolzak
- Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes B.V., Sassenheim, 2171 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus C M Laan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Jitte Flapper
- Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings B.V., Sassenheim, 2171 AJ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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4
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Lepage ML, Alachouzos G, Hermens JGH, Elders N, van den Berg KJ, Feringa BL. Electron-Poor Butenolides: The Missing Link between Acrylates and Maleic Anhydride in Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17211-17219. [PMID: 37498188 PMCID: PMC10416300 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Butenolides are a class of 5-membered lactones that hold great potential as bio-based monomers to replace oil-derived acrylates, of which they are cyclic analogues. Despite this structural resemblance, the reactivity of the unsaturated ester moiety of electron-poor butenolides leans toward that of maleic anhydride, another essential monomer that does not homopolymerize but copolymerizes in a highly alternating fashion with polarized electron-rich comonomers. By studying the reactivity of 5-methoxy and 5-acyloxy butenolides through a combination of kinetics and density functional theory (DFT) experiments, we explain why electron-poor butenolides constitute a missing link between acrylates and maleic anhydride in radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu L. Lepage
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building
Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Alachouzos
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building
Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. H. Hermens
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building
Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Elders
- Department
Resin Technology, Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes
BV, Rijksstraatweg 31, 2171 AJ Sassenheim, The Netherlands
| | - Keimpe J. van den Berg
- Department
Resin Technology, Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes
BV, Rijksstraatweg 31, 2171 AJ Sassenheim, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building
Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Siebe HS, Sardjan AS, Maßmann SC, Flapper J, van den Berg KJ, Eisink NNHM, Kentgens APM, Feringa BL, Kumar A, Browne WR. Formation of substituted dioxanes in the oxidation of gum arabic with periodate. Green Chem 2023; 25:4058-4066. [PMID: 37223211 PMCID: PMC10202368 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc04923f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Renewable polysaccharide feedstocks are of interest in bio-based food packaging, coatings and hydrogels. Their physical properties often need to be tuned by chemical modification, e.g. by oxidation using periodate, to introduce carboxylic acid, ketone or aldehyde functional groups. The reproducibility required for application on an industrial scale, however, is challenged by uncertainty about the composition of product mixtures obtained and of the precise structural changes that the reaction with periodate induces. Here, we show that despite the structural diversity of gum arabic, primarily rhamnose and arabinose subunits undergo oxidation, whereas (in-chain) galacturonic acids are unreactive towards periodate. Using model sugars, we show that periodate preferentially oxidises the anti 1,2-diols in the rhamnopyranoside monosaccharides present as terminal groups in the biopolymer. While formally oxidation of vicinal diols results in the formation of two aldehyde groups, only traces of aldehydes are observed in solution, with the main final products obtained being substituted dioxanes, both in solution and in the solid state. The substituted dioxanes form most likely by the intramolecular reaction of one aldehyde with a nearby hydroxyl group, followed by hydration of the remaining aldehyde to form a geminal diol. The absence of significant amounts of aldehyde functional groups in the modified polymer impacts crosslinking strategies currently attempted in the preparation of renewable polysaccharide-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmke S Siebe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Andy S Sardjan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sarina C Maßmann
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jitte Flapper
- Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings BV Rijksstraatweg 31 Sassenheim 2171 AJ The Netherlands
| | | | - Niek N H M Eisink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI) P.O. Box 902 5600 AX Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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6
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de Zwart FJ, Laan PCM, van Leeuwen NS, Bobylev EO, Amstalden van Hove ER, Mathew S, Yan N, Flapper J, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Isocyanate-Free Polyurea Synthesis via Ru-Catalyzed Carbene Insertion into the N–H Bonds of Urea. Macromolecules 2022; 55:9690-9696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. de Zwart
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus C. M. Laan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole S. van Leeuwen
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard O. Bobylev
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erika R. Amstalden van Hove
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Environmental and Health, Free University of Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jitte Flapper
- Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings B.V., Rijksstraatweg 31, 2171 AJ Sassenheim, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Wolzak LA, van Gemert R, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, Tromp M, Korstanje TJ. Kinetic studies on Lewis acidic metal polyesterification catalysts - hydrolytic degradation is a key factor for catalytic performance. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:2056-2060. [PMID: 35444794 PMCID: PMC8978806 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02306c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic analysis of polyesterification reactions using Lewis-acidic metal catalysts have been performed. While Sn-based catalysts are superior to Ti-based catalysts under neat polycondensation conditions (high [H2O]), the result is inverted under azeotropic conditions (low [H2O]). These findings show that the catalytic activity is crucially determined by the robustness of the catalyst against hydrolytic degradation. Kinetic studies of Lewis acidic metal-catalyzed polyesterification reactions unveiled that titanium-based catalyst are prone to hydrolytic degradation, while n-BuSnOOH proved to be a robust catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A Wolzak
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands .,Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gemert
- Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes BV Rijksstraatweg 31 2171 AJ Sassenheim The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ties J Korstanje
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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8
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Eijsink LE, Sardjan AS, Sinnema EG, den Besten H, van den Berg KJ, Flapper J, van Gemert R, Feringa BL, Browne WR. In situ EPR and Raman spectroscopy in the curing of bis-methacrylate-styrene resins. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2537-2548. [PMID: 35425317 PMCID: PMC8979059 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The curing of bis-methacrylate-styrene resins initiated by the cobalt catalyzed decomposition of cumyl hydroperoxide is monitored at ambient temperatures in situ by EPR and Raman spectroscopy. EPR spectroscopy shows the appearance of organic radicals after ca. 1 h from initiation with an increase in intensity from both polystyrene and methacrylate based radical species over a further ca. 2 h period to reach a maximum spin concentration of ca. 2-3 mM. Alkene conversion to polymer was monitored by Raman spectroscopy in real time in situ with EPR spectroscopy and reveals that the appearance of the radical signals is first observed only as the conversion approaches its maximum extent (70% at room temperature), i.e., the resin reaches a glass-like state. The radicals persist for several months on standing at room temperature. Flash frozen samples (77 K) did not show EPR signals within 1 h of initiation. The nature of the radicals responsible for the EPR spectra observed were explored by DFT methods and isotope labelling experiments (D8-styrene) and correspond to radicals of both methacrylate and polystyrene. Combined temperature dependent EPR and Raman spectroscopy shows that conversion increases rapidly upon heating of a cured sample, reaching full conversion at 80 °C with initially little effect on the EPR spectrum. Over time (i.e. subsequent to reaching full conversion of alkene) there was a small but clear increase in the EPR signal due to the methacrylate based radicals and minor decrease in the signal due to the polystyrene based radicals. The appearance of the radical signals as the reaction reaches completion and their absence in samples flash frozen before polymerization has halted, indicate that the observed radicals are non-propagating. The formation of the radicals due to stress within the samples is excluded. Hence, the observed radicals are a representative of the steady state concentration of radicals present in the resin over the entire timespan of the polymerization. The data indicate that the lack of EPR signals is most likely due to experimental aspects, in particular spin saturation, rather than low steady state concentrations of propagating radicals during polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E Eijsink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747AG The Netherlands
| | - Andy S Sardjan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747AG The Netherlands
| | - Esther G Sinnema
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747AG The Netherlands
| | - Hugo den Besten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747AG The Netherlands
| | | | - Jitte Flapper
- Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings B.V. Rijksstraatweg 31 Sassenheim 2171 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gemert
- Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes N.V. Rijksstraatweg 31 Sassenheim 2171 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747AG The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747AG The Netherlands
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9
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Sieredzinska B, Zhang Q, Berg KJVD, Flapper J, Feringa BL. Photo-crosslinking polymers by dynamic covalent disulfide bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9838-9841. [PMID: 34498635 PMCID: PMC8477374 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple and general strategy to construct photo-crosslinkable polymers by introducing sidechain 1,2-dithiolanes based on natural thioctic acid is presented. The disulfide five-membered rings act both as light-absorbing and dynamic covalent crosslinking units, enabling efficient photo-crosslinking and reversible chemical decrosslinking of polydimethylsiloxane polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Sieredzinska
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Keimpe J van den Berg
- Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes B.V., Rijksstraatweg 31, 2171 AJ Sassenheim, The Netherlands
| | - Jitte Flapper
- Akzo Nobel Decorative Coatings B.V., Rijksstraatweg 31, 2171 AJ Sassenheim, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Wolzak LA, Hermans JJ, de Vries F, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, Tromp M, Korstanje TJ. Mechanistic elucidation of monoalkyltin(iv)-catalyzed esterification. Catal Sci Technol 2021; 11:3326-3332. [PMID: 34123363 PMCID: PMC8147323 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Monoalkyltin(iv) complexes are well-known catalysts for esterification reactions and polyester formation, yet the mode of operation of these Lewis acidic complexes is still unknown. Here, we report on mechanistic studies of n-butylstannoic acid in stoichiometric and catalytic reactions, analyzed by NMR, IR and MS techniques. While the chemistry of n-butyltin(iv) carboxylates is dominated by formation of multinuclear tin assemblies, we found that under catalytically relevant conditions only monomeric n-BuSn(OAc)3 and dimeric (n-BuSnOAc2OEt)2 are present. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide support for a mononuclear mechanism, where n-BuSn(OAc)3 and dimeric (n-BuSnOAc2OEt)2 are regarded as off-cycle species, and suggest that carbon-oxygen bond breaking is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A Wolzak
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joen J Hermans
- Molecular Photonics, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Folkert de Vries
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ties J Korstanje
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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11
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Hermens JGH, Freese T, van den Berg KJ, van Gemert R, Feringa BL. A coating from nature. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/51/eabe0026. [PMID: 33328241 PMCID: PMC7744085 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For almost a century, petrochemical-based monomers like acrylates have been widely used as the basis for coatings, resins, and paints. The development of sustainable alternatives, integrating the principles of green chemistry in starting material, synthesis process, and product function, offers tremendous challenges for science and society. Here, we report on alkoxybutenolides as a bio-based alternative for acrylates and the formation of high-performance coatings. Starting from biomass-derived furfural and an environmentally benign photochemical conversion using visible light and oxygen in a flow reactor provides the alkoxybutenolide monomers. This is followed by radical (co)polymerization, which results in coatings with tunable properties for applications on distinct surfaces like glass or plastic. The performance is comparable to current petrochemical-derived industrial coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G H Hermens
- Advanced Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Freese
- Advanced Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Keimpe J van den Berg
- Department Resin Technology, Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes BV, Sassenheim, 2171 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gemert
- Department Resin Technology, Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes BV, Sassenheim, 2171 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Advanced Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands.
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12
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de Jong JC, van den Berg KJ, van Leusen AM, Feringa BL. Phenylsylfonyl-substituted 5-alkoxy-2(5H)-furanones; a new class of highly reactive chiral dienophiles. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80582-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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