1
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Vigil D, Zhang A, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH. Phase Separation, Reaction Equilibrium, and Self-Assembly in Binary Telechelic Homopolymer Blends. Macromolecules 2023; 56:9994-10005. [PMID: 38161325 PMCID: PMC10753893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We study a binary blend of telechelic homopolymers that can form reversible AB-type bonds at the chain ends. Reversibly bonding polymers display novel material properties, including thermal tunability and self-healing, that are not found in conventional covalently bonded polymers. Previous studies of reversibly bonding polymer systems have been limited by the computational demand of accounting for an infinite number of possible reaction products in a spatially inhomogeneous, self-assembled structure. We demonstrate that newly developed theoretical models and numerical methods enable the simultaneous computation of phase equilibrium, reaction equilibrium, and self-assembly via self-consistent field theory. Phase diagrams are computed at a variety of physically relevant conditions and are compared with nonreactive analogues as well as previous experimental studies of telechelic polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
L. Vigil
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Amy Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kris T. Delaney
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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2
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Gavrilov AA. Effect of the counterion size on microphase separation in charged-neutral diblock copolymers. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054901. [PMID: 36754807 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the question of the influence of the counterion size on the self-assembly in melts of diblock copolymers with one charged block was studied using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. It was assumed that the blocks were fully compatible, i.e., the Flory-Huggins parameter χ between them was equal to 0. Due to the presence of correlation attraction (electrostatic cohesion) between the charged species, the systems with all types of counterions underwent transitions to ordered states, forming various morphologies, including lamellae, perforated lamellae, and hexagonally packed cylinders. Phase diagrams were constructed by varying the chain composition fc and locating the order-disorder transition positions in terms of the electrostatic strength parameter λ (dimensionless Bjerrum length). Despite having a rather large ion size mismatch, the systems with smaller counterions demonstrated an even better tendency to form microphase separated states than the systems with larger ones. It was found that the differences between the phase diagrams of the systems with different counterions can be roughly rationalized by using coordinates (volume fraction of the charged block φc-modified interaction parameter λ*). The latter parameter assumes that the electrostatic energy is simply inversely proportional to the characteristic distance between the ions of different signs. Such an approach appeared to be rather effective and allowed the diagrams obtained for different counterion sizes to almost coincide. The results of this work suggest that the counterion size can be used as a tool to control the system morphology as well as the effective incompatibility between the blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Gavrilov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia and A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Kong X, Qin J. Microphase Separation in Neutral Homopolymer Blends Induced by Salt-Doping. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Kong
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
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4
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Rumyantsev AM, Johner A, Tirrell MV, de Pablo JJ. Unifying Weak and Strong Charge Correlations within the Random Phase Approximation: Polyampholytes of Various Sequences. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artem M. Rumyantsev
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Albert Johner
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR22, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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5
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Gordievskaya YD, Kramarenko EY, Gavrilov AA. The effect of explicit polarity on the conformational behavior of a single polyelectrolyte chain. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26296-26305. [PMID: 34787619 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03167h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work using dissipative particle dynamics simulations with explicit treatment of polar species we demonstrate that the molecular nature of dielectric media has a significant impact on swelling and collapse of a polyelectrolyte chain in a dilute solution. We show that the small-scale effects related to the presence of polar species lead to the intensification of the electrostatic interactions when the charges are close to each other and/or their density is high enough. As a result, the electrostatic strength , usually regarded as the main parameter governing the polyelectrolyte chain collapse, does not have a universal meaning: the value of λ at which the coil-to-globule transition occurs is found to be dependent on the specific fixed value of the solvent bulk permittivity ε while varying the monomer unit charge Q and vice versa. This effect is observed even when the backbone and the counterions have the same polarity as the solvent beads, i.e. no dielectric mismatch is present. The reason for such behavior is rationalized in terms of the "effective" dielectric permittivity εeff which depends on the volume fraction φ of charged units inside the polymer chain volume; using εeff instead of ε collapses all data onto one master curve describing the chain shrinking with λ. Furthermore, it is shown that a polar chain adopts less swollen conformations in the polyelectrolyte regime and collapses more easily compared to a non-polar chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia D Gordievskaya
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia. .,A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Kramarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia. .,A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Gavrilov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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6
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Le ML, Rawlings D, Danielsen SPO, Kennard RM, Chabinyc ML, Segalman RA. Aqueous Formulation of Concentrated Semiconductive Fluid Using Polyelectrolyte Coacervation. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1008-1014. [PMID: 35549124 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), which combine π-conjugated backbones with ionic side chains, are intrinsically soluble in polar solvents and have demonstrated tunability with respect to solution processability and optoelectronic performance. However, this class of polymers often suffers from limited solubility in water. Here, we demonstrate how polyelectrolyte coacervation can be utilized for aqueous processing of conjugated polymers at extremely high polymer loading. Sampling various mixing conditions, we identify compositions that enable the formation of complex coacervates of an alkoxysulfonate-substituted PEDOT (PEDOT-S) with poly(3-methyl-1-propylimidazolylacrylamide) (PA-MPI). The resulting coacervate is a viscous fluid containing 50% w/v polymer and can be readily blade-coated into films of 4 ± 0.5 μm thick. Subsequent acid doping of the film increased the electrical conductivity of the coacervate to twice that of a doped film of neat PEDOT-S. This higher conductivity of the doped coacervate film suggests an enhancement in charge carrier transport along PEDOT-S backbone, in agreement with spectroscopic data, which shows an enhancement in the conjugation length of PEDOT-S upon coacervation. This study illustrates the utilization of electrostatic interactions in aqueous processing of conjugated polymers, which will be useful in large-scale industrial processing of semiconductive materials using limited solvent and with added enhancements to optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Linh Le
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dakota Rawlings
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Rhiannon M. Kennard
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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7
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Ma B, Olvera de la Cruz M. A Perspective on the Design of Ion-Containing Polymers for Polymer Electrolyte Applications. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3015-3022. [PMID: 33635658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers have numerous potential applications as energy storage and conversion devices, water purification membranes, and gas separation membranes, to name a few. Given the low dielectric constant of the media, ions and charges on polymers in a molten state interact strongly producing large effects on chain statistics, thermodynamics, and diffusion properties. Here, we discuss recent research accomplishments on the effects of ionic correlation and dielectric heterogeneity on the phase behavior of ion-containing polymers. Progress made in studying ion transport properties in these material systems is also highlighted. Charged block copolymers (BCPs), among all kinds of ion-containing polymers, have a particular advantage owing to their robust mechanical support and ion conducting paths provided by the segregation of the neutral and charged blocks. Coulombic interactions among the charges play a critical role in determining the phase segregation in charged BCPs and the domain size of charge-rich regions. We show that strongly charged BCPs display ordered phases as a result of electrostatic interactions alone. In addition, bulky charge-containing side groups attached to the charged block lead to the formation of morphologies that provide continuous channels and better dissociation for ion conduction purposes. Finally, a few avenues for designing ion-containing polymers for energy applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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8
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Grzetic DJ, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH. Electrostatic Manipulation of Phase Behavior in Immiscible Charged Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Grzetic
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kris T. Delaney
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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9
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Subbotin AV, Semenov AN. The Structure of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates and Multilayers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Subbotin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 29, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prosp. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Semenov
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS - UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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10
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Gavrilov AA. Dissipative particle dynamics for systems with polar species: Interactions in dielectric media. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:164101. [PMID: 32357770 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we develop a method for simulating polar species in the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method. The main idea behind the method is to treat each bead as a dumb-bell, i.e., two sub-beads kept at a fixed distance, instead of a point-like particle. The relation between the bead dipole moment and the bulk dielectric permittivity was obtained. The interaction force of single charges in polar liquid showed that the effective dielectric permittivity is somewhat smaller than that obtained for the bulk case at large separation between the charges. In order to understand the reasons behind the observed drop in the dielectric permittivity, we calculate the electric field of an isolated charge in a polar liquid; no permittivity drop is observed for this case. We can assume that the behavior observed for the force is due to the fact that the probing point is always associated with the charged bead, which is a force center, which essentially leads to a non-homogeneous density distribution around it on average; this is not the case when the field is measured. The interaction of a single charge with an interface between two liquids with different permittivities was studied after that; the model is found to correctly reproduce the "mirror image" effects. Finally, we show why it is necessary to treat the polar species in DPD explicitly by investigating the behavior of a charged colloidal particle at a liquid-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Gavrilov
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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11
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Lugovitskaya TN, Zudina IV, Shipovskaya AB. Obtaining and Properties of L-Aspartic Acid Solutions of Chitosan. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Rumyantsev AM, de Pablo JJ. Microphase Separation in Polyelectrolyte Blends: Weak Segregation Theory and Relation to Nuclear “Pasta”. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artem M. Rumyantsev
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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13
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Rumyantsev AM, Gavrilov AA, Kramarenko EY. Electrostatically Stabilized Microphase Separation in Blends of Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artem M. Rumyantsev
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Gavrilov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Kwon HK, Ma B, Olvera de la Cruz M. Determining the Regimes of Dielectric Mismatch and Ionic Correlation Effects in Ionomer Blends. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Gordievskaya YD, Kramarenko EY. Effect of Counterion Size on the Structure of a Flexible Polyelectrolyte Chain in Low-Polar Solvents. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s181123821802008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Rumyantsev AM, Kramarenko EY, Borisov OV. Microphase Separation in Complex Coacervate Due to Incompatibility between Polyanion and Polycation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artem M. Rumyantsev
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, Pau, France
| | | | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, Pau, France
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Peter the Great
St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Grzetic DJ, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH. The effective χ parameter in polarizable polymeric systems: One-loop perturbation theory and field-theoretic simulations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:204903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5025720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Grzetic
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Kris T. Delaney
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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18
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Rumyantsev AM, Zhulina EB, Borisov OV. Complex Coacervate of Weakly Charged Polyelectrolytes: Diagram of States. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artem M. Rumyantsev
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, Pau, France
| | - Ekaterina B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004, St. Petersburg, Russia
- National Research
University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, Pau, France
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004, St. Petersburg, Russia
- National Research
University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
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19
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Rumyantsev AM, Potemkin II. Explicit description of complexation between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes as an advantage of the random phase approximation over the scaling approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27580-27592. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05300b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Formation of single globules via 1 : 1 complexation of oppositely charged linear chains occurs prior to coacervation. Fcorr is proved to be negative which is the difference between the random phase approximation (RPA) correction term and the self-energy of the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem M. Rumyantsev
- Physics Department
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
| | - Igor I. Potemkin
- Physics Department
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
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