1
|
Allkja J, Roudbary M, Alves AMV, Černáková L, Rodrigues CF. Biomaterials with antifungal strategies to fight oral infections. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:1151-1163. [PMID: 37587010 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2236784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Oral fungal infections pose a threat to human health and increase the economic burden of oral diseases by prolonging and complicating treatment. A cost-effective strategy is to try to prevent these infections from happening in the first place. With this purpose, biomaterials with antifungal properties are a crucial element to overcome fungal infections in the oral cavity. In this review, we go through different kinds of biomaterials and coatings that can be used to functionalize them. We also review their potential as a therapeutic approach in addition to prophylaxis, by going through traditional and alternative antifungal compounds, e.g., essential oils, that could be incorporated in them, to enhance their efficacy against fungal pathogens. We aim to highlight the potential of these technologies and propose questions that need to be addressed in prospective research. Finally, we intend to concatenate the key aspects and technologies on the use of biomaterials in oral health, to create an easy to find summary of the current state-of-the-art for researchers in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jontana Allkja
- Faculty of Engineering, LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anelise Maria Vasconcelos Alves
- Faculty of Engineering, LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, Brazil
| | - Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Célia Fortuna Rodrigues
- Faculty of Engineering, LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário - CESPU, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wen J, Almurani M, Liu P, Sun Y. Aldehyde-functionalized cellulose as reactive sorbents for the capture and retention of polyamine odor molecules associated with chronic wounds. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121077. [PMID: 37321714 PMCID: PMC10294296 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde-functionalized cellulose (AFC) was prepared by oxidizing cellulose with sodium metaperiodate. The reaction was characterized by Schiff's test, FT-IR, and UV-vis study. AFC was evaluated as a reactive sorbent for controlling polyamine-based odor from chronic wounds, and its performance was compared with charcoal, one of the most widely utilized odor-control sorbents through physisorption. Cadaverine was used as the model odor molecule. A liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was established to quantify the compound. AFC was found to rapidly react with cadaverine through the Schiff-base reaction, which was confirmed by FT-IR, visual observation, CHN elemental analysis, and the ninhydrin test. The sorption and desorption behaviors of cadaverine onto AFC were quantified. With clinic-relevant cadaverine concentrations, AFC demonstrated much better sorption performance than charcoal. At even higher cadaverine concentrations charcoal showed higher sorption capacity, probably due to its high surface area. On the other hand, in desorption studies, AFC retained much more of the sorbed cadaverine than charcoal. When AFC and charcoal were combined, the pair demonstrated excellent sorption and desorption behaviors. The XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay confirmed that AFC has very good in vitro biocompatibility. These results suggest that AFC-based reactive sorption can be a new strategy to control odors associated with chronic wounds for improved healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchuan Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
| | - Menal Almurani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zamboni F, Wong CK, Collins MN. Hyaluronic acid association with bacterial, fungal and viral infections: Can hyaluronic acid be used as an antimicrobial polymer for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications? Bioact Mater 2023; 19:458-473. [PMID: 35574061 PMCID: PMC9079116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between hyaluronic acid (HA) and pathological microorganisms incite new understandings on microbial infection, tissue penetration, disease progression and lastly, potential treatments. These understandings are important for the advancement of next generation antimicrobial therapeutical strategies for the control of healthcare-associated infections. Herein, this review will focus on the interplay between HA, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review will also comprehensively detail and discuss the antimicrobial activity displayed by various HA molecular weights for a variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, including microbiology, pharmaceutics, and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Zamboni
- Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Maurice N. Collins
- Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saravanakumar K, Park S, Santosh SS, Ganeshalingam A, Thiripuranathar G, Sathiyaseelan A, Vijayasarathy S, Swaminathan A, Priya VV, Wang MH. Application of hyaluronic acid in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and nanomedicine: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2744-2760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
5
|
Pinheiro MJF, Costa JP, Marques F, Mira NP, Carvalho MFNN, Alves MM. Bioactive Coatings with Ag-Camphorimine Complexes to Prevent Surface Colonization by the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060638. [PMID: 34073375 PMCID: PMC8227220 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently there is a gap between the rate of new antifungal development and the emergence of resistance among Candida clinical strains, particularly threatened by the extreme adhesiveness of C. albicans to indwelling medical devices. Two silver camphorimine complexes, [Ag(OH){OC10H14N(C6H4)2NC10H14O}] (compound P) and [{Ag(OC10H14NC6H4CH3-p)}2(μ-O)] (compound Q), are herein demonstrated as having high inhibiting activity towards the growth of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata clinical strains resistant to azoles, the frontline antifungals used in clinical practice. Compounds P and Q were also explored as bioactive coatings to prevent colonization by C. albicans and colonize the surface of indwelling medical devices, resulting in persistent infections. Functionalization of stainless steel with polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix embedded with compounds P or Q was reported for the first time to inhibit the colonization of C. albicans by 82% and 75%, respectively. The coating of PCL loaded with Q or P did not cause cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells, demonstrating the biocompatibility of the explored approach. The identification and further exploration of new approaches for surface engineering based on new molecules that can sensitize resistant strains, as herein demonstrated for complexes P and Q, is a significant step forward to improve the successful treatment of candidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Joana F. Pinheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Joana P. Costa
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (CTN), Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal;
| | - Nuno P. Mira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto de Bioengenharia e Biociências (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.P.M.); (M.F.N.N.C.); (M.M.A.)
| | - M. Fernanda N. N. Carvalho
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.P.M.); (M.F.N.N.C.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Marta M. Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.P.M.); (M.F.N.N.C.); (M.M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vera-González N, Shukla A. Advances in Biomaterials for the Prevention and Disruption of Candida Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:538602. [PMID: 33042051 PMCID: PMC7527432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.538602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species can readily colonize a multitude of indwelling devices, leading to biofilm formation. These three-dimensional, surface-associated Candida communities employ a multitude of sophisticated mechanisms to evade treatment, leading to persistent and recurrent infections with high mortality rates. Further complicating matters, the current arsenal of antifungal therapeutics that are effective against biofilms is extremely limited. Antifungal biomaterials are gaining interest as an effective strategy for combating Candida biofilm infections. In this review, we explore biomaterials developed to prevent Candida biofilm formation and those that treat existing biofilms. Surface functionalization of devices employing clinically utilized antifungals, other antifungal molecules, and antifungal polymers has been extremely effective at preventing fungi attachment, which is the first step of biofilm formation. Several mechanisms can lead to this attachment inhibition, including contact killing and release-based killing of surrounding planktonic cells. Eliminating mature biofilms is arguably much more difficult than prevention. Nanoparticles have shown the most promise in disrupting existing biofilms, with the potential to penetrate the dense fungal biofilm matrix and locally target fungal cells. We will describe recent advances in both surface functionalization and nanoparticle therapeutics for the treatment of Candida biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Vera-González
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Anita Shukla
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bio- and Nanotechnology as the Key for Clinical Application of Salivary Peptide Histatin: A Necessary Advance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071024. [PMID: 32664360 PMCID: PMC7409060 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common microorganism of human’s microbiota and can be easily found in both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as well as in the genitourinary tract. Approximately 30% of people will be infected by C. albicans during their lifetime. Due to its easy adaptation, this microorganism started to present high resistance to antifungal agents which is associated with their indiscriminate use. There are several reports of adaptive mechanisms that this species can present. Some of them are intrinsic alteration in drug targets, secretion of extracellular enzymes to promote host protein degradation and efflux receptors that lead to a diminished action of common antifungal and host’s innate immune response. The current review aims to bring promising alternatives for the treatment of candidiasis caused mainly by C. albicans. One of these alternatives is the use of antifungal peptides (AFPs) from the Histatin family, like histatin-5. Besides that, our focus is to show how nanotechnology can allow the application of these peptides for treatment of this microorganism. In addition, our intention is to show the importance of nanoparticles (NPs) for this purpose, which may be essential in the near future.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Xia G, Zhang W, Chen K, Bi Y, Liu S, Zhang W, Liu R. Structural design and antimicrobial properties of polypeptides and saccharide–polypeptide conjugates. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9173-9196. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01916j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and progress of antimicrobial polypeptides and saccharide–polypeptide conjugates in regards to their structural design, biological functions and antimicrobial mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Guixue Xia
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Kang Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Yufang Bi
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Y, Ran Q, Shen X, Zheng H, Cai K. Enzyme responsive titanium substrates with antibacterial property and osteo/angio-genic differentiation potentials. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 185:110592. [PMID: 31639570 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After implantation into a host, titanium (Ti) orthopaedic materials are facing two major clinical challenges: bacterial infection and aseptic loosening, which directly determine the long-term survival of the implant. To endow Ti implant with self-defensive antibacterial properties and desirable osteo/angio-genic differentiation potentials, hyaluronic acid (HA)-gentamicin (Gen) conjugates (HA-Gen) and chitosan (Chi) polyelectrolyte multilayers were constructed on deferoxamine (DFO) loaded titania nanotubes (TNT) substrates via layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technique, termed as TNT/DFO/HA-Gen. The HA-Gen conjugate was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The physicochemical properties of the substrates were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. The on-demand DFO release was associated with the degradation of multilayers triggered by exogenous hyaluronidase, which indicated enzymatic and bacterial responsiveness. The TNT/DFO/HA-Gen substrates displayed effective antifouling and antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), while were favourable for the adhesion, proliferation and osteo/angio-genic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The multifaceted drug-device combination (DDC) strategy showed potential applications in orthopaedic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Qichun Ran
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Xinkun Shen
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Borro BC, Malmsten M. Complexation between antimicrobial peptides and polyelectrolytes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 270:251-260. [PMID: 31301601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a result of increasing bacterial resistance against antibiotics, we are facing an emerging health crisis, in which 'simple' infections may no longer be treatable. One class of molecules attracting interest in this context is antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and considerable research efforts have been directed to identifying selective and potent AMPs. In addition, since in vivo delivery of AMPs is challenging, there is an emerging awareness that successful development of AMP therapeutics can be facilitated by careful design of AMPs delivery systems. In the present overview, we discuss polyelectrolyte complexation as a strategy to deliver AMPs. In doing so, key factors for AMP-polyelectrolyte complexation are illustrated for AMP-polyelectrolyte nanoparticle formation, as well as for AMP incorporation in polyelectrolyte microgels and multilayer structures, and consequences of these for functional performance exemplified.
Collapse
|
11
|
Malic S, Rai S, Redfern J, Pritchett J, Liauw CM, Verran J, Tosheva L. Zeolite-embedded silver extends antimicrobial activity of dental acrylics. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 173:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Wijesinghe MS, Wen J, Oh JM, Chow KF, Sun Y. Demonstration of biofilm removal from type 304 stainless steel using pulsed-waveform electropolishing. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:731-739. [PMID: 30322270 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1492715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article describes an electrochemical method to remove bacterial biofilm from a stainless steel (SS) surface using a potential pulse/reverse pulse technique. This technique employs a periodic waveform that consists of anodic and cathodic pulses. The pulses can effectively strip a thin layer of metal off the SS surface, along with the adherent biofilm, in a saline solution. Not only can the pulses effectively remove biofilm from the SS surface, but they also regenerate the original mirror-like shiny surface. The importance of this electrochemical biofilm removal method is its wide applicability for any types of biofilms. That is, instead of directly removing the biofilm, it removes a very thin layer of the metal under the biofilm. Thus, the removal process is independent to the nature of the biofilms. Furthermore, this electrochemical biofilm removal method is rapid (less than 30 s of potential pulse time) and does not require hazardous chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianchuan Wen
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Jung-Min Oh
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Kwok-Fan Chow
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Yuyu Sun
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|