1
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Baikie TK, Xiao J, Drummond BH, Greenham NC, Rao A. Spatially Resolved Optical Efficiency Measurements of Luminescent Solar Concentrators. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:2886-2893. [PMID: 37602294 PMCID: PMC10436350 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are able to concentrate both direct and diffuse solar radiation, and this ability has led to great interest in using them to improve solar energy capture when coupled to traditional photovoltaics (PV). In principle, a large-area LSC could concentrate light onto a much smaller area of PV, thus reducing costs or enabling new architectures. However, LSCs suffer from various optical losses which are hard to quantify using simple measurements of power conversion efficiency. Here, we show that spatially resolved photoluminescence quantum efficiency measurements on large-area LSCs can be used to resolve various loss processes such as out-coupling, self-absorption via emitters, and self-absorption from the LSC matrix. Further, these measurements allow for the extrapolation of device performance to arbitrarily large LSCs. Our results provide insight into the optimization of optical properties and guide the design of future LSCs for improved solar energy capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi K. Baikie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 OHE, U.K.
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 OHE, U.K.
| | - Bluebell H. Drummond
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 OHE, U.K.
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 OHE, U.K.
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 OHE, U.K.
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2
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Verma S, Farrell DJ, Evans RC. Ray-Trace Modeling to Characterize Efficiency of Unconventional Luminescent Solar Concentrator Geometries. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2023; 1:1012-1025. [PMID: 37255505 PMCID: PMC10226161 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.3c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are a promising technology to help integrate solar cells into the built environment, as they are colorful, semitransparent, and can collect diffuse light. While LSCs have traditionally been cuboidal, in recent years, a variety of unconventional geometries have arisen, for example, circular, curved, polygonal, wedged, and leaf-shaped designs. These new designs can help reduce optical losses, facilitate incorporation into the built environment, or unlock new applications. However, as fabrication of complex geometries can be time- and resource-intensive, the ability to simulate the expected LSC performance prior to production would be highly advantageous. While a variety of software exists to model LSCs, it either cannot be applied to unconventional geometries, is not open-source, or is not tractable for most users. Therefore, here we introduce a significant upgrade of the widely used Monte Carlo ray-trace software pvtrace to include: (i) the capability to characterize unconventional geometries and improved relevance to standard measurement configurations; (ii) increased computational efficiency; and (iii) a graphical user interface (GUI) for ease-of-use. We first test these new features against data from the literature as well as experimental results from in-house fabricated LSCs, with agreement within 1% obtained for the simulated versus measured external photon efficiency. We then demonstrate the broad applicability of pvtrace by simulating 20 different unconventional geometries, including a variety of different shapes and manufacturing techniques. We show that pvtrace can be used to predict the optical efficiency of 3D-printed devices. The more versatile and accessible computational workflow afforded by our new features, coupled with 3D-printed prototypes, will enable rapid screening of more intricate LSC architectures, while reducing experimental waste. Our goal is that this accelerates sustainability-driven design in the LSC field, leading to higher optical efficiency or increased utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomik Verma
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Daniel J Farrell
- Exciton
Labs, Copley Hill Business
Park, Cambridge Road, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3GN, U.K.
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
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3
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Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Debije MG, Noël T. Rapid and Replaceable Luminescent Coating for Silicon-Based Microreactors Enabling Energy-Efficient Solar Photochemistry. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:10712-10717. [PMID: 35991758 PMCID: PMC9382670 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sun is the most sustainable source of photons on the earth but is rarely used in photochemical transformations due its relatively low and variable intensity, broad wavelength range, and lack of focus. Luminescent solar concentrator-based photomicroreactors (LSC-PMs) can be an answer to all these issues, but widespread adoption is plagued by challenges associated with their complicated manufacturing. Herein, we developed a new strategy to accelerate and ease the production of LSC-PMs by depositing a thin luminescent film on commercially and widely available silicon-based microreactors. The protocol is fast and operationally simple, and the luminescent coating can be easily removed and replaced. This enables rapid tuning of the luminescent coating to fit the requirements of the photocatalytic system and to increase the photon flux inside the microreactor channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M. Masson
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Stimuli-Responsive Functional
Materials & Devices, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Bldg 14-Helix, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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de Oliveira GX, Lira JODB, Riella HG, Soares C, Padoin N. Modeling and Simulation of Reaction Environment in Photoredox Catalysis: A Critical Review. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.788653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From the pharmaceutical industry’s point of view, photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of the synthesis of added-value compounds. With this method, it is possible to excite the catalyst by the action of light, allowing electron transfer processes to occur and, consequently, oxidation and reduction reactions. Thus, in association with photoredox catalysis, microreactor technology and continuous flow chemistry also play an important role in the development of organic synthesis processes, as this technology offers high yields, high selectivity and reduced side reactions. However, there is a lack of a more detailed understanding of the photoredox catalysis process, and computational tools based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to deal with this and boost to reach higher levels of accuracy to continue innovating in this area. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of photoredox catalysis is provided, including the application of this technology for the synthesis of added-value chemicals in microreactors. Moreover, the advantages of the continuous flow system in comparison with batch systems are pointed out. It was also demonstrated how modeling and simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be critical for the design and optimization of microreactors applied to photoredox catalysis, so as to better understand the reagent interactions and the influence of light in the reaction medium. Finally, a discussion about the future prospects of photoredox reactions considering the complexity of the process is presented.
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6
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Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Kuijpers KPL, Cambié D, Debije MG, Noël T. Development of an Off-Grid Solar-Powered Autonomous Chemical Mini-Plant for Producing Fine Chemicals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5417-5423. [PMID: 34644441 PMCID: PMC9298775 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photochemistry using inexhaustible solar energy is an eco-friendly way to produce fine chemicals outside the typical laboratory or chemical plant environment. However, variations in solar irradiation conditions and the need for an external energy source to power electronic components limits the accessibility of this approach. In this work, a chemical solar-driven "mini-plant" centred around a scaled-up luminescent solar concentrator photomicroreactor (LSC-PM) was built. To account for the variations in solar irradiance at ground level and passing clouds, a responsive control system was designed that rapidly adapts the flow rate of the reagents to the light received by the reaction channels. Supplying the plant with solar panels, integrated into the module by placing it behind the LSC to utilize the transmitted fraction of the solar irradiation, allowed this setup to be self-sufficient and fully operational off-grid. Such a system can shine in isolated environments and in a distributed manufacturing world, allowing to decentralize the production of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M. Masson
- Flow Chemistry Groupvan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process Engineering, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14 – Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Groupvan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Koen P. L. Kuijpers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process Engineering, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14 – Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Current address: Technology & EngineeringJanssen R&DTurnhoutseweg 302340BeerseBelgium
| | - Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process Engineering, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14 – Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Current address: Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryStimuli-responsive Functional Materials & DevicesEindhoven University of TechnologyGroene Loper 3, Bldg 14 – Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Groupvan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process Engineering, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14 – Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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7
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The development of luminescent solar concentrator-based photomicroreactors: a cheap reactor enabling efficient solar-powered photochemistry. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:705-717. [PMID: 34767247 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight strikes our planet every day with more energy than we consume in an entire year. Therefore, many researchers have explored ways to efficiently harvest and use sunlight energy for the activation of organic molecules. However, implementation of this energy source in the large-scale production of fine chemicals has been mostly neglected. The use of solar energy for chemical transformations suffers from potential drawbacks including scattering, reflections, cloud shading and poor matches between the solar emission and absorption characteristics of the photochemical reaction. In this account, we provide an overview of our efforts to overcome these issues through the development of Luminescent Solar Concentrator-based PhotoMicroreactors (LSC-PM). Such reactors can efficiently convert solar energy with a broad spectral distribution to concentrated and wavelength-shifted irradiation which matches the absorption maximum of the photocatalyst. Hence, the use of these conceptually new photomicroreactors provides an increased solar light harvesting capacity, enabling efficient solar-powered photochemistry.
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8
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Scale-up of micro- and milli-reactors: An overview of strategies, design principles and applications. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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9
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Kayahan E, Jacobs M, Braeken L, Thomassen LC, Kuhn S, van Gerven T, Leblebici ME. Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2484-2504. [PMID: 33093928 PMCID: PMC7554662 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical activation routes are gaining the attention of the scientific community since they can offer an alternative to the traditional chemical industry that mainly utilizes thermochemical activation of molecules. Photoreactions are fast and selective, which would potentially reduce the downstream costs significantly if the process is optimized properly. With the transition towards green chemistry, the traditional batch photoreactor operation is becoming abundant in this field. Process intensification efforts led to micro- and mesostructured flow photoreactors. In this work, we are reviewing structured photoreactors by elaborating on the bottleneck of this field: the development of an efficient scale-up strategy. In line with this, micro- and mesostructured bench-scale photoreactors were evaluated based on a new benchmark called photochemical space time yield (mol·day−1·kW−1), which takes into account the energy efficiency of the photoreactors. It was manifested that along with the selection of the photoreactor dimensions and an appropriate light source, optimization of the process conditions, such as the residence time and the concentration of the photoactive molecule is also crucial for an efficient photoreactor operation. In this paper, we are aiming to give a comprehensive understanding for scale-up strategies by benchmarking selected photoreactors and by discussing transport phenomena in several other photoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kayahan
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Mathias Jacobs
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Leen Braeken
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Cj Thomassen
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Kuhn
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom van Gerven
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Enis Leblebici
- Center for Industrial Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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11
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CFD analysis of a luminescent solar concentrator-based photomicroreactor (LSC-PM) with feedforward control applied to the synthesis of chemicals under fluctuating light intensity. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology / Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
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13
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Rossi O, Chandrasekaran A. Microreactors: ‘micro’managing our macro energy demands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/ijesm-10-2018-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to answer this question by discussing the practicality of implementing microreactor technology towards large-scale renewable energy generation, as well as provide an incentive for future researchers to utilize microreactors as a useful alternative tool for green energy production. However, can microreactors present a viable solution for the generation of renewable energy to tackle the on-going global energy crisis?
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the practicality of implementing microreactor technology toward large-scale renewable energy generation is discussed. Specific areas of interest that elucidate considerable returns of microreactors toward renewable energy production are biofuel synthesis, hydrogen conversion and solar energy harvesting.
Findings
It is believed that sustained research on microreactors can significantly accelerate the development of new energy production methods through renewable sources, which will undoubtedly aid in the quest for a greener future.
Originality/value
This work aims to provide a sound judgement on the importance of research on renewable energy production and alternative energy management methods through microreactor technology, and why future studies on this topic should be highly encouraged. The relevance of this opinion paper lies in the idea that microreactors are an innovative concept currently used in engineering to significantly accelerate chemical reactions on microscale volumes; with the feasibility of high throughput to convert energy at larger scales with much greater efficiency than existing energy production methods.
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Abstract
In recent years, photochemistry has been a highly active research field. This renaissance is linked to the upsurge of photoredox catalysis, a versatile platform for synthetic methodologies using visible light photons as a traceless reagent. In contrast with UV, visible light constitutes almost half of the ground solar irradiance, making the use of solar light in chemistry a sustainable and viable possibility. However, the direct use of sunlight to power chemical reactions is still little explored. This can be explained by both the hurdles associated with solar radiation (e.g., its variability, irreproducibility, high IR content, etc.) and the need for a specialized photoreactor. Most of these issues can be tackled with technological solutions, and especially with the recourse to flow chemistry. Flow chemistry goes hand in hand with photochemistry thanks to the uniform irradiation it provides to the reaction. Furthermore, a continuous-flow reactor can be easily integrated with different solar collectors (including compound parabolic concentrators and luminescent solar concentrators) and constitutes the most efficient approach to solar photochemistry. After a description of the characteristics of the solar radiation relevant to chemistry, this chapter critically describes the different type of solar photoreactors and their applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Finally, an outlook on the future of solar photochemistry in flow is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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15
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Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Dong R, Luscombe CK. Review on the Role of Polymers in Luminescent Solar Concentrators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
- Molecular Engineering Materials Center University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Xueqiao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Yongcao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Richard Dong
- Interlake Senior High School Bellevue Washington 98008
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
- Molecular Engineering Materials Center University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
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16
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Wriedt B, Kowalczyk D, Ziegenbalg D. Experimental Determination of Photon Fluxes in Multilayer Capillary Photoreactors. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wriedt
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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17
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Zhao F, Cambié D, Janse J, Wieland EW, Kuijpers KPL, Hessel V, Debije MG, Noël T. Scale-up of a Luminescent Solar Concentrator-Based Photomicroreactor via Numbering-up. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:422-429. [PMID: 29333350 PMCID: PMC5762165 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of solar energy to power chemical reactions is a long-standing dream of the chemical community. Recently, visible-light-mediated photoredox catalysis has been recognized as the ideal catalytic transformation to convert solar energy into chemical bonds. However, scaling photochemical transformations has been extremely challenging due to Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law. Recently, we have pioneered the development of luminescent solar concentrator photomicroreactors (LSC-PMs), which display an excellent energy efficiency. These devices harvest solar energy, convert the broad solar energy spectrum to a narrow-wavelength region, and subsequently waveguide the re-emitted photons to the reaction channels. Herein, we report on the scalability of such LSC-PMs via a numbering-up strategy. Paramount in our work was the use of molds that were fabricated via 3D printing. This allowed us to rapidly produce many different prototypes and to optimize experimentally key design aspects in a time-efficient fashion. Reactors up to 32 parallel channels have been fabricated that display an excellent flow distribution using a bifurcated flow distributor (standard deviations below 10%). This excellent flow distribution was crucial to scale up a model reaction efficiently, displaying yields comparable to those obtained in a single-channel device. We also found that interchannel spacing is an important and unique design parameter for numbered-up LSC-PMs, which influences greatly the photon flux experienced within the reaction channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dario Cambié
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Janse
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric W. Wieland
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Koen P. L. Kuijpers
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Functional
Organic Materials & Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Telephone: +31 (0)40 247 3623. Website: www.NoelResearchGroup.com
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