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Tayeb HH, Felimban R, Almaghrabi S, Hasaballah N. Nanoemulsions: Formulation, characterization, biological fate, and potential role against COVID-19 and other viral outbreaks. COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 45:100533. [PMID: 34692429 PMCID: PMC8526445 DOI: 10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are emerging as global threats. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has severe global impacts. Safety, dosage, and potency of vaccines recently approved for emergency use against SARS-CoV-2 need further evaluation. There is still no effective treatment against COVID-19; therefore, safe, and effective vaccines or therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions (O/W NEs) are emerging as sophisticated, protective, and therapeutic platforms. Encapsulation capacity, which offers better drug pharmacokinetics, coupled with the tunable surfaces present NEs as promising tools for pharmaceutical applications. The challenges facing drug discovery, and the advancements of NEs in drug delivery demonstrate the potential of NEs against evolving diseases, like COVID-19. Here we summarize current COVID-19 knowledge and discuss the composition, stability, preparation, characterization, and biological fate of O/W NEs. We also provide insights into NE structural-functional properties that may contribute to therapeutic or preventative solutions against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam H Tayeb
- Nanomedicine Unit, Center of Innovations in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Felimban
- 3D Bioprinting Unit, Center of Innovations in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Almaghrabi
- Nanomedicine Unit, Center of Innovations in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nojod Hasaballah
- Nanomedicine Unit, Center of Innovations in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Gao Y, Zhao CX, Sainsbury F. Droplet shape control using microfluidics and designer biosurfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:528-538. [PMID: 33129162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many uses of emulsion droplets require precise control over droplet size and shape. Here we report a 'shape-memorable' micro-droplet formulation stabilized by a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified protein -surfactant, the droplets are stable against coalescence for months and can maintain non-spherical shapes for hours, depending on the surface coverage of PEGylated protein. Monodisperse droplets with aspect ratios ranging from 1.0 to 3.4 were controllably synthesized with a flow-focusing microfluidic device. Mechanical properties of the interfacial protein network were explored to elucidate the mechanism behind the droplet shape conservation phenomenon. Characterization of the protein film revealed that the presence of a PEG layer at interfaces alters the mechanical responses of the protein film, resulting in interfacial networks with improved strength. Taking advantage of the prolonged stabilization of non-spherical droplets, we demonstrate functionalization of the droplet interface with accessible biotins. The stabilization of micro-droplet shape with surface-active proteins that also serve as an anchor for integrating functional moieties, provides a tailorable interface for diverse biomimetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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High-intensity ultrasound together with heat treatment improves the oil-in-water emulsion stability of egg white protein peptides. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tayeb HH, Stienecker M, Middelberg APJ, Sainsbury F. Impact of Site-Specific Bioconjugation on the Interfacial Activity of a Protein Biosurfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13588-13594. [PMID: 31557042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface active molecules that can be produced by renewable, industrially scalable biologic processes. DAMP4, a designer biosurfactant, enables the modification of interfaces via genetic or chemical fusion to functional moieties. However, bioconjugation of addressable amines introduces heterogeneity that limits the precision of functionalization as well as the resolution of interfacial characterization. Here, we designed DAMP4 variants with cysteine point mutations to allow for site-specific bioconjugation. The DAMP4 variants were shown to retain the structural stability and interfacial activity characteristic of the parent molecule, while permitting efficient and specific conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEGylation results in a considerable reduction on the interfacial activity of both single and double mutants. Comparison of conjugates with one or two conjugation sites shows that both the number of conjugates as well as the mass of conjugated material impact the interfacial activity of DAMP4. As a result, the ability of DAMP4 variants with multiple PEG conjugates to impart colloidal stability on peptide-stabilized emulsions is reduced. We suggest that this is due to steric constraints on the structures of amphiphilic helices at the interface. Specific and efficient bioconjugation permits the exploration and investigation of the interfacial properties of designer protein biosurfactants with molecular precision. Our findings should therefore inform the design and modification of biosurfactants for their increasing use in industrial processes and nutritional and pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam H Tayeb
- The University of Queensland , Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , St. Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Marina Stienecker
- The University of Queensland , Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , St. Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Anton P J Middelberg
- The University of Queensland , Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , St. Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- The University of Queensland , Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , St. Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
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Dergunov SA, Richter AG, Kim MD, Pingali SV, Urban VS, Pinkhassik E. Deciphering and Controlling Structural and Functional Parameters of the Shells in Vesicle-Templated Polymer Nanocapsules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13020-13030. [PMID: 31403799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle-templated nanocapsules are prepared by polymerization of hydrophobic acrylic monomers and cross-linkers in the hydrophobic interior of self-assembled bilayers. Understanding the mechanism of capsule formation and the influence of synthetic parameters on the structural features and functional performance of nanocapsules is critical for the rational design of functional nanodevices, an emerging trend of application of the nanocapsule platform. This study investigated the relationship between basic parameters of the formulation and synthesis of nanocapsules and structural and functional characteristics of the resulting structures. Variations in the monomer/surfactant ratio, temperature of polymerization, and the molar fraction of the free-radical initiators were investigated with a multipronged approach, including shell thickness measurements using small-angle neutron scattering, evaluation of the structural integrity of nanocapsules with scanning electron microscopy, and determination of the retention of entrapped molecules using absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Surprisingly, the thickness of the shells did not correlate with the monomer/surfactant ratio, supporting the hypothesis of substantial stabilization of the surfactant bilayer with loaded monomers. Decreasing the temperature of polymerization had no effect on the spherical structure of nanocapsules but resulted in progressively lower retention of entrapped molecules, suggesting that a spherical skeleton of nanocapsule forms rapidly, followed by filling the gaps to create the structure without pinholes. Lower content of initiators resulted in slower reactions, outlining the baseline conditions for practical synthetic protocols. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the formation of nanocapsules and offer methods for controlling the properties of nanocapsules in viable synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd. , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Andrew George Richter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana 46383 , United States
| | - Mariya D Kim
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd. , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Sai Venkatesh Pingali
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , P.O. Box 2008 MS-6430, Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831-6430 , United States
| | - Volker S Urban
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , P.O. Box 2008 MS-6430, Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831-6430 , United States
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd. , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
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Estabrook DA, Ennis AF, Day RA, Sletten EM. Controlling nanoemulsion surface chemistry with poly(2-oxazoline) amphiphiles. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3994-4003. [PMID: 31015940 PMCID: PMC6457192 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05735d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emulsions are dynamic materials that have been extensively employed within pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. However, their use beyond conventional applications has been hindered by difficulties in surface functionalization, and an inability to selectively control physicochemical properties. Here, we employ custom poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymers to overcome these limitations. We demonstrate that poly(2-oxazoline) copolymers can effectively stabilize nanoscale droplets of hydrocarbon and perfluorocarbon in water. The controlled living polymerization of poly(2-oxazoline)s allows for the incorporation of chemical handles into the surfactants such that covalent modification of the emulsion surface can be performed. Through post-emulsion modification of these new surfactants, we are able to access nanoemulsions with modified surface chemistries, yet consistent sizes. By decoupling size and surface charge, we explore structure-activity relationships involving the cellular uptake of nanoemulsions in both macrophage and non-macrophage cell lines. We conclude that the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of poly(2-oxazoline)-stabilized droplets can be systematically tuned via chemical modification of emulsion surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Estabrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 607 Charles E. Young, Dr. E. , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
| | - Amanda F Ennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 607 Charles E. Young, Dr. E. , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
| | - Rachael A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 607 Charles E. Young, Dr. E. , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 607 Charles E. Young, Dr. E. , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
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Tayeb HH, Sainsbury F. Nanoemulsions in drug delivery: formulation to medical application. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2507-2525. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale oil-in-water emulsions (NEs), heterogeneous systems of two immiscible liquids stabilized by emulsifiers or surfactants, show great potential in medical applications because of their attractive characteristics for drug delivery. NEs have been explored as therapeutic carriers for hydrophobic compounds via various routes of administration. NEs provide opportunities to improve drug delivery via alternative administration routes. However, deep understanding of the NE manufacturing and functionalization fundamentals, and how they relate to the choice of administration route and pharmacological profile is still needed to ease the clinical translation of NEs. Here, we review the diversity of medical applications for NEs and how that governs their formulation, route of administration, and the emergence of increasing sophistication in NE design for specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam H Tayeb
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Yamada M, Tayeb H, Wang H, Dang N, Mohammed YH, Osseiran S, Belt PJ, Roberts MS, Evans CL, Sainsbury F, Prow TW. Using elongated microparticles to enhance tailorable nanoemulsion delivery in excised human skin and volunteers. J Control Release 2018; 288:264-276. [PMID: 30227159 PMCID: PMC7050638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates, for the first time, clinical testing of elongated silica microparticles (EMP) combined with tailorable nanoemulsions (TNE) to enhance topical delivery of hydrophobic drug surrogates. Likewise, this is the first report of 6-carboxyfluorescein (a model molecule for topically delivered hydrophobic drugs) AM1 & DAMP4 (novel short peptide surfactants) used in volunteers. The EMP penetrates through the epidermis and stop at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). TNE are unusually stable and useful because the oil core allows high drug loading levels and the surface properties can be easily controlled. At first, we chose alginate as a crosslinking agent between EMP and TNE. We initially incorporated a fluorescent lipophilic dye, DiI, as a hydrophobic drug surrogate into TNE for visualization with microscopy. We compared four different coating approaches to combine EMP and TNE and tested these formulations in freshly excised human skin. The delivery profile characterisation was imaged by dye- free coherent anti-Stoke Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy to detect the core droplet of TNE that was packed with pharmaceutical grade lipid (glycerol) instead of DiI. These data show the EMP penetrating to the DEJ followed by controlled release of the TNE. Freeze-dried formulations with crosslinking resulted in a sustained release profile, whereas a freeze-dried formulation without crosslinking showed an immediate burst-type release profile. Finally, we tested the crosslinked TNE coated EMP formulation in volunteers using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to document the penetration depth characteristics. These forms of microscopy have limitations in terms of image acquisition speed and imaging area coverage but can detect fluorescent drug delivery through the superficial skin in volunteers. 6-Carboxyfluorescein was selected as the fluorescent drug surrogate for the volunteer study based on the similarity of size, charge and hydrophobicity characteristics to small therapeutic drugs that are difficult to deliver through skin. The imaging data showed a 6-carboxyfluorescein signal deep in volunteer skin supporting the hypothesis that EMP can indeed enhance the delivery of TNE in human skin. There were no adverse events recorded at the time of the study or after the study, supporting the use of 6-carboxyfluorescein as a safe and detectable drug surrogate for topical drug research. In conclusion, dry formulations, with controllable release profiles can be obtained with TNE coated EMP that can effectively enhance hydrophobic payload delivery deep into the human epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miko Yamada
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hossam Tayeb
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hequn Wang
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Nhung Dang
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yousuf H Mohammed
- Therapeutic Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Sam Osseiran
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Belt
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutic Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
| | - Tarl W Prow
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
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Wei Z, Piantavigna S, Holt SA, Nelson A, Spicer PT, Prescott SW. Comparing Surfactant Structures at "Soft" and "Hard" Hydrophobic Materials: Not All Interfaces Are Equivalent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9141-9152. [PMID: 29999320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial structures of a range of amphiphilic molecules are studied with both "soft" and "hard" hydrophobic substrates. Neutron reflection and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements highlight the differences between the adsorbed structures adopted by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TAB), and the "AM1" surface active peptide. At the soft siloxane/water interface, small molecular surfactants form loosely packed layers, with the hydrophobic tails penetrating into the oily layer, and an area per surfactant molecule that is significantly less than previously reported for the air/water interface. Neutron reflection measurements, supported by quartz crystal microbalance studies, indicate that for C16TAB, approximately 30 ± 8% of the alkyl tail penetrates into the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) layer, whereas 20 ± 5% of the alkyl tail of SDS is located in the PDMS. For the engineered peptide surfactant AM1 (21 residues), it was found that one face of the α helix penetrated into the PDMS film. In contrast, penetration of the surfactant tails was not observed against hard solidlike hydrophobic surfaces made from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) for any of the molecular species studied. At the OTS/water interface, C16TAB and SDS were seen to adsorb as larger aggregates and not as monolayers. Amphiphilic adsorption (amount, structural conformation) at the PDMS/water interface is shown to be different from that at both the air/water interface and the hard OTS/water interface, illustrating that interfacial structures cannot be predicted by the surfactant packing parameter alone. The bound PDMS layer is shown to be a useful proxy for the oil/water interface in surface and stabilization studies, with hydrophobic components of the molecules able to penetrate into the oily PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyi Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Stefania Piantavigna
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Lucas Heights , NSW 2234 , Australia
| | - Stephen A Holt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Lucas Heights , NSW 2234 , Australia
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Lucas Heights , NSW 2234 , Australia
| | - Patrick T Spicer
- School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Stuart W Prescott
- School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
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