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Soni H, Bhattu M, Sd P, Kaur M, Verma M, Singh J. Recent advances in waste-derived carbon dots and their nanocomposites for environmental remediation and biological applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118560. [PMID: 38447603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The surging demand for eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis has spurred the emergence of green approaches for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs). These methods utilized natural carbon sources, such as different kind of waste for CDs synthesis, underscoring their significance in waste management and circular economy initiatives. Furthermore, the properties of CDs can be tailored by their functionalization with different materials, enabling their versatile utilization in diverse scientific domains. In this regard, the current study delves into an in-depth review of recent advances in the green/sustainable fabrication of carbon dots nanocomposites (CDNCs) with metal/metal oxides and polymers within the timeframe of 2019-2023. It begins by categorizing different types of CDs, analyzing their associated nanocomposites with mechanistic insights. The primary focus is on green synthesis methods, particularly those that employ waste materials. Furthermore, we also discussed the applications of these CDs in both environmental and biological fields by covering areas such as catalysis, photocatalysis, heavy metal ion sensing, antimicrobial, and bioimaging with in-depth underlying mechanisms. At last, the review highlights the significant challenges with future directions. These include the pursuit of cost-effective green precursors, the advancement of streamlined one-step synthesis techniques, and their efficient utilization for diverse applications. Therefore, this review provides valuable insights for researchers seeking to enhance the functionality and sustainability of CDNCs by highlighting their potential to address environmental and biological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
| | - Monika Bhattu
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
| | - Priya Sd
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica-1000000, Chile
| | - Manvinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India.
| | - Jagpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India.
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Kota S, Dumpala P, Sajja R, Anantha R. Heteroatom-doped carbon dots from medicinal plants as novel biomaterials for as-use biomedical applications in comparison with synthetic drug, zaltoprofen. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13160. [PMID: 38849424 PMCID: PMC11161473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
FN-doped carbon dots were synthesized using powdered leaves of Moringa oleifera L./Chromolaena odorata L./Tridax procumbens L./Tinospora cordifolia L./ and Lantana camara L., along with a precursor called 4,5-difluoro-1,2-benzenediamine (DFBD) and compared against the drug zaltoprofen derived carbon dots. They were assessed for their optical and structural characteristics using photoluminescence (optimal emission λ of 600 nm), vibrational (FTIR) spectroscopy (characteristic wave numbers of 1156 and 1269 cm-1 for C-F), as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) (highest intensity at 27.56°) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) (particles in the size range of 15-20 nm). Further, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) / energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) indicated FN doping of oval/oblong carbon dots. Membrane protection in percent is found to be 55.3 and 80.4 for FN-CDs and Z-FN-CDs respectively. The DPPH-free radical scavenging activity by FN-CDs was 69.4%, while with Z-FN-CDs, it was 54.2%. When tested on six bacterial strains (three each for gram-positive and gram-negative), the FN-CDs displayed a halo (ZOI) between 9 and 19 mm, whereas the Z-FN-CDs displayed a clearance zone between 9 and 17 mm. The FN-CDs showed significant emission-red-shift effects and demonstrated concentration-dependent biocompatibility and viability in neuroblastoma and beta-TC6-cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Kota
- Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522019, India.
| | - Pradeep Dumpala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522019, India
| | - Radhika Sajja
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522019, India
| | - Ratnakumari Anantha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522019, India
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Chen J, Li F, Zhao B, Gu J, Brejcha NM, Bartoli M, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Fu S, Domena JB, Zafar A, Zhang F, Tagliaferro A, Verde F, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Leblanc RM. Gene Transfection Efficiency Improvement with Lipid Conjugated Cationic Carbon Dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27087-27101. [PMID: 38752799 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
An ideal vehicle with a high transfection efficiency is crucial for gene delivery. In this study, a type of cationic carbon dot (CCD) known as APCDs were first prepared with arginine (Arg) and pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) as precursors and conjugated with oleic acid (OA) for gene delivery. By tuning the mass ratio of APCDs to OA, APCDs-OA conjugates, namely, APCDs-0.5OA, APCDs-1.0OA, and APCDs-1.5OA were synthesized. All three amphiphilic APCDs-OA conjugates show high affinity to DNA through electrostatic interactions. APCDs-0.5OA exhibit strong binding with small interfering RNA (siRNA). After being internalized by Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) and osteosarcoma (U2OS) cells, they could distribute in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. With APCDs-OA conjugates as gene delivery vehicles, plasmid DNA (pDNA) that encodes the gene for the green fluorescence protein (GFP) can be successfully delivered in both HEK 293 and U2OS cells. The GFP expression levels mediated by APCDs-0.5OA and APCDs-1.0OA are ten times greater than that of PEI in HEK 293 cells. Furthermore, APCDs-0.5OA show prominent siRNA transfection efficiency, which is proven by the significantly downregulated expression of FANCA and FANCD2 proteins upon delivery of FANCA siRNA and FANCD2 siRNA into U2OS cells. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that conjugation of CCDs with a lipid structure such as OA significantly improves the gene transfection efficiency, providing a new idea about the designation of nonviral carriers in gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Bowen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Nicholas Michael Brejcha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Shiwei Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Justin B Domena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Alyan Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Fuwu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Fulvia Verde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Fangliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Özge Alaş Çolak M, Güngör A, Akturk MB, Erdem E, Genç R. Unlocking the full potential of citric acid-synthesized carbon dots as a supercapacitor electrode material via surface functionalization. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:719-733. [PMID: 38086662 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04893d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
This research paper investigates the effect of functionalizing the surfaces of citric acid-synthesized carbon dots (CDs) with hyperbranched bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) polyester hydroxyl polymers (HBPs) on their performance as electrode materials in a supercapacitor. Two types of HBPs with 16 and 64 peripheral hydroxyl groups were used to functionalize the CDs' oxygen-enriched surface. Here, CDs were used as electrode materials for the first time in symmetric supercapacitors without a composite material, and how surface modification affects the capacitance performance of CDs was investigated. Our results showed that the functionalization of green-emitting CDs with HBP resulted in the successful passivation of surface defects, which improved their stability and prevented further oxidation. The CDs with HBP passivation exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacitance of 32.08 F g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and good rate capability, indicating a faster ion transport rate at high current densities. Experimental EPR spectra of functionalized and non-functionalized CDs reveal distinct changes in g-factor values and line widths, confirming the impact of dangling bonds and spin-orbit interactions. The observed broader linewidth indicates a wider range of electron spin resonances due to energy-level splitting induced by spin-orbit coupling. The excellent electrochemical performance of CDs with HBP passivation can be attributed to the presence of oxygen-containing surface functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on their surfaces, which enhance the conductivity and charge transfer reactions. These results suggest that functionalization with polar HBPs is a promising strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of CDs in supercapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Özge Alaş Çolak
- Sabanci University, Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, TR-34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Güngör
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, TR-34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Merve Buldu Akturk
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, TR-34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Emre Erdem
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, TR-34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center and Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Teknopark Istanbul, Pendik, 34906, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano-Diagnostics (EFSUN), Orhanli, 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rükan Genç
- Sabanci University, Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, TR-34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Mersin University, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey
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Yang Z, Xu T, Li H, She M, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhang S, Li J. Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials for Fluorescent Sensing and Imaging. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11047-11136. [PMID: 37677071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest and play key roles in scientific innovations in diverse fields. In particular, increased attention has been focused on carbon-based nanomaterials exhibiting diverse extended structures and unique properties. Among these materials, zero-dimensional structures, including fullerenes, carbon nano-onions, carbon nanodiamonds, and carbon dots, possess excellent bioaffinities and superior fluorescence properties that make these structures suitable for application to environmental and biological sensing, imaging, and therapeutics. This review provides a systematic overview of the classification and structural properties, design principles and preparation methods, and optical properties and sensing applications of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. Recent interesting breakthroughs in the sensitive and selective sensing and imaging of heavy metal pollutants, hazardous substances, and bioactive molecules as well as applications in information encryption, super-resolution and photoacoustic imaging, and phototherapy and nanomedicine delivery are the main focus of this review. Finally, future challenges and prospects of these materials are highlighted and envisaged. This review presents a comprehensive basis and directions for designing, developing, and applying fascinating fluorescent sensors fabricated based on zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials for specific requirements in numerous research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao She
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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Rahimi A, Esmaeili Y, Dana N, Dabiri A, Rahimmanesh I, Jandaghain S, Vaseghi G, Shariati L, Zarrabi A, Javanmard SH, Cordani M. A comprehensive review on novel targeted therapy methods and nanotechnology-based gene delivery systems in melanoma. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023:106476. [PMID: 37236377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma, a malignant form of skin cancer, has been swiftly increasing in recent years. Although there have been significant advancements in clinical treatment underlying a well-understanding of melanoma-susceptible genes and the molecular basis of melanoma pathogenesis, the permanency of response to therapy is frequently constrained by the emergence of acquired resistance and systemic toxicity. Conventional therapies, including surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, have already been used to treat melanoma and are dependent on the cancer stage. Nevertheless, ineffective side effects and the heterogeneity of tumors pose major obstacles to the therapeutic treatment of malignant melanoma through such strategies. In light of this, advanced therapies including nucleic acid therapies (ncRNA, aptamers), suicide gene therapies, and gene therapy using tumor suppressor genes, have lately gained immense attention in the field of cancer treatment. Furthermore, nanomedicine and targeted therapy based on gene editing tools have been applied to the treatment of melanoma as potential cancer treatment approaches nowadays. Indeed, nanovectors enable delivery of the therapeutic agents into the tumor sites by passive or active targeting, improving therapeutic efficiency and minimizing adverse effects. Accordingly, in this review, we summarized the recent findings related to novel targeted therapy methods as well as nanotechnology-based gene systems in melanoma. We also discussed current issues along with potential directions for future research, paving the way for the next-generation of melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Rahimi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yasaman Esmaeili
- Biosensor Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Nasim Dana
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arezou Dabiri
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Setareh Jandaghain
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golnaz Vaseghi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8158388994, Iran
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Li C, Huang J, Yuan L, Xie W, Ying Y, Li C, Yu Y, Pan Y, Qu W, Hao H, Algharib SA, Chen D, Xie S. Recent progress of emitting long-wavelength carbon dots and their merits for visualization tracking, target delivery and theranostics. Theranostics 2023; 13:3064-3102. [PMID: 37284447 PMCID: PMC10240821 DOI: 10.7150/thno.80579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a novel strategy for in vivo visualization tracking and monitoring, carbon dots (CDs) emitting long wavelengths (LW, 600-950 nm) have received tremendous attention due to their deep tissue penetration, low photon scattering, satisfactory contrast resolution and high signal-to-background ratios. Although, the mechanism of CDs emitting LW remains controversial and what properties are best for in vivo visualization have not been specifically elucidated, it is more conducive to the in vivo application of LW-CDs through rational design and ingenious synthesis based on the appreciation of the luminescence mechanism. Therefore, this review analyzes the current tracer technologies applied in vivo and their advantages and disadvantages, with emphasis on the physical mechanism of emitting LW fluorescence for in vivo imaging. Subsequently, the general properties and merits of LW-CDs for tracking and imaging are summarized. More importantly, the factors affecting the synthesis of LW-CDs and its luminescence mechanism are highlighted. Simultaneously, the application of LW-CDs for disease diagnosis, integration of diagnosis and therapy are summarized. Finally, the bottlenecks and possible future directions of LW-CDs in visualization tracking and imaging in vivo are detailly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiamin Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Liwen Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yupeng Ying
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chengzhe Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yahang Yu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, QG, Egypt
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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8
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Zhou Y, Zhang W, Leblanc RM. Structure-Property-Activity Relationships in Carbon Dots. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10777-10796. [PMID: 36395361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are one of the most versatile nanomaterials discovered in the 21st century. They possess many properties and thus hold potentials in diverse applications. While an increasing amount of attention has been given to these novel nanoparticles, the broad scientific community is actively engaged in exploring their limits. Recent studies on the fractionalization and assembly of CDs further push the limits beyond just CDs and demonstrate that CDs are both a mixture of heterogeneous fractions and promising building blocks for assembly of large carbon-based materials. With CDs moving forward toward both microscopic and macroscopic levels, a good understanding of the structure-property-activity relationships is essential to forecasting the future of CDs. Hence, in this Perspective, structure-property-activity relationships are highlighted based on the repeatedly verified findings in CDs. In addition, studies on CD fractionalization and assembly are briefly summarized in this Perspective. Eventually, these structure-property-activity relationships and controllability are essential for the development of CDs with desired properties for various applications especially in photochemistry, electrochemistry, nanomedicine, and surface chemistry. In summary, in our opinion, since 2004 until the present, history has witnessed a great development of CDs although there is still some room for more studies. Also, considering many attractive properties, structure-property-activity relationships, and the building block nature of CDs, a variety of carbon-based materials of interest can be constructed from CDs with control. They can help reduce blind trials in the development of carbon-based materials, which is of great significance in materials science, chemistry, and any fields related to the applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States.,C-Dots LLC, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gene delivery vectors are a crucial determinant for gene therapeutic efficacy. Usually, it is necessary to use an excess of cationic vectors to achieve better transfection efficiency. However, it will cause severe cytotoxicity. In addition, cationic vectors are not resistant to serum, suffering from reduced transfection efficiency by forming large aggregates. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop optimized gene delivery vectors. Recently, fluorination of vectors has been extensively applied to increase the gene delivery performance because of the unique properties of both hydrophobicity and lipophobicity, and chemical and biological inertness. AREAS COVERED This review will discuss the fluorophilic effects that impact gene delivery efficiency, and chemical modification approaches for fluorination. Next, recent advances and applications of fluorinated polymeric and lipidic vectors in gene therapy and gene editing are summarized. EXPERT OPINION Fluorinated vectors are a promising candidate for gene delivery. However, it still needs further studies to obtain pure and well-defined fluorinated polymers, guarantee the biosafety, and clarify the detailed mechanism. Apart from the improvements in gene delivery, exploiting other versatility of fluorinated vectors, such as oxygen-carrying ability, high affinity with fluorine-containing drugs, and imaging property upon introducing 19F, will further facilitate their applications in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wan
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yuhan Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Mingyu Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shun Feng
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Sekar R, Basavegowda N, Jena S, Jayakodi S, Elumalai P, Chaitanyakumar A, Somu P, Baek KH. Recent Developments in Heteroatom/Metal-Doped Carbon Dot-Based Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091869. [PMID: 36145617 PMCID: PMC9504834 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are advanced nanomaterials with a size of 2–10 nm and are considered zero-dimensional carbonaceous materials. CNDs have received great attention in the area of cancer theranostics. The majority of review articles have shown the improvement of CNDs for use in cancer therapy and bioimaging applications. However, there is a minimal number of consolidated studies on the currently developed doped CNDs that are used in various ways in cancer therapies. Hence, in this review, we discuss the current developments in different types of heteroatom elements/metal ion-doped CNDs along with their preparations, physicochemical and biological properties, multimodal-imaging, and emerging applications in image-guided photodynamic therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Sekar
- Department of Chemistry, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, GST Road, Chengalpattu 603 308, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Saktishree Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, GST Road, Chengalpattu 603 308, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Santhoshkumar Jayakodi
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandian Elumalai
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amballa Chaitanyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak University, Hyderabad 500 085, Telangana, India
| | - Prathap Somu
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-52-810-3029
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11
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Halogen-Doped Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Application, and Prospects. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144620. [PMID: 35889495 PMCID: PMC9320250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have many advantages, such as tunable photoluminescence, large two-photon absorption cross-sections, easy functionalization, low toxicity, chemical inertness, good dispersion, and biocompatibility. Halogen doping further improves the optical and physicochemical properties of CDs, extending their applications in fluorescence sensors, biomedicine, photocatalysis, anti-counterfeiting encryption, and light-emitting diodes. This review briefly describes the preparation of CDs via the “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches and discusses the preparation methods and applications of halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)-doped CDs. The main challenges of CDs in the future are the elucidation of the luminescence mechanism, fine doping with elements (proportion, position, etc.), and their incorporation in practical devices.
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12
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Mostafavi E, Zare H. Carbon-based nanomaterials in gene therapy. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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13
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Phan LMT, Cho S. Fluorescent Carbon Dot-Supported Imaging-Based Biomedicine: A Comprehensive Review. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:9303703. [PMID: 35440939 PMCID: PMC9013550 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9303703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) provide distinctive advantages of strong fluorescence, good photostability, high water solubility, and outstanding biocompatibility, and thus are widely exploited as potential imaging agents for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. Imaging is absolutely necessary when discovering the structure and function of cells, detecting biomarkers in diagnosis, tracking the progress of ongoing disease, treating various tumors, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy, making it an important approach in modern biomedicine. Numerous investigations of CDs have been intensively studied for utilization in bioimaging-supported medical sciences. However, there is still no article highlighting the potential importance of CD-based bioimaging to support various biomedical applications. Herein, we summarize the development of CDs as fluorescence (FL) nanoprobes with different FL colors for potential bioimaging-based applications in living cells, tissue, and organisms, including the bioimaging of various cell types and targets, bioimaging-supported sensing of metal ions and biomolecules, and FL imaging-guided tumor therapy. Current CD-based microscopic techniques and their advantages are also highlighted. This review discusses the significance of advanced CD-supported imaging-based in vitro and in vivo investigations, suggests the potential of CD-based imaging for biomedicine, and encourages the effective selection and development of superior probes and platforms for further biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Tu Phan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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14
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Wu J, Chen G, Jia Y, Ji C, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Leblanc RM, Peng Z. Carbon dot composites for bioapplications: a review. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:843-869. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02446a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the synthesis of carbon dot composites and their applications in biomedical fields (bioimaging, drug delivery and biosensing) have been carefully summarized. The current challenges and future trends of CD composites in this field have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Gonglin Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinnong Jia
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Ji
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | - Roger M. Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | - Zhili Peng
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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15
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Tabaraki R, Rahmatinya Z. Bifunctional Nitrogen and Fluorine Co-doped Carbon Dots as Fluorescence Probe for Silicon and Mercury by pH Switching. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:881-887. [PMID: 33772681 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New nitrogen and fluorine co-doped carbon dots were synthesized and used as a dual function fluorescent probe for silicon and mercury ions. The size of CDs was 10 nm. At optimum conditions (pH = 13, λex = 360 nm, and λem = 518 nm), the detection limit (DL) of silicon was 16.6 nM. Linear calibration was observed in the range of 0.8-35 µM. This fluorescence probe for silicon detection is presented for the first time and had the lowest detection limit in comparison with different previously reported techniques. In addition to the above property, these co-doped carbon dots had the second function as a fluorescence probe for mercury detection at pH = 8. The DL for mercury was 38 nM. The performance of this probe was also compared with other co-doped carbon dots. Excellent sensitivity and selectivity, simple method, low-cost materials, and applicability in real sample analysis are advantages of this dual function fluorescence probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tabaraki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Zahra Rahmatinya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
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16
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Nie Y, Wang S, Lin Y, Lai W, Weng W, Tang D. Highly sensitive fluorescent probe for selective detection of hypochlorite ions using nitrogen-fluorine co-doped carbon nanodots. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119231. [PMID: 33277209 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorite ions (ClO-) are widely used in bleaching agents and disinfectants. However, high concentrations of chloride species are harmful to human health. Therefore, effective methods for the detection of ClO- ions are required. In this study, using 4-fluorophthalic acid and glycine, nitrogen-fluorine co-doped carbon nanodots (N,F-CDs) were synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal synthesis for use as a fluorescent probe for the fluorometric detection of ClO- in aqueous media, based on the inhibition of n → π* transitions. The excitation and emission peak centers of the N,F-CDs are at 387 and 545 nm, respectively. The N,F-CDs show a fast quenching response (<1 min) for ClO- and can be used in a wide pH range (pH 4-13). Under optimal conditions, the fluorescence intensity decreased with increase in the ClO- concentration from 0 to 35 μM, and a low limit of detection (9.6 nM) was achieved. This probe possesses excellent selectivity and high sensitivity and was used to analyze standardized samples of piped water, achieving a satisfactory recovery. Thus, this nitrogen-fluorine co-doped nanodot probe is promising for the detection of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Nie
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Youxiu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Lai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Weng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
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17
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18
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Lv J, Cheng Y. Fluoropolymers in biomedical applications: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5435-5467. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00258e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of fluoropolymers in gene delivery, protein delivery, drug delivery, 19F MRI, PDT, anti-fouling, anti-bacterial, cell culture, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
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19
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Gao YG, Huangfu SY, Patil S, Tang Q, Sun W, Li Y, Lu ZL, Qian A. [12]aneN 3-based multifunctional compounds as fluorescent probes and nucleic acids delivering agents. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:66-80. [PMID: 31858838 PMCID: PMC6968532 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1704943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of multifunctional compounds (MFCs) 1a-1e based on 1,8-naphthalimide and [12]aneN3 building blocks were designed and synthesized. They were used as not only fluorescent probes for recognition of Cu2+ ions but also as non-viral gene vectors for DNA and RNA delivery. Furthermore, their complexes with Cu2+ (1-Cu) could also selectively stain lysosome in HeLa cells. In order to achieve high performance multifunctional materials, structure-performance relationship of MFCs 1a-1e was studied. It was found that MFCs 1a-1e exhibited highly selective fluorescence turn-off for Cu2+, without interference by other metal ions in aqueous solution. The fluorescence emission of 1a-1e was quenched by a factor of 10-fold, 47-fold, 6-fold, 64-fold, and 15-fold respectively in the presence of Cu2+ ions. Due to high sensitivity, good water solubility, and low cytotoxicity, MFCs 1a-1d were successfully applied in the recognition of Cu2+ and selectively staining lysosome in HeLa cells. Most importantly, MFCs 1a and 1b had excellent HeLa cell selectivity in RNA delivery, and their performances were far better than lipofectamine 2000 and 25 kDa PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Gao
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Huangfu
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Suryaji Patil
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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20
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Guo J, Ye S, Li H, Song J, Qu J. Novel fluorescence probe based on bright emitted carbon dots for ClO - detection in real water samples and living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 240:118592. [PMID: 32615499 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-toxic and environmentally friendly carbon dots (CDs) have been extensively applied in various fields. CDs usually demonstrate excellent selectivity and high sensitivity, especially in ion detection. However, the most commonly used CDs are excited by ultraviolet (UV) light and emit weak fluorescence light, limiting their application in some fields. Herein, novel fluorine and nitrogen codoped carbon dots (FNCDs) were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and used as a fluorescent probe for ion detection. The FNCDs were excited by blue light and emitted strong green fluorescence, and the photoluminescence quantum yield was as high as 56.7%. The fluorescence of the FNCDs could be rapidly quenched by ClO- ions, indicating their potential application for ClO- detection. The fluorescence of the FNCDs was quenched by ClO- ions in less than 1 min, and the intensity of the fluorescence decreased linearly as the ClO- concentration increased from 0 to 20 μM. The detection limit was calculated to be as low as 8.2 nM, indicating high sensitivity of the FNCDs probe. The quench effect of the ClO- ions on the FNCDs probe fluorescence was not affected by other ions, demonstrating excellent selectivity of the FNCDs probe. Because of their excellent biological compatibility, the FNCDs were also successfully used to identify exogenous ClO- in living cells. These FNCDs have promising prospects as novel sensitive and inexpensive probes for the detection of pollutants and in the pathological studies of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Guo
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Shuai Ye
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Junle Qu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
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21
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Ferreira D, Fontinha D, Martins C, Pires D, Fernandes AR, Baptista PV. Gold Nanoparticles for Vectorization of Nucleic Acids for Cancer Therapeutics. Molecules 2020; 25:E3489. [PMID: 32751935 PMCID: PMC7435825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a complex medical challenge and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Nanomedicines have been proposed as innovative platforms to tackle these complex diseases, where the combination of several treatment strategies might enhance therapy success. Among these nanomedicines, nanoparticle mediated delivery of nucleic acids has been put forward as key instrument to modulate gene expression, be it targeted gene silencing, interference RNA mechanisms and/or gene edition. These novel delivery systems have strongly relied on nanoparticles and, in particular, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have paved the way for efficient delivery systems due to the possibility to fine-tune their size, shape and surface properties, coupled to the ease of functionalization with different biomolecules. Herein, we shall address the different molecular tools for modulation of expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and discuss the state-of-the-art of AuNP functionalization for nucleic acid delivery both in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, we shall highlight the clinical applications of these spherical AuNP based conjugates for gene delivery, current challenges, and future perspectives in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ferreira
- UCIBIO, Dept. of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - David Fontinha
- UCIBIO, Dept. of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Martins
- UCIBIO, Dept. of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- UCIBIO, Dept. of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Dept. of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro V Baptista
- UCIBIO, Dept. of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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22
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Jiang L, Ding H, Xu M, Hu X, Li S, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Lu S, Tian Y, Bi H. UV-Vis-NIR Full-Range Responsive Carbon Dots with Large Multiphoton Absorption Cross Sections and Deep-Red Fluorescence at Nucleoli and In Vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000680. [PMID: 32285624 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), with excellent optical property and cytocompatibility, are an ideal class of nanomaterials applied in the field of biomedicine. However, the weak response of CDs in the near-infrared (NIR) region impedes their practical applications. Here, UV-vis-NIR full-range responsive fluorine and nitrogen doped CDs (N-CDs-F) are designed and synthesized that own a favorable donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) configuration and exhibit excellent two-photon (λex = 1060 nm), three-photon (λex = 1600 nm), and four-photon (λex = 2000 nm) excitation upconversion fluorescence. D-π-A-conjugated CDs prepared by solvothermal synthesis under the assistance of ammonia fluoride are reported and are endowed with larger multiphoton absorption (MPA) cross sections (3PA: 9.55 × 10-80 cm6 s2 photon-2 , 4PA: 6.32 × 10-80 cm8 s3 photon-3 ) than conventional organic compounds. Furthermore, the N-CDs-F show bright deep-red to NIR fluorescence both in vitro and in vivo, and can even stain the nucleoli of tumor cells. A plausible mechanism is proposed on the basis of the strong inter-dot and intra-dot hydrogen bonds through NH···F that can facilitate the expanding of conjugated sp2 domains, and thus not only result in lower highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level but also larger MPA cross sections than those of undoped CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Haizhen Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shengli Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qiyang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
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23
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Hong D, Deng X, Liang J, Li J, Tao Y, Tan K. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of down/up-conversion luminescence F-doped carbon quantum dots for label-free detection of Fe3+. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Gao N, Huang L, Li T, Song J, Hu H, Liu Y, Ramakrishna S. Application of carbon dots in dye‐sensitized solar cells: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ningxiao Gao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Libing Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Tianya Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jinghui Song
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hengwei Hu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology InitiativeNational University of Singapore Singapore 1157 Singapore
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25
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Gao YG, Lin X, Dang K, Jiang SF, Tian Y, Liu FL, Li DJ, Li Y, Miao ZP, Qian AR. Structure-activity relationship of novel low-generation dendrimers for gene delivery. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:7833-7842. [PMID: 30084471 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies are very critical to design ideal gene vectors for gene delivery. However, It is difficult to obtain SAR information of low-generation dendrimers due to the lack of easy structural modification ways. Here, we synthesized a novel family of rigid aromatic backbone-based low-generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. According to the number of primary amines, they were divided into two types: four-amine-containing PAMAM (DL1-DL5) and eight-amine-containing PAMAM (DL6-DL10). Due to the introduction of a rigid aromatic backbone, the low-generation PAMAM could be modified easier by different hydrophobic aliphatic chains. Several assays were used to study the interactions of the PAMAM dendrimers with plasmid DNA, and the results revealed that they not only had good DNA binding ability but also could efficiently condense DNA into spherical-shaped nanoparticles with suitable sizes and zeta potentials. The SAR studies indicated that the gene-transfection efficiency of the synthesized materials depended on not only the structure of their hydrophobic chains but also the number of primary amines. It was found that four-amine-containing PAMAM prepared from oleylamine (DL5) gave the best transfection efficiency, which was 3 times higher than that of lipofectamine 2000 in HEK293 cells. The cellular uptake mechanism mediated by DL5 was further investigated, and the results indicated that DL5/DNA complexes entered the cells mainly via caveolae and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, these low-generation PAMAMs modified with a single hydrophobic tail showed lower toxicity than lipofectamine 2000 in MC3T3-E1, MG63, HeLa, and HEK293 cells. These results reveal that such a type of low-generation polyamidoamines might be promising non-viral gene vectors, and also give us clues for the design of safe and high-efficiency gene vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guang Gao
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710072, China.
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Sharma A, Das J. Small molecules derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in sensing, catalysis, imaging, and biomedicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:92. [PMID: 31451110 PMCID: PMC6709552 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are the new fellow of carbon family having a size less than 10 nm and attracted much attention of researchers since the last decade because of their unique characteristics, such as inexpensive and facile synthesis methods, easy surface modification, excellent photoluminescence, outstanding water solubility, and low toxicity. Due to these unique characteristics, CDs have been extensively applied in different kind of scientific disciplines. For example in the photocatalytic reactions, drug-gene delivery system, in vitro and in vivo bioimaging, chemical and biological sensing as well as photodynamic and photothermal therapies. Mainly two types of methods are available in the literature to synthesize CDs: the top-down approach, which refers to breaking down a more massive carbon structure into nanoscale particles; the bottom-up approach, which refers to the synthesis of CDs from smaller carbon units (small organic molecules). Many review articles are available in the literature regarding the synthesis and applications of CDs. However, there is no such review article describing the synthesis and complete application of CDs derived from small organic molecules together. In this review, we have summarized the progress of research on CDs regarding its synthesis from small organic molecules (bottom-up approach) via hydrothermal/solvothermal treatment, microwave irradiation, ultrasonic treatment, and thermal decomposition techniques as well as applications in the field of bioimaging, drug/gene delivery system, fluorescence-based sensing, photocatalytic reactions, photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) and photo-thermal (PTT) therapy based on the available literature. Finally, the challenges and future direction of CDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Solan, HP, 173229, India
| | - Joydeep Das
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Solan, HP, 173229, India.
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Fluorescent carbon dots functionalization. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 270:165-190. [PMID: 31265929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), as a new type of luminescent zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, have been applied in a variety of fields. Currently, functionalization of CDs is an extremely useful method for effectively tuning their intrinsic structure and surface state. Heteroatom doping and surface modification are two functionalization strategies for improving the photophysical performance and broadening the range of applications for fluorescent CDs. Heteroatom doping in CDs can be used to tune their intrinsic properties, which has received significant research interests because of its simplicity. Surface modification can be applied for varying active sites and the functional groups on the CDs surface, which can endow fluorescent CDs with the unique properties resulting from functional ligand. In this review, we summarize the structural and physicochemical properties of functional CDs. We focused our review on the latest developments in functionalization strategies for CDs and discuss the detailed characteristics of different functionalization methods. Ultimately, we hope to inform researchers on the latest progress in functionalization of CDs and provide perspectives on future developments for functionalization of CDs and their potential applications.
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Panwar N, Soehartono AM, Chan KK, Zeng S, Xu G, Qu J, Coquet P, Yong KT, Chen X. Nanocarbons for Biology and Medicine: Sensing, Imaging, and Drug Delivery. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9559-9656. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Panwar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alana Mauluidy Soehartono
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kok Ken Chan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Philippe Coquet
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- Institut d’Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR 8520—Université de Lille, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Recent Advancements in Doped/Co-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Multi-Potential Applications. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/c5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs)/carbon nanodots are a new class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials having an approximate size in the range of 2–10 nm. The majority of the reported review articles have discussed about the development of the CQDs (via simple and cost-effective synthesis methods) for use in bio-imaging and chemical-/biological-sensing applications. However, there is a severe lack of consolidated studies on the recently developed CQDs (especially doped/co-doped) that are utilized in different areas of application. Hence, in this review, we have extensively discussed about the recent development in doped and co-doped CQDs (using elements/heteroatoms—e.g., boron (B), fluorine (F), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), and phosphorous (P)), along with their synthesis method, reaction conditions, and/or quantum yield (QY), and their emerging multi-potential applications including electrical/electronics (such as light emitting diode (LED) and solar cells), fluorescent ink for anti-counterfeiting, optical sensors (for detection of metal ions, drugs, and pesticides/fungicides), gene delivery, and temperature probing.
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Liu L, Anwar S, Ding H, Xu M, Yin Q, Xiao Y, Yang X, Yan M, Bi H. Electrochemical sensor based on F,N-doped carbon dots decorated laccase for detection of catechol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ghosal K, Ghosh A. Carbon dots: The next generation platform for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:887-903. [PMID: 30606603 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the wide range of carbon family nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) one of the promising candidate which has attracted tremendous attention due to its unique advantages such as facile synthesis procedure, easy surface functionalization, outstanding water solubility, low toxicity and excellent photo-physical properties. Due to these unique advantages, CDs are extensively used in catalysis, electronics, sensing, power as well as in biological sectors. In this review we will discuss recent progress in synthesis, structure and fluorescence properties of CDs with special highlight on its biomedical applications, more precisely we will highlight on CDs, for drug/gene delivery, bioimaging and photothermal and photodynamic therapy applications. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges and future perspective of CDs in the field of biomedical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Ghosal
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
| | - Ashis Ghosh
- Materials Science Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Wang Y, Cao P, Li S, Zhang X, Hu J, Yang M, Yao S, Gao F, Xia A, Shen J, Huang X. Layer-by-layer assembled PEI-based vector with the upconversion luminescence marker for gene delivery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2504-2509. [PMID: 30208518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The upconversion luminescence (UCL) marker based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) shows unique advantages over traditional fluorescence markers, such as enhanced tissue penetration, better photostability, and less autofluorescence. Herein, we constructed a new UCL gene-delivery nonviral vector via layer-by-layer self-assembly of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) with UCNPs. To reduce the cytotoxicity of PEI, citric acid (CA) was introduced for aqueous modification, and PEI assembly was introduced on the UCNP surface. Our data show that the nonviral vector for UCL gene-delivery demonstrates excellent photostability, low toxicity, and good stability under physiological or serum conditions and can strongly bind to DNA. Moreover, this UCL PEI-based vector could serve as a promising fluorescent gene-delivery carrier for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Ping Cao
- Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd, Baoding Road 527, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Shicui Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Sujuan Yao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Jinling Hospital, Zhongshandonglu Road 305, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Ao Xia
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Jian Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210046, China
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