1
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Qiu S, Guo H, Xu P. Photocatalyzed Selective Hydrocarbonation of Alkenes with Hantzsch Esters toward 4-Alkyl-Hantzsch Esters. Org Lett 2024; 26:6730-6735. [PMID: 39078309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Here, we describe a mild photoredox-neutral reaction system that enables the selective hydrocarbonation of alkenes with Hantzsch esters, affording structurally diverse 4-alkyl-Hantzsch esters. This straightforward protocol can be performed under an air atmosphere without the need for any transition metals. The synthetic potential of this method is well exemplified by the late-stage structural modification of a series of pharmaceutically relevant complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Huaixuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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2
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Guo SY, Liu YP, Huang JS, He LB, He GC, Ji DW, Wan B, Chen QA. Visible light-induced chemoselective 1,2-diheteroarylation of alkenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6102. [PMID: 39030211 PMCID: PMC11271625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis has evolved as a powerful technique to enable controllable radical reactions. Exploring unique photocatalytic mode for obtaining new chemoselectivity and product diversity is of great significance. Herein, we present a photo-induced chemoselective 1,2-diheteroarylation of unactivated alkenes utilizing halopyridines and quinolines. The ring-fused azaarenes serve as not only substrate, but also potential precursors for halogen-atom abstraction for pyridyl radical generation in this photocatalysis. As a complement to metal catalysis, this photo-induced radical process with mild and redox neutral conditions assembles two different heteroaryl groups into alkenes regioselectively and contribute to broad substrates scope. The obtained products containing aza-arene units permit various further diversifications, demonstrating the synthetic utility of this protocol. We anticipate that this protocol will trigger the further advancement of photo-induced alkyl/aryl halides activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Peng Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jin-Song Huang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Bowen He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gu-Cheng He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Lei X, Wang Y, Ma S, Jiao P. Purple Light-Promoted Coupling of Bromopyridines with Grignard Reagents via SET. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7148-7155. [PMID: 38718346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Alkyl- and arylpyridines and 2,2'-bipyridines are conventionally prepared by Minisci reactions of pyridines and transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions of halopyridines. Herein, purple light-promoted radical coupling reactions of 2- or 4-bromopyridines with Grignard reagents in Et2O or a mixture of Et2O and tetrahydrofuran in regular glassware without the need for a transition metal catalyst were disclosed for the first time. Methyl, primary and secondary alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, pyridyl, and alkynyl Grignard reagents were compatible with the protocol. As a result, alkyl- and arylpyridines and 2,2'-bipyridines were easily prepared. Single electron transfer from the Grignard reagent to bromopyridine was stimulated by purple light. An electron extruded from the dimerization of the Grignard reagent worked as the catalyst. Light on/off experiments indicated that constant irradiation was required for product formation. Studies of radical clock substrates verified the involvement of a pyridyl radical from bromopyridine and the noninvolvement of an alkyl or aryl radical from the Grignard reagent. The available proof supports a photoinduced SRN mechanism for the new coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Institute of Rural Revitalization (Institute of Medicine and Health Care), Dezhou University, No. 566 West University Road, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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4
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Steuernagel D, Rombach D, Wagenknecht HA. Photoredox Catalytic Access to N,O-Acetals from Enamides by Means of Electron-Poor Perylene Bisimides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400247. [PMID: 38441913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
N,O-acetals are found as structural motifs in natural products and are important synthetic precursors for N-acylimines as building blocks in organic synthesis for C-C-bond formation and amines. For the synthesis of N,O-acetals, an acid-, base- and metal-free catalytic method is reported applying N,N-di-(2,6-diisopropyl)-1,7-dicyano-perylen-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid imide and N,N-di-(2,6-diisopropyl)-1,6,7,12-tetrabromo-2,5,8,11-tetracyano-perylen-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid imide as extremely electron-deficient photocatalysts. The first perylene bisimide highly selectively photocatalyzes the formation of the N,O-acetals as products in high yields, and the second and more electron-deficient perylene bisimide allows these reactions without thiophenol as an H-atom transfer reagent. Calculated electron density maps support this. The reaction scope comprises different substituents at the nitrogen of the enamides and different alcohols as starting material. Dehydroalanines are converted to non-natural amino acids which shows the usefulness of this method for organic and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Steuernagel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Rombach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Kaplaneris N, Akdeniz M, Fillols M, Arrighi F, Raymenants F, Sanil G, Gryko DT, Noël T. Photocatalytic Functionalization of Dehydroalanine-Derived Peptides in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403271. [PMID: 38497510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Unnatural amino acids, and their synthesis by the late-stage functionalization (LSF) of peptides, play a crucial role in areas such as drug design and discovery. Historically, the LSF of biomolecules has predominantly utilized traditional synthetic methodologies that exploit nucleophilic residues, such as cysteine, lysine or tyrosine. Herein, we present a photocatalytic hydroarylation process targeting the electrophilic residue dehydroalanine (Dha). This residue possesses an α,β-unsaturated moiety and can be combined with various arylthianthrenium salts, both in batch and flow reactors. Notably, the flow setup proved instrumental for efficient scale-up, paving the way for the synthesis of unnatural amino acids and peptides in substantial quantities. Our photocatalytic approach, being inherently mild, permits the diversification of peptides even when they contain sensitive functional groups. The readily available arylthianthrenium salts facilitate the seamless integration of Dha-containing peptides with a wide range of arenes, drug blueprints, and natural products, culminating in the creation of unconventional phenylalanine derivatives. The synergistic effect of the high functional group tolerance and the modular characteristic of the aryl electrophile enables efficient peptide conjugation and ligation in both batch and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merve Akdeniz
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Méritxell Fillols
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Arrighi
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gana Sanil
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Chi Z, Liao JB, Cheng X, Ye Z, Yuan W, Lin YM, Gong L. Asymmetric Cross-Coupling of Aldehydes with Diverse Carbonyl or Iminyl Compounds by Photoredox-Mediated Cobalt Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10857-10867. [PMID: 38587540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The asymmetric cross-coupling of unsaturated bonds, hampered by their comparable polarity and reactivity, as well as the scarcity of efficient catalytic systems capable of diastereo- and enantiocontrol, presents a significant hurdle in organic synthesis. In this study, we introduce a highly adaptable photochemical cobalt catalysis framework that facilitates chemo- and stereoselective reductive cross-couplings between common aldehydes with a broad array of carbonyl and iminyl compounds, including N-acylhydrazones, aryl ketones, aldehydes, and α-keto esters. Our methodology hinges on a synergistic mechanism driven by photoredox-induced single-electron reduction and subsequent radical-radical coupling, all precisely guided by a chiral cobalt catalyst. Various optically enriched β-amino alcohols and unsymmetrical 1,2-diol derivatives (80 examples) have been synthesized with good yields (up to 90% yield) and high stereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, 99% ee). Of particular note, this approach accomplishes unattainable photochemical asymmetric transformations of aldehydes with disparate carbonyl partners without reliance on any external photosensitizer, thereby further emphasizing its versatility and cost-efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jia-Bin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiuliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ziqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China
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7
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De Jesus IS, Vélez JAC, Pissinati EF, Correia JTM, Rivera DG, Paixao MW. Recent Advances in Photoinduced Modification of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300322. [PMID: 38279622 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The chemical modification of biopolymers like peptides and proteins is a key technology to access vaccines and pharmaceuticals. Similarly, the tunable derivatization of individual amino acids is important as they are key building blocks of biomolecules, bioactive natural products, synthetic polymers, and innovative materials. The high diversity of functional groups present in amino acid-based molecules represents a significant challenge for their selective derivatization Recently, visible light-mediated transformations have emerged as a powerful strategy for achieving chemoselective biomolecule modification. This technique offers numerous advantages over other methods, including a higher selectivity, mild reaction conditions and high functional-group tolerance. This review provides an overview of the most recent methods covering the photoinduced modification for single amino acids and site-selective functionalization in peptides and proteins under mild and even biocompatible conditions. Future challenges and perspectives are discussed beyond the diverse types of photocatalytic transformations that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva S De Jesus
- Laboratory for Sustainable Organic Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Jeimy A C Vélez
- Laboratory for Sustainable Organic Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Emanuele F Pissinati
- Laboratory for Sustainable Organic Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Jose Tiago M Correia
- Laboratory for Sustainable Organic Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana Zapata & G, Havana, 10400, Cuba
| | - Márcio W Paixao
- Laboratory for Sustainable Organic Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
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8
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Mao X, Li MM, Wang P, Cao Q, Zhou W, Ding W. Transition-Metal-Free Anti-Markovnikov Hydroarylation of Alkenes with Aryl Chlorides through Consecutive Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:1265-1270. [PMID: 38319734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The hydroarylation of alkenes has emerged as a powerful strategy for arene functionalization. However, aryl chlorides remain a large challenge in this type of reaction due to the chemical inertness of the C(sp2)-Cl bond and high negative reduction potential. Herein, we report an anti-Markovnikov radical hydroarylation of alkenes with aryl chlorides via visible-light photoredox catalysis. The key reactive aryl radicals can be efficiently achieved from aryl chlorides by consecutive photoinduced electron transfer. This transition-metal-free protocol features mild conditions, a wide substrate scope, and functional group tolerance, producing a diverse range of linear alkylarenes in moderate to good yields. The reaction is proposed to proceed through a radical-polar crossover pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Mao
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Cao
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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9
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Song X, Bai S, Li Y, Yi T, Long X, Pu Q, Dang T, Ma M, Ren Q, Qin X. Expedient and divergent synthesis of unnatural peptides through cobalt-catalyzed diastereoselective umpolung hydrogenation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk4950. [PMID: 38117889 PMCID: PMC10732522 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk4950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of a reliable method for asymmetric synthesis of unnatural peptides is highly desirable and particularly challenging. In this study, we present a versatile and efficient approach that uses cobalt-catalyzed diastereoselective umpolung hydrogenation to access noncanonical aryl alanine peptides. This protocol demonstrates good tolerance toward various functional groups, amino acid sequences, and peptide lengths. Moreover, the versatility of this reaction is illustrated by its successful application in the late-stage functionalization and formal synthesis of various representative chiral natural products and pharmaceutical scaffolds. This strategy eliminates the need for synthesizing chiral noncanonical aryl alanines before peptide formation, and the hydrogenation reaction does not result in racemization or epimerization. The underlying mechanism was extensively explored through deuterium labeling, control experiments, HRMS identification, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, which supported a reasonable CoI/CoIII catalytic cycle. Notably, acetic acid and methanol serve as safe and cost-effective hydrogen sources, while indium powder acts as the terminal electron source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Song
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Tong Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Long
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Pu
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ting Dang
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Mengjie Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xurong Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Coptis Development and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, No. 94 Wei Jin Road, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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10
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Liu R, Zou T, Yu S, Li W, Wei S, Gong Y, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Yi D. Photoredox-Catalyzed Three-Component 1,2-Cyanoalkylpyridylation of Styrenes with Nonredox-Active Cyclic Oximes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16410-16423. [PMID: 37943006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-component alkene 1,2-difunctionalizations have emerged as a powerful strategy for rapid buildup of diverse and complex alkylpyridines, but the distal functionalized alkyl radicals for the alkene 1,2-alkylpyridylations were still rare. Herein, we report an example of regioselective three-component 1,2-cyanoalkylpyridylation of feedstock styrenes with accessible nonredox-active cyclic oximes through visible-light photoredox catalysis, providing a series of structurally diverse β-cyanoalkylated alkylpyridines. This protocol proceeds through a radical relay pathway including the generation of iminyl radicals enabled by phosphoranyl radical-mediated β-scission, radical transposition through C-C bond cleavage, highly selective radical addition, and precise radical-radical cross-coupling sequence, thus facilitating the regioselective formation of two distinct C-C single bonds in a single-pot operation. This synthetic strategy features mild conditions, broad compatibility of functional groups and substrate scope, diverse product derivatization, and late-stage modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Service, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Sha Yu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Weicai Li
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Siping Wei
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yimou Gong
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institution of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dong Yi
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
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11
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Wang GQ, Wang T, Zhang Y, Zhou YX, Yang D, Han P, Jing LH. Photoredox Metal-Free Synthesis of Unnatural β-Silyl-α-Amino Acids via Hydrosilylation. Chem Asian J 2023:e202300805. [PMID: 37906443 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, practical and metal-free methodology for the synthesis of β-silyl-α-amino acid motifs via photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process is described. This protocol enables the direct hydrosilylation of dehydroalanine derivatives and tolerates a wide array of functional groups and synthetic handles, leading to valuable β-silyl-α-amino acids with moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qin Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Xia Zhou
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Hai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
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12
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Pozhydaiev V, Muller C, Moran J, Lebœuf D. Catalytic Synthesis of β-(Hetero)arylethylamines: Modern Strategies and Advances. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309289. [PMID: 37599269 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
β-(Hetero)arylethylamines appear in a myriad of pharmaceuticals due to their broad spectrum of biological properties, making them prime candidates for drug discovery. Conventional methods for their preparation often require engineered substrates that limit the flexibility of the synthetic routes and the diversity of compounds that can be accessed. Consequently, methods that provide rapid and versatile access to those scaffolds remain limited. To overcome these challenges, synthetic chemists have designed innovative and modular strategies to access the β-(hetero)arylethylamine motif, paving the way for their more extensive use in future pharmaceuticals. This review outlines recent progresses in the synthesis of (hetero)arylethylamines and emphasizes how these innovations have enabled new levels of molecular complexity, selectivity, and practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyn Pozhydaiev
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyprien Muller
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph Moran
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005, Paris, France
| | - David Lebœuf
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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13
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Chen A, Zhao S, Han Y, Zhou Z, Yang B, Xie LG, Walczak MA, Zhu F. Stereoselective alkyl C-glycosylation of glycosyl esters via anomeric C-O bond homolysis: efficient access to C-glycosyl amino acids and C-glycosyl peptides. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7569-7580. [PMID: 37449071 PMCID: PMC10337754 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01995k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Glycosyl peptides possess excellent metabolic stability and therapeutic properties and thus play critical roles in biological studies as well as drug discoveries. However, the limited accessibility of C-glycosyl amino acids has significantly hindered the broader research of their structural features and mode of action. Herein, for the first time we disclose a novel visible-light-driven radical conjugate addition of 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP)-derived glycosyl esters with dehydroalanine derivatives, generating C-glycosyl amino acids and C-glycosyl peptides in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities. Redox-active glycosyl esters, as readily accessible and bench-stable radical precursors, could be easily converted to glycosyl radicals via anomeric C(sp3)-O bond homolysis under mild conditions. Importantly, the generality and practicality of this transformation were fully demonstrated in >40 examples including 2-dexosugars, oligosaccharides, oligopeptides, and complex drug molecules. Given its mild reaction conditions, robust sugar scope, and high anomeric control and diastereoselectivity, the method presented herein could find widespread utility in the preparation of C(sp3)-linked sugar-based peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anrong Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Shiyin Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zhenghong Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Lan-Gui Xie
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Maciej A Walczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Feng Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules (FSCTM), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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14
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Dong Y, Meng X, Gnawali G, Chang M, Wang W. Photoredox Catalytic Installation of an Alkyl/Aryl Side Chain and Deuterium into ( S)-Methyleneoxazolidinone: Synthesis of Enantioenriched α-Deuterated α-Amino Acid Derivatives. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37326373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox catalytic asymmetric method has been established for the installation of both aliphatic and aromatic side chains and the introduction of deuterium into the chiral methyleneoxazolidinone simultaneously. Efficient coupling of readily available boronic acids with the chiral auxiliary delivers structurally diverse α-deuterated α-amino acid derivatives with a high level of diastereoselectivity and deuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Giri Gnawali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mengyang Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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15
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Chen X, Josephson B, Davis BG. Carbon-Centered Radicals in Protein Manipulation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:614-638. [PMID: 37122447 PMCID: PMC10141601 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Methods to directly post-translationally modify proteins are perhaps the most straightforward and operationally simple ways to create and study protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). However, precisely altering or constructing the C-C scaffolds pervasive throughout biology is difficult with common two-electron chemical approaches. Recently, there has been a surge of new methods that have utilized single electron/radical chemistry applied to site-specifically "edit" proteins that have started to create this potential-one that in principle could be near free-ranging. This review provides an overview of current methods that install such "edits", including those that generate function and/or PTMs, through radical C-C bond formation (as well as C-X bond formation via C• where illustrative). These exploit selectivity for either native residues, or preinstalled noncanonical protein side-chains with superior radical generating or accepting abilities. Particular focus will be on the radical generation approach (on-protein or off-protein, use of light and photocatalysts), judging the compatibility of conditions with proteins and cells, and novel chemical biology applications afforded by these methods. While there are still many technical hurdles, radical C-C bond formation on proteins is a promising and rapidly growing area in chemical biology with long-term potential for biological editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxiao Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 OFA, U.K.
| | - Brian Josephson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 OFA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, U.K.
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16
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Twitty JC, Hong Y, Garcia B, Tsang S, Liao J, Schultz DM, Hanisak J, Zultanski SL, Dion A, Kalyani D, Watson MP. Diversifying Amino Acids and Peptides via Deaminative Reductive Cross-Couplings Leveraging High-Throughput Experimentation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5684-5695. [PMID: 36853652 PMCID: PMC10117303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A deaminative reductive coupling of amino acid pyridinium salts with aryl bromides has been developed to enable efficient synthesis of noncanonical amino acids and diversification of peptides. This method transforms natural, commercially available lysine, ornithine, diaminobutanoic acid, and diaminopropanoic acid to aryl alanines and homologated derivatives with varying chain lengths. Attractive features include ability to transverse scales, tolerance of pharma-relevant (hetero)aryls and biorthogonal functional groups, and the applicability beyond monomeric amino acids to short and macrocyclic peptide substrates. The success of this work relied on high-throughput experimentation to identify complementary reaction conditions that proved critical for achieving the coupling of a broad scope of aryl bromides with a range of amino acid and peptide substrates including macrocyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bria Garcia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephanie Tsang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jennie Liao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Danielle M. Schultz
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Jennifer Hanisak
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L. Zultanski
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Amelie Dion
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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17
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Knowles OJ, Johannissen LO, Crisenza GEM, Hay S, Leys D, Procter DJ. A Vitamin B 2 -Photocatalysed Approach to Methionine Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212158. [PMID: 36250805 PMCID: PMC10100050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Access to new non-canonical amino acid residues is crucial for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Analogues of the amino acid methionine have been far less explored-despite their use in biochemistry, pharmacology and peptide bioconjugation. This is largely due to limited synthetic access. Herein, we exploit a new disconnection to access non-natural methionines through the development of a photochemical method for the radical α-C-H functionalization of sulfides with alkenes, in water, using inexpensive and commercially-available riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) as a photocatalyst. Our photochemical conditions allow the two-step synthesis of novel methionine analogues-by radical addition to unsaturated amino acid derivatives-and the chemoselective modification of peptide side-chains to yield non-natural methionine residues within small peptides. The mechanism of the bio-inspired flavin photocatalysis has been probed by experimental, DFT and TDDFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Linus O Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Giacomo E M Crisenza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - David J Procter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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18
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Knowles OJ, Johannissen LO, Crisenza GEM, Hay S, Leys D, Procter DJ. A Vitamin B 2-Photocatalysed Approach to Methionine Analogues. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202212158. [PMID: 38505624 PMCID: PMC10946832 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Access to new non-canonical amino acid residues is crucial for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Analogues of the amino acid methionine have been far less explored-despite their use in biochemistry, pharmacology and peptide bioconjugation. This is largely due to limited synthetic access. Herein, we exploit a new disconnection to access non-natural methionines through the development of a photochemical method for the radical α-C-H functionalization of sulfides with alkenes, in water, using inexpensive and commercially-available riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a photocatalyst. Our photochemical conditions allow the two-step synthesis of novel methionine analogues-by radical addition to unsaturated amino acid derivatives-and the chemoselective modification of peptide side-chains to yield non-natural methionine residues within small peptides. The mechanism of the bio-inspired flavin photocatalysis has been probed by experimental, DFT and TDDFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Knowles
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Linus O. Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterPrincess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | | | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterPrincess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterPrincess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - David J. Procter
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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19
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Stinglhamer M, Yzeiri X, Rohlfs T, Brandhofer T, Daniliuc CG, García Mancheño O. Direct Access to Unnatural Cyclobutane α-Amino Acids through Visible Light Catalyzed [2+2]-Cycloaddition. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:496-501. [PMID: 36510614 PMCID: PMC9732878 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the first selective, photocatalyzed [2+2]-cycloaddition of dehydroamino acids with styrene-type olefins. This simple, mild, and scalable approach relies on the use of the triplet energy transfer catalyst [Ir(dFCF3ppy2)dtbpy]PF6 under visible light irradiation and provides fast access to value-added substituted strained cyclobutane α-amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stinglhamer
- Organic
Chemistry Institute, Westfälische-Wilhelms
University Münster, Correnstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Xheila Yzeiri
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy,Institute
of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Tabea Rohlfs
- Organic
Chemistry Institute, Westfälische-Wilhelms
University Münster, Correnstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Tobias Brandhofer
- Organic
Chemistry Institute, Westfälische-Wilhelms
University Münster, Correnstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organic
Chemistry Institute, Westfälische-Wilhelms
University Münster, Correnstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic
Chemistry Institute, Westfälische-Wilhelms
University Münster, Correnstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany,
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20
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Lin Q, Gong H, Wu F. Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Heteroaryl Bromides with Tertiary Alkyl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:8996-9000. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology and Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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21
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Cai Y, Ritter T. Meerwein-type Bromoarylation with Arylthianthrenium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209882. [PMID: 36070220 PMCID: PMC9828184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a photocatalyzed Meerwein-type bromoarylation of alkenes with stable arylthianthrenium salts, formed by site-selective C-H thianthrenation. This protocol can be applied to late-stage functionalization of a variety of biomolecules that are difficult to access by other aryl coupling reagents. Halogen introduction allows for a variety of follow-up transformations, affording numerous biologically active skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cai
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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22
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Ji P, Chen J, Meng X, Gao F, Dong Y, Xu H, Wang W. Design of Photoredox-Catalyzed Giese-Type Reaction for the Synthesis of Chiral Quaternary α-Aryl Amino Acid Derivatives via Clayden Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14706-14714. [PMID: 36264622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chiral quaternary α-aryl amino acids are biologically valued but synthetically challenging building blocks. Herein, we report a strategy for the synthesis of molecular architectures by unifying a photoredox catalytic asymmetric Giese-type reaction and Clayden rearrangement. A new class of chiral Karady-Beckwith dehydroalanines is designed and serves as a versatile handle for the photoredox-mediated highly stereoselective Giese-type reaction with feedstock carboxylic acids and tertiary amines. Subsequent Clayden rearrangement delivers chiral quaternary α-aryl amino acid derivatives with high stereoselectivity. The versatile approach offers a reliable source for the assembly of highly demanding chiral building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, United States
| | - Xiang Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, United States
| | - Yue Dong
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, United States
| | - Hang Xu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, United States
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23
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Ren C, Ji G, Li X, Zhang J. Direct Synthesis of Adipic Esters and Adiponitrile via Photoassisted Cobalt‐Catalyzed Alkene Hydrodimerization. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201442. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ren
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University 299 Bayi Rd 430072 Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Guanghao Ji
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University 299 Bayi Rd 430072 Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xiankai Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University 299 Bayi Rd 430072 Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan University 299 Bayi Rd 430072 Wuhan P. R. China
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24
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Zhu F, Miller E, Powell WC, Johnson K, Beggs A, Evenson GE, Walczak MA. Umpolung Ala
B
Reagents for the Synthesis of Non‐Proteogenic Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207153. [PMID: 35653581 PMCID: PMC9329247 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Non-proteogenic amino acids and functionalized peptides are important motifs in modern drug discovery. Here we report that AlaB can serve as universal building blocks in the synthesis of a diverse collection of modified amino acids, peptides, and proteins. First, we develop the synthesis of AlaB from redox-active esters of aspartic acid resulting in a series of β-boronoalanine derivatives. Next, we show that AlaB can be integrated into automated oligopeptide solid-phase synthesis. AlaB is compatible with common transformations used in preparative peptide chemistry such as native chemical ligation and radical desulfurization as showcased by total synthesis of AlaB -containing ubiquitin. Furthermore, AlaB reagents participate in Pd-catalyzed reactions, including C-C cross-couplings and macrocyclizations. Taken together, AlaB synthons are practical reagents to access modified peptides, proteins, and in the synthesis of cyclic/stapled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Eric Miller
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Wyatt C. Powell
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Kelly Johnson
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Alexander Beggs
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
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25
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Ellefsen JD, Miller SJ. Photocatalytic Reductive Olefin Hydrodifluoroalkylation Enabled by Tertiary Amine Reductants Compatible with Complex Systems. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10250-10255. [PMID: 35829693 PMCID: PMC9357216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Noncanonical amino acids (NCAAs) are imperative to many facets of chemistry and biology. Herein, we report a method for the reductive hydrodifluoroalkylation of olefins that utilizes triethylamine base as the terminal reductant. The alkene acceptors include a range of electronically diverse alkenes, chief among them, dehydroalanine in variously protected forms, which provides access to synthetically relevant NCAA scaffolds under mild and general reaction conditions. We have demonstrated that a chiral auxiliary may be incorporated to provide diastereocontrol for pro-stereogenic substrates. Mechanistically motivated experiments provide some insight into the reaction mechanism, which supports a terminal step involving proton transfer for electron-poor olefins, while H atom transfer assisted by a thiol cocatalyst may complete the catalytic cycle for electron-rich olefins. The protocol is found to be compatible with additions to complex molecules, including the natural product thiostrepton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Ellefsen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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26
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Immel JR, Bloom S. carba-Nucleopeptides (cNPs): A Biopharmaceutical Modality Formed through Aqueous Rhodamine B Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205606. [PMID: 35507689 PMCID: PMC9256812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exchanging the ribose backbone of an oligonucleotide for a peptide can enhance its physiologic stability and nucleic acid binding affinity. Ordinarily, the eneamino nitrogen atom of a nucleobase is fused to the side chain of a polypeptide through a new C-N bond. The discovery of C-C linked nucleobases in the human transcriptome reveals new opportunities for engineering nucleopeptides that replace the traditional C-N bond with a non-classical C-C bond, liberating a captive nitrogen atom and promoting new hydrogen bonding and π-stacking interactions. We report the first late-stage synthesis of C-C linked carba-nucleopeptides (cNPs) using aqueous Rhodamine B photoredox catalysis. We prepare brand-new cNPs in batch, in parallel, and in flow using three long-wavelength photochemical setups. We detail the mechanism of our reaction by experimental and computational studies and highlight the essential role of diisopropylethylamine as a bifurcated two-electron reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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27
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Babawale F, Murugesan K, Narobe R, König B. Synthesis of Unnatural α-Amino Acid Derivatives via Photoredox Activation of Inert C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Org Lett 2022; 24:4793-4797. [PMID: 35749614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unnatural, tertiary amino acids is a challenging task. While decarboxylation-radical addition has been an important strategy for their formation, the use of alkyl radicals from C(sp3)-H bonds has not been fully explored. Herein, we report a photocatalytic protocol for the synthesis of unnatural α-amino esters employing abundant alkanes and imines retaining full atom economy. When this method is applied, several amino acid derivatives are synthesized in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Babawale
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathiravan Murugesan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rok Narobe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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28
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Jin X, Zhang L. Expedient access to N-alkylphthalimides via redox-neutral photocatalysed Giese-type reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5377-5382. [PMID: 35736555 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00769j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoredox-catalysed Giese-type reaction has emerged as a useful and powerful platform for radical-based transformations. Herein, a novel protocol for the preparation of N-alkylphthalimides has been successfully developed via the reactions of N-vinylphthalimides with radicals using alkyl silicates or Hantzsch esters as the radical precursors. According to the result of deuteration experiments, a mechanism involving a radical addition/SET reduction/protonation process has been proposed. The synthetic application of N-alkylphthalimide has also been demonstrated by deprotecting the phthalimido group using the Ing-Manske procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, No. 888 Yinxian Avenue East, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Fundamental Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, No. 666 Siming Road, Ningbo 315500, China
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29
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Chen Y, Kollback J, Aurell C. An Improved Synthesis of 1λ
6
,2,4,6‐Thiatriazine‐1,3,5‐trione Derivatives – the Sulfonimidamide‐featured Triazinones. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Chen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johanna Kollback
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Carl‐Johan Aurell
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
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30
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Zhu F, Miller E, Powell W, Johnson K, Beggs A, Evenson G, Walczak MA. Umpolung AlaB Reagents for the Synthesis of Non‐Proteogenic Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs CHINA
| | - Eric Miller
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Wyatt Powell
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Kelly Johnson
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Alexander Beggs
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Garrett Evenson
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 215 UCB 80309 Boulder UNITED STATES
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31
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Immel JR, Bloom S. carba
‐Nucleopeptides (
c
NPs): A Biopharmaceutical Modality Formed through Aqueous Rhodamine B Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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32
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Peng X, Xu K, Zhang Q, Liu L, Tan J. Dehydroalanine modification sees the light: a photochemical conjugate addition strategy. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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33
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Maust MC, Hendy CM, Jui NT, Blakey SB. Switchable Regioselective 6- endo or 5- exo Radical Cyclization via Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3776-3781. [PMID: 35200024 PMCID: PMC8925928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the regioselectivity of radical cyclizations to favor the 6-endo mode over its kinetically preferred 5-exo counterpart is difficult without introducing substrate prefunctionalization. To address this challenge, we have developed a simple method for reagent controlled regioselective radical cyclization of halogenated N-heterocycles onto pendant olefins. Radical generation occurs under mild photoredox conditions with control of the regioselectivity governed by the rate of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Utilizing a polarity-matched thiol-based HAT agent promotes the highly selective formation of the 5-exo cyclization product. Conversely, limiting the solubility of the HAT reagent Hantzsch ester (HEH) leads to selective formation of the thermodynamically favored 6-endo product. This occurs through an initial 5-exo cyclization, with the resulting alkyl radical intermediate undergoing neophyl rearrangement to form the 6-endo product. Development of this switchable catalysis strategy allows for two modes of divergent reactivity to form either the 6-endo or 5-exo product, generating fused N-heteroaromatic/saturated ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Maust
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Cecilia M Hendy
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Loxo Oncology, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Simon B Blakey
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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34
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Krumb M, Kammer LM, Badir SO, Cabrera-Afonso MJ, Wu VE, Huang M, Csakai A, Marcaurelle LA, Molander GA. Photochemical C-H arylation of heteroarenes for DNA-encoded library synthesis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1023-1029. [PMID: 35211268 PMCID: PMC8790789 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05683b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology has emerged as a time- and cost-efficient technique for the identification of therapeutic candidates in the pharmaceutical industry. Although several reaction classes have been successfully validated in DEL environments, there remains a paucity of DNA-compatible reactions that harness building blocks (BBs) from readily available substructures bearing multifunctional handles for further library diversification under mild, dilute, and aqueous conditions. In this study, the direct C-H carbofunctionalization of medicinally-relevant heteroarenes can be accomplished via the photoreduction of DNA-conjugated (hetero)aryl halides to deliver reactive aryl radical intermediates in a regulated fashion within minutes of blue light illumination. A broad array of electron-rich and electron-poor heteroarene scaffolds undergo transformation in the presence of sensitive functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Krumb
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
| | - Lisa Marie Kammer
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
| | - Shorouk O Badir
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
| | - María Jesús Cabrera-Afonso
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
| | - Victoria E Wu
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Minxue Huang
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Adam Csakai
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
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35
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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36
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Visible-light-mediated catalyst-free synthesis of unnatural α-amino acids and peptide macrocycles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6873. [PMID: 34824205 PMCID: PMC8617070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The visible light induced, photocatalysts or photoabsorbing EDA complexes mediated cleavage of pyridinium C-N bond were reported in the past years. Here, we report an ionic compound promote homolytic cleavage of pyridinium C-N bond by exploiting the photonic energy from visible light. This finding is successfully applied in deaminative hydroalkylation of a series of alkenes including naturally occurring dehydroalanine, which provides an efficient way to prepare β-alkyl substituted unnatural amino acids under mild and photocatalyst-free conditions. Importantly, by using this protocol, the deaminative cyclization of peptide backbone N-terminals is realized. Furthermore, the use of Et3N or PPh3 as reductants and H2O as hydrogen atom source is a practical advantage. We anticipate that our protocol will be useful in peptide synthesis and modern peptide drug discovery.
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37
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Xu H, Liu J, Nie F, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Metal-Free Hydropyridylation of Thioester-Activated Alkenes via Electroreductive Radical Coupling. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16204-16212. [PMID: 34617754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical hydropyridylation of thioester-activated alkenes with 4-cyanopyridines has been developed. The reactions experience a tandem electroreduction of both substrates on the cathode surface, protonation, and radical cross-coupling process, resulting in a variety of valuable pyridine variants, which contain a tertiary and even a quaternary carbon at the α-position of pyridines, in high yields. The employment of thioesters to the conjugated alkenes enables no requirement of catalyst and high temperature, representing a highly sustainable synthetic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehuan Xu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. China
| | - Feiyun Nie
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P.R. China.,International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
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38
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Abstract
The Mizoroki-Heck reaction and its reductive analogue are staples of organic synthesis, but the ensuing products often lack a chemical handle for further transformation. Here we report an atom-economical cross-coupling of halopyridines and unactivated alkenes under photoredox catalysis to afford a series of alkene halopyridylation products. This protocol with mild and redox neutral conditions contributes broad substrate scope. As a complement to conventional Heck-type reaction, this radical process avoids the involvement of β-H elimination and thus useful pyridyl and halide groups could be simultaneously and regioselectively incorporated onto alkenes. The success depends on TFA-promoted domino photocatalytic oxidative quenching activation and radical-polar crossover pathway. Plausible mechanism is proposed based on mechanistic investigations. Moreover, the reserved C - X bonds of these products are beneficial for performing further synthetic elaborations.
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39
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Badir SO, Lipp A, Krumb M, Cabrera-Afonso MJ, Kammer LM, Wu VE, Huang M, Csakai A, Marcaurelle LA, Molander GA. Photoredox-mediated hydroalkylation and hydroarylation of functionalized olefins for DNA-encoded library synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12036-12045. [PMID: 34667569 PMCID: PMC8457374 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology features a time- and cost-effective interrogation format for the discovery of therapeutic candidates in the pharmaceutical industry. To develop DEL platforms, the implementation of water-compatible transformations that facilitate the incorporation of multifunctional building blocks (BBs) with high C(sp3) carbon counts is integral for success. In this report, a decarboxylative-based hydroalkylation of DNA-conjugated trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes enabled by single-electron transfer (SET) and subsequent hydrogen atom termination through electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex activation is detailed. In a further photoredox-catalyzed hydroarylation protocol, the coupling of functionalized, electronically unbiased olefins is achieved under air and within minutes of blue light irradiation through the intermediacy of reactive (hetero)aryl radical species with full retention of the DNA tag integrity. Notably, these processes operate under mild reaction conditions, furnishing complex structural scaffolds with a high density of pendant functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorouk O Badir
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Alexander Lipp
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Matthias Krumb
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - María Jesús Cabrera-Afonso
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Lisa Marie Kammer
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Victoria E Wu
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Minxue Huang
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Adam Csakai
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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40
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox-Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21116-21149. [PMID: 33629454 PMCID: PMC8382814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photomediated Giese reactions are at the forefront of radical chemistry, much like the classical tin-mediated Giese reactions were nearly forty years ago. With the global recognition of organometallic photocatalysts for the mild and tunable generation of carbon-centered radicals, chemists have developed a torrent of strategies to form previously inaccessible radical intermediates that are capable of engaging in intermolecular conjugate addition reactions. This Review summarizes advances in photoredox-mediated Giese reactions since 2013, with a focus on the breadth of methods that provide access to crucial carbon-centered radical intermediates that can engage in radical conjugate addition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, NC, 27708-0354, USA
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41
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Zhang M, He P, Li Y. Contemporary Approaches to α,β-Dehydroamino Acid Chemical Modifications. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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42
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Zhu F, Powell WC, Jing R, Walczak MA. Organometallic Ala M Reagents for Umpolung Peptide Diversification. CHEM CATALYSIS 2021; 1:870-884. [PMID: 34738092 PMCID: PMC8562471 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Selective modifications of peptides and proteins have emerged as a promising strategy to develop novel mechanistic probes and prepare compounds with translational potentials. Here, we report alanine carbastannatranes AlaSn as a universal synthon in various C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. These reagents are compatible with peptide manipulation techniques and can undergo chemoselective conjugation in minutes when promoted by Pd(0). Despite their increased nucleophilicity and propensity to transfer the alkyl group, C(sp3)-C(sp2) coupling with AlaSn can be accomplished at room temperature under buffered conditions (pH 6.5-8.5). We also show that AlaSn can be easily transformed into several canonical L- and D-amino acids in arylation, acylation, and etherification reactions. Furthermore, AlaSn can partake in macrocyclizations exemplified by the synthesis of medium size cyclic peptides with various topologies. Taken together, metalated alanine AlaSn demonstrates unparalleled scope and represents a new type of umpolung reagents suitable for structure-activity relationship studies and peptide diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. C
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Wyatt C. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ruiheng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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43
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Spurlin RM, Harris AL, Pratt CJ, Jui NT. Synthesis of Spirocyclic Piperidines by Radical Hydroarylation. Synlett 2021; 32:211-214. [PMID: 34326573 DOI: 10.1055/a-1315-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reported here are conditions for the construction of spirocyclic piperidines from linear aryl halide precursors. These conditions employ a strongly reducing organic photoredox catalyst in combination with a trialkylamine reductant to achieve formation of aryl radical species. Regioselective cyclization followed by hydrogen-atom transfer affords a range of complex spiropiperidines. This system operates efficiently under mild conditions without the need for toxic reagents or precious metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber L Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cameron J Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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44
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Immel JR, Chilamari M, Bloom S. Combining flavin photocatalysis with parallel synthesis: a general platform to optimize peptides with non-proteinogenic amino acids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10083-10091. [PMID: 34377401 PMCID: PMC8317666 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02562g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most peptide drugs contain non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs), born out through extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Synthetically laborious and expensive to manufacture, NPAAs also can have poor coupling efficiencies allowing only a small fraction to be sampled by conventional SPPS. To gain general access to NPAA-containing peptides, we developed a first-generation platform that merges contemporary flavin photocatalysis with parallel synthesis to simultaneously make, purify, quantify, and even test up to 96 single-NPAA peptide variants via the unique combination of boronic acids and a dehydroalanine residue in a peptide. We showcase the power of our newly minted platform to introduce NPAAs of diverse chemotypes-aliphatic, aromatic, heteroaromatic-directly into peptides, including 15 entirely new residues, and to evolve a simple proteinogenic peptide into an unnatural inhibitor of thrombin by non-classical peptide SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas Integrated Science Building Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Maheshwerreddy Chilamari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas Integrated Science Building Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas Integrated Science Building Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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45
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Faraggi TM, Rouget-Virbel C, Rincón JA, Barberis M, Mateos C, García-Cerrada S, Agejas J, de Frutos O, MacMillan DWC. Synthesis of Enantiopure Unnatural Amino Acids by Metallaphotoredox Catalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:1966-1973. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomer M. Faraggi
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Caroline Rouget-Virbel
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Mario Barberis
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerrada
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Javier Agejas
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro de Investigación Eli Lilly, S. A. Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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46
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox‐Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry Duke University Box 90346 Durham NC 27708-0354 USA
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47
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Radical philicity and its role in selective organic transformations. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:486-499. [PMID: 37118440 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical intermediates in organic chemistry lack a full octet of electrons and, thus, are commonly said to be electron deficient. By denotation, such a statement is technically correct; however, in modern literature, the term 'electron deficient' carries a connotation of electrophilicity. This lexical quirk leads one to predict that all radicals should behave as electrophiles, when this is not the case. Indeed, practitioners of radical chemistry have known for decades that many radicals behave as nucleophiles, sometimes strongly so. This Review aims to establish guidelines for understanding radical philicity by highlighting examples from recent literature as a demonstration of general reactivity paradigms across a series of different carbon-based and heteroatom-based radicals. We present strategies for predicting the philicity of a given radical on the basis of qualitative features of the radical's structure. Finally, we discuss the implications of radical philicity to selective hydrogen atom transfer.
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48
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Delgado JAC, Correia JTM, Pissinati EF, Paixão MW. Biocompatible Photoinduced Alkylation of Dehydroalanine for the Synthesis of Unnatural α-Amino Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:5251-5255. [PMID: 34152782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A site-selective alkylation of dehydroalanine to access protected unnatural amino acids is described. The protocol is characterized by the wide nature of alkyl radicals employed, mild conditions, and functional group compatibility. This protocol is further extended to access peptides, late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals, and enantioenriched amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A C Delgado
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - José T M Correia
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Emanuele F Pissinati
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Márcio W Paixão
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235-SP-310, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
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49
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Merkens K, Aguilar Troyano FJ, Anwar K, Gómez-Suárez A. Synthesis of γ-Oxo-α-amino Acids via Radical Acylation with Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8448-8456. [PMID: 34060842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a highly efficient, light-mediated, deoxygenative protocol to access γ-oxo-α-amino acid derivatives. This radical methodology employs photoredox catalysis, in combination with triphenylphosphine, to generate acyl radicals from readily available (hetero)aromatic and vinylic carboxylic acids. This approach allows for the straightforward synthesis of γ-oxo-α-amino acids bearing a wide range of functional groups (e.g., Cl, CN, furan, thiophene, Bpin) in synthetically useful yields (∼60% average yield). To further highlight the utility of the methodology, several deprotection and derivatization reactions were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Merkens
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Khadijah Anwar
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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50
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Li YL, Zhang SQ, Chen J, Xia JB. Highly Regio- and Enantioselective Reductive Coupling of Alkynes and Aldehydes via Photoredox Cobalt Dual Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7306-7313. [PMID: 33951915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A Co-catalyzed highly regio- and enantioselective reductive coupling of alkynes and aldehydes has been developed under visible light photoredox dual catalysis. A variety of enantioenriched allylic alcohols have been obtained by using unsymmetrical internal alkynes and commercially available catalyst, chiral ligand, and reagents. It is noteworthy that this approach has considerable advantages, such as excellent regio- (>95:5 for >40 examples), stereo- (up to >95:5 E/Z), and enantioselectivity (92-99% ee, >35 examples) control, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and good functional group compatibility, making it a great improvement to enantioselective alkyne-aldehyde reductive coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ji-Bao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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