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Mitra Thakur R, Ma T, Shamblin G, Oka SS, Lalwani SM, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. Recyclable Organic Radical Electrodes for Metal-Free Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400788. [PMID: 38728155 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Organic batteries are one of the possible routes for transitioning to sustainable energy storage solutions. However, the recycling of organic batteries, which is a key step toward circularity, is not easily achieved. This work shows the direct recycling of poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl) (PTMA) and poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl acrylamide) (PTAm) based composite electrodes. After charge-discharge cycling, the electrodes are deconstructed using a solubilizing-solvent and then reconstructed using a casting-solvent. The electrochemical properties of the original and recycled electrodes are compared using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycling, from which it is discovered using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) that recycling can be challenged by the formation of a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). In turn, an additive is proposed to modify the CEI layer and improve the properties after recycling. Last, an anionic rocking chair battery consisting of PTAm electrodes as both positive and negative electrodes is demonstrated, in which the electrodes are recycled to form a new battery. This work demonstrates the recycling of composite electrodes for organic batteries and provides insights into the challenges and possible solutions for recycling the next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Grant Shamblin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Suyash S Oka
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Suvesh M Lalwani
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
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2
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Ma T, Fox E, Qi M, Li CH, Sachithani KAN, Mohanty K, Tabor DP, Pentzer EB, Lutkenhaus JL. Charge Transfer in Spatially Defined Organic Radical Polymers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9346-9351. [PMID: 38357527 PMCID: PMC10862473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Charge transfer in nonconjugated redox-active polymers is influenced by redox site proximity and polymer flexibility, but it is challenging to observe these effects independently. In this work, spatially defined radical-containing polymers are synthesized by using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of α,ω-dienes bearing a central activated ester. Postpolymerization functionalization with 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO) introduces TEMPO radical groups onto the polymer backbone through amide linkages to yield spatially defined polymers with radical units every 9, 11, 15, and 21 carbons. Increased radical spacing leads to reduced spin-spin coupling and increased chain flexibility. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) range from 47.6 to -13.8 °C, depending on the radical spacing. The spatially defined TEMPO-substituted polymer with a spacing length of 15 carbons displays the lowest Tg and the shortest hopping distance, as shown through molecular dynamics simulations. Also, this polymer displays kinetics 1000 times faster than the commonly studied TEMPO-containing polymer poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-ylacrylamide) (PTAm). Remarkably, comparison of the diffusion and kinetics attributed to the redox reaction reveals that both the apparent diffusion coefficient and the self-exchange reaction rate constant are correlated to the polymer's Tg as log[Dapp] and log[kex,app] ∼ Tg, respectively. Critically, these data demonstrate that controlling the spacing of redox-active groups along a polymer backbone strongly influences backbone flexibility and radical packing, which leads to synergetic improvements in the charge transfer kinetics of nonconjugated redox-active polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Evan Fox
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Miao Qi
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Khirabdhi Mohanty
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Daniel P. Tabor
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Innocenti A, Moisés IÁ, Lužanin O, Bitenc J, Gohy JF, Passerini S. Practical Cell Design for PTMA-Based Organic Batteries: an Experimental and Modeling Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37852614 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy methacrylate) (PTMA) is one of the most promising organic cathode materials thanks to its relatively high redox potential, good rate performance, and cycling stability. However, being a p-type material, PTMA-based batteries pose additional challenges compared to conventional lithium-ion systems due to the involvement of anions in the redox process. This study presents a comprehensive approach to optimize such batteries, addressing challenges in electrode design, scalability, and cost. Experimental results at a laboratory scale demonstrate high active mass loadings of PTMA electrodes (up to 9.65 mg cm-2), achieving theoretical areal capacities that exceed 1 mAh cm-2. Detailed physics-based simulations and cost and performance analysis clarify the critical role of the electrolyte and the impact of the anion amount in the PTMA redox process, highlighting the benefits and the drawbacks of using highly concentrated electrolytes. The cost and energy density of lithium metal batteries with such high mass loading PTMA cathodes were simulated, finding that their performance is inferior to batteries based on inorganic cathodes even in the most optimistic conditions. In general, this work emphasizes the importance of considering a broader perspective beyond the lab scale and highlights the challenges in upscaling to realistic battery configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Innocenti
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Isaac Álvarez Moisés
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Olivera Lužanin
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jan Bitenc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185 Italy
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4
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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5
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Grignon E, Battaglia AM, Liu JT, McAllister BT, Seferos DS. Influence of Backbone on the Performance of Pendant Polymer Electrode Materials in Li-ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45345-45353. [PMID: 37700532 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Pendant polymers are a promising class of electrode materials due to their synthetic simplicity, derivation from sustainable feedstocks, and potentially benign synthesis. These materials consist of a redox-active pendant tethered to a polymer backbone, which mitigates dissolution during electrode cycling. To date, an extensive number of pendant groups have been studied within the context of metal-ion batteries. However, the choice of the polymer backbone and its impact on the electrode performance have been relatively understudied. In this work, we use a postpolymerization modification approach to synthesize a series of viologen-bearing redox-active pendant polymers with similar molecular weights but three distinct chemical backbones, namely, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, and polystyryl. By evaluating the polymers in lithium-ion batteries, we show that the polymer backbone has a significant influence on electrode performance and behavior. Specifically, the polymethacrylamide displays slower kinetics than the other two polymers, resulting in lower capacities, particularly at high cycling rates. Furthermore, the charge storage mechanism is dependent on the nature of the backbone: the polyacrylamide shows a significant capacitive contribution to charge storage, while the polystyryl does not. The difference in performance between the polymer electrode materials is ascribed to a difference in chain mobility and packing within the electrode films. Overall, this work shows that the fundamental properties of the polymer backbone are critical to the design of high-performance polymer electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Grignon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alicia M Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiang Tian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Bryony T McAllister
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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6
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Daniel DT, Oevermann S, Mitra S, Rudolf K, Heuer A, Eichel RA, Winter M, Diddens D, Brunklaus G, Granwehr J. Multimodal investigation of electronic transport in PTMA and its impact on organic radical battery performance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10934. [PMID: 37414786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic radical batteries (ORBs) represent a viable pathway to a more sustainable energy storage technology compared to conventional Li-ion batteries. For further materials and cell development towards competitive energy and power densities, a deeper understanding of electron transport and conductivity in organic radical polymer cathodes is required. Such electron transport is characterised by electron hopping processes, which depend on the presence of closely spaced hopping sites. Using a combination of electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic, and theoretical molecular dynamics as well as density functional theory modelling techniques, we explored how compositional characteristics of cross-linked poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) polymers govern electron hopping and rationalise their impact on ORB performance. Electrochemistry and EPR spectroscopy not only show a correlation between capacity and the total number of radicals in an ORB using a PTMA cathode, but also indicates that the state-of-health degrades about twice as fast if the amount of radical is reduced by 15%. The presence of up to 3% free monomer radicals did not improve fast charging capabilities. Pulsed EPR indicated that these radicals readily dissolve into the electrolyte but a direct effect on battery degradation could not be shown. However, a qualitative impact cannot be excluded either. The work further illustrates that nitroxide units have a high affinity to the carbon black conductive additive, indicating the possibility of its participation in electron hopping. At the same time, the polymers attempt to adopt a compact conformation to increase radical-radical contact. Hence, a kinetic competition exists, which might gradually be altered towards a thermodynamically more stable configuration by repeated cycling, yet further investigations are required for its characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Thomas Daniel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Oevermann
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Souvik Mitra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Rudolf
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A Eichel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Diddo Diddens
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gunther Brunklaus
- Helmholtz Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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7
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Ma T, Easley AD, Thakur RM, Mohanty KT, Wang C, Lutkenhaus JL. Nonconjugated Redox-Active Polymers: Electron Transfer Mechanisms, Energy Storage, and Chemical Versatility. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:187-216. [PMID: 37289559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy in a safe and environmentally friendly way is of ever-growing importance for a modern, technology-based society. With future pressures predicted for batteries that contain strategic metals, there is increasing interest in metal-free electrode materials. Among candidate materials, nonconjugated redox-active polymers (NC-RAPs) have advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, good processability, unique electrochemical properties, and precise tuning for different battery chemistries. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the mechanisms of redox kinetics, molecular design, synthesis, and application of NC-RAPs in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Different redox chemistries are compared, including polyquinones, polyimides, polyketones, sulfur-containing polymers, radical-containing polymers, polyphenylamines, polyphenazines, polyphenothiazines, polyphenoxazines, and polyviologens. We close with cell design principles considering electrolyte optimization and cell configuration. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied areas of future promise for designer NC-RAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Khirabdhi T Mohanty
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Chen Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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8
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Jia H, Chen Z, Yan S, Lucaccioni F, Kochovski Z, Lu Y, Friebe C, Schubert US, Gohy JF. Chameleon Multienvironment Nanoreactors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20166-20174. [PMID: 37058326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoreactors consisting of hydrophilic porous SiO2 shells and amphiphilic copolymer cores have been prepared, which can easily self-tune their hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance depending on the environment and exhibit chameleon-like behavior. The accordingly obtained nanoparticles show excellent colloidal stability in a variety of solvents with different polarity. Most importantly, thanks to the assistance of the nitroxide radicals attached to the amphiphilic copolymers, the synthesized nanoreactors show high catalytic activity for model reactions in both polar and nonpolar environments and, more particularly, realize a high selectivity for the products resulting from the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jia
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur, 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Zehan Chen
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur, 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Shanshan Yan
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur, 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabio Lucaccioni
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur, 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Friebe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur, 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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9
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Sadakuni K, Kitagawa K, Oyaizu K. Thianthrene polymers as 4 V-class organic mediators for redox targeting reaction with LiMn 2O 4 in flow batteries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5711. [PMID: 37029257 PMCID: PMC10082199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox targeting reaction is an emerging idea for boosting the energy density of redox-flow batteries: mobile redox mediators transport electrical charges in the cells, whereas large-density electrode-active materials are fixed in tanks. This study reports 4 V-class organic polymer mediators using thianthrene derivatives as redox units. The higher potentials than conventional organic mediators (up to 3.8 V) enable charging LiMn2O4 as an inorganic cathode offering a large theoretical volumetric capacity of 500 Ah/L. Soluble or nanoparticle polymer design is beneficial for suppressing crossover reactions (ca. 3% after 300 h), simultaneously contributing to mediation reactions. The successful mediation cycles observed by repeated charging/discharging steps indicate the future capability of designing particle-based redox targeting systems with porous separators, benefiting from higher energy density and lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Sadakuni
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kan Kitagawa
- Advanced Research and Innovation Center, DENSO CORPORATION, Aichi, 470-0111, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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10
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Medhi R, Cintora A, Guazzelli E, Narayan N, Leonardi AK, Galli G, Oliva M, Pretti C, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Martinelli E, Ober CK. Nitroxide-Containing Amphiphilic Random Terpolymers for Marine Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11150-11162. [PMID: 36802475 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two types of amphiphilic random terpolymers, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-ran-poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate)-ran-poly(polydimethyl siloxane methacrylate) (PEGMEMA-r-PTMA-r-PDMSMA), were synthesized and evaluated for antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) properties using diverse marine fouling organisms. In the first stage of production, the two respective precursor amine terpolymers containing (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate) units (PEGMEMA-r-PTMPM-r-PDMSMA) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using various comonomer ratios and two initiators: alkyl halide and fluoroalkyl halide. In the second stage, these were selectively oxidized to introduce nitroxide radical functionalities. Finally, the terpolymers were incorporated into a PDMS host matrix to create coatings. AF and FR properties were examined using the alga Ulva linza, the barnacle Balanus improvisus, and the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus. The effects of comonomer ratios on surface properties and fouling assay results for each set of coatings are discussed in detail. There were marked differences in the effectiveness of these systems against the different fouling organisms. The terpolymers had distinct advantages over monopolymeric systems across the different organisms, and the nonfluorinated PEG and nitroxide combination was identified as the most effective formulation against B. improvisus and F. enigmaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhiman Medhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alicia Cintora
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Nila Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Amanda K Leonardi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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11
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Rohland P, Schröter E, Nolte O, Newkome GR, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Basak S, Khare HA, Kempen PJ, Kamaly N, Almdal K. Nanoconfined anti-oxidizing RAFT nitroxide radical polymer for reduction of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and foam cell formation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:742-753. [PMID: 36131819 PMCID: PMC9418007 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Antioxidant therapy has been considered a promising treatment modality for atherosclerosis, since reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We developed ROS-scavenging antioxidant nanoparticles (NPs) that can serve as an effective therapy for atherosclerosis. The newly developed novel antioxidant ROS-eliminating NPs were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and act as a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic agent. SOD is an anti-ROS enzyme which is difficult to use for passive delivery due to its low half-life and stability. Copolymers were synthesized using different feed ratios of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate (PMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers and an anti-ROS nitroxyl radical polymer was prepared via oxidation. The copolymer was further conjugated with a 6-aminofluorescein via a oxirane ring opening reaction for intracellular delivery in RAW 264.7 cells. The synthesized copolymers were blended to create NPs (∼150 nm size) in aqueous medium and highly stable up to three weeks. The NPs were shown to be taken up by macrophages and to be cytocompatible even at high dose levels (500 μg mL-1). Finally, the nitroxide NPs has been shown to inhibit foam cell formation in macrophages by decreasing internalization of oxidized low-density lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Basak
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Harshvardhan Ajay Khare
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen Copenhagen 2200 Denmark
| | - Paul J Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kristoffer Almdal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
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13
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Yeo H, Akkiraju S, Tan Y, Tahir H, Dilley NR, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Electronic and Magnetic Properties of a Three-Arm Nonconjugated Open-Shell Macromolecule. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 2:59-68. [PMID: 36855748 PMCID: PMC9954411 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonconjugated radical polymers (i.e., macromolecules with aliphatic backbones that have stable open-shell sites along their pendant groups) have arisen as an intriguing complement to π-conjugated polymers in organic electronic devices and may prove to have superior properties in magneto-responsive applications. To date, however, the design of nonconjugated radical polymers has primarily focused on linear homopolymer, copolymer, and block polymer motifs even though conjugated dendritic macromolecules (i.e., polyradicals) have shown significant promise in terms of their response under applied magnetic fields. Here, we address this gap in creating a nonconjugated, three-arm radical macromolecule with nitroxide open-shell sites using a straightforward, single-step reaction, and we evaluated the electronic and magnetic properties of this material using a combined computational and experimental approach. The synthetic approach employed resulted in a high-purity macromolecule with a well-defined molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. Moreover, epoxide-based units were implemented in the three-arm radical macromolecule design, and this resulted in a nonlinear radical macromolecule with a low (i.e., below room temperature) glass transition temperature and one that was an amorphous material in the solid state. These properties allowed thin films of the three-arm radical macromolecule to have electrical conductivity values on par with many linear radical polymers previously reported, and our computational efforts suggest the potential of higher generation open-shell dendrimers to achieve advanced electronic and magnetic properties. Importantly, the three-arm radical macromolecule also demonstrated antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between spins at temperatures < 10 K. In this way, this effort puts forward key structure-property relationships in nonlinear radical macromolecules and presents a clear path for the creation of next-generation macromolecules of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Yeo
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Siddhartha Akkiraju
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ying Tan
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hamas Tahir
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Neil R. Dilley
- Birck
Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles
D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States,Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States,
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14
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Liu K, Perera K, Wang Z, Mei J, Boudouris BW. Impact of
open‐shell
loading on mass transport and doping in conjugated radical polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangying Liu
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Kuluni Perera
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Zhiyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Avenue West Lafayette Indiana USA
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15
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Leonardi A, Zhang AC, Düzen N, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Clarke JL, Clare AS, Segalman RA, Ober CK. Amphiphilic Nitroxide-Bearing Siloxane-Based Block Copolymer Coatings for Enhanced Marine Fouling Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28790-28801. [PMID: 34105932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The buildup of organic matter and organisms on surfaces exposed to marine environments, known as biofouling, is a disruptive and costly process affecting maritime operations. Previous research has identified some of the surface characteristics particularly suited to the creation of antifouling and fouling-release surfaces, but there remains room for improvement against both macrofouling and microfouling organisms. Characterization of their adhesives has shown that many rely on oxidative chemistries. In this work, we explore the incorporation of the stable radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpipiderin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a component in an amphiphilic block copolymer system to act as an inhibitor for marine cements, disrupting adhesion of macrofouling organisms. Using polystyrene-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane-r-vinylmethysiloxane) block copolymers, pendent vinyl groups were functionalized with TEMPO and poly(ethylene glycol) to construct an amphiphilic material with redox active character. The antifouling and fouling-release performance of these materials was investigated through settlement and removal assays of three model fouling organisms and correlated to surface structure and chemistry. Surfaces showed significant antifouling character and fouling-release performance was increased substantially toward barnacles by the incorporation of stable radicals, indicating their potential for marine antifouling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aria C Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nilay Düzen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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16
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Pehl TM, Adams F, Kränzlein M, Rieger B. Expanding the Scope of Organic Radical Polymers to Polyvinylphosphonates Synthesized via Rare-Earth Metal-Mediated Group-Transfer Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Pehl
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Friederike Adams
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Kränzlein
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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17
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Xue W, Mutlu H, Li H, Wenzel W, Theato P. Structural design of pyrene-functionalized TEMPO-containing polymers for enhanced electrochemical storage performance. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01421d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the importance of rational structural design of pyrene-functionalized radical (i.e. 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, TEMPO) copolymers for enhanced electrochemical performance by providing insightful guidance for designing high-performance polymer-based electrodes for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xue
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory – Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory – Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Hongjiao Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory – Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)
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18
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Chi T, Akkiraju S, Liang Z, Tan Y, Kim HJ, Zhao X, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Design of an n-type low glass transition temperature radical polymer. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01645d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We document the design, synthesis, and characterization of the first low glass transition temperature, n-type (i.e., preferentially-reduced) radical polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chi
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Siddhartha Akkiraju
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Zihao Liang
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ying Tan
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ho Joong Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
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19
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Komaba K, Goto H. A polyaniline/shark skin composite and its conductivity based on polaron hopping. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1867172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoka Komaba
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Goto
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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20
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Naveed KUR, Wang L, Yu H, Teng L, Uddin MA, Fahad S, Ullah RS, Nazir A, Elshaarani T. Synthesis of spin labeled ethylene glycol based polymers and study of their segmental motion. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Easley AD, Vukin LM, Flouda P, Howard DL, Pena JL, Lutkenhaus JL. Nitroxide Radical Polymer–Solvent Interactions and Solubility Parameter Determination. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lillian M. Vukin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Paraskevi Flouda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dylan L. Howard
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jose L. Pena
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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22
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Wang S, Easley AD, Thakur RM, Ma T, Yun J, Zhang Y, Ober CK, Lutkenhaus JL. Quantifying internal charge transfer and mixed ion-electron transfer in conjugated radical polymers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9962-9970. [PMID: 34094258 PMCID: PMC8162116 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03567j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular radicals are receiving growing interest as functional materials in energy storage devices and in electronics. With the need for enhanced conductivity, researchers have turned to macromolecular radicals bearing conjugated backbones, but results thus far have yielded conjugated radical polymers that are inferior in comparison to their non-conjugated partners. The emerging explanation is that the radical unit and the conjugated backbone (both being redox active) transfer electrons between each other, essentially "quenching" conductivity or capacity. Here, the internal charge transfer process is quantified using a polythiophene loaded with 0, 25, or 100% nitroxide radicals (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy [TEMPO]). Importantly, deconvolution of the cyclic voltammograms shows mixed faradaic and non-faradaic contributions that contribute to the internal charge transfer process. Further, mixed ion-electron transfer is determined for the 100% TEMPO-loaded conjugated radical polymer, from which it is estimated that one triflate anion and one propylene carbone molecule are exchanged for every electron. Although these findings indicate the reason behind their poor conductivity and capacity, they point to how these materials might be used as voltage regulators in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Ratul M Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Junyeong Yun
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Yiren Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
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23
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Synthesis of poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate)s and their segmental motion study. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Wang S, Park AMG, Flouda P, Easley AD, Li F, Ma T, Fuchs GD, Lutkenhaus JL. Solution-Processable Thermally Crosslinked Organic Radical Polymer Battery Cathodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2371-2378. [PMID: 31951674 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic radical polymers are promising cathode materials for next-generation batteries because of their rapid charge transfer and high cycling stability. However, these organic polymer electrodes gradually dissolve in the electrolyte, resulting in capacity fade. Several crosslinking methods have been developed to improve the performance of these electrodes, but they are either not compatible with carbon additives or compromise the solution processability of the electrodes. A one-step post-synthetic, carbon-compatible crosslinking method was developed to effectively crosslink an organic polymer electrode and allow for easy solution processing. The highest electrode capacity of 104 mAh g-1 (vs. a theoretical capacity of 111 mAh g-1 ) is achieved by introducing 1 mol % of the crosslinker, whereas the highest capacity retention (99.6 %) is obtained with 3 mol % crosslinker. In addition, mass transfer was observed in situ by using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. These results may guide future electrode design toward fast-charging and high-capacity organic electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Albert Min Gyu Park
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Paraskevi Flouda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gregory D Fuchs
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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25
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Wang S, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Fundamentals for the Future of Macromolecular Nitroxide Radicals. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:358-370. [PMID: 35648551 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular radicals, radical polymers, and polyradicals bear unique functionalities derived from their pendant radical groups. The increasing need for organic functional materials is driving the growth in research interest in macromolecular radicals for batteries, electronics, memory, and imaging. This Viewpoint summarizes the current state-of-knowledge regarding the macromolecular nitroxide radicals' redox mechanism, conductivity, chain conformation, controlled polymerization, network structure, conjugated forms, and applications. The nitroxide radical group is the focus because it is the most widely studied. Although most literature focuses upon applications, an emerging body of work is highlighting the fundamental physicochemical properties of macromolecular radicals. To this end, this Viewpoint recommends areas of opportunity in fundamental studies and best practices in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexandra D. Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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26
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Lu Y, Chen J. Prospects of organic electrode materials for practical lithium batteries. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:127-142. [PMID: 37128020 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials have attracted much attention for their utility as lithium-battery electrodes because their tunable structures can be sustainably prepared from abundant precursors in an environmentally friendly manner. Most research into organic electrodes has focused on the material level instead of evaluating performance in practical batteries. This Review addresses this by first providing an overview of the history and redox of organic electrode materials and then evaluating the prospects and remaining challenges of organic electrode materials for practical lithium batteries. Our evaluations are made according to energy density, power density, cycle life, gravimetric density, electronic conductivity and other relevant parameters, such as energy efficiency, cost and resource availability. We posit that research in this field must focus more on the intrinsic electronic conductivity and density of organic electrode materials, after which a comprehensive optimization of full batteries should be performed under practically relevant conditions. We hope to stimulate high-quality applied research that might see the future commercialization of organic electrode materials.
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27
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Kim K, Cotty S, Elbert J, Chen R, Hou CH, Su X. Asymmetric Redox-Polymer Interfaces for Electrochemical Reactive Separations: Synergistic Capture and Conversion of Arsenic. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906877. [PMID: 31793695 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced redox-polymer materials offer a powerful platform for integrating electroseparations and electrocatalysis, especially for water purification and environmental remediation applications. The selective capture and remediation of trivalent arsenic (As(III)) is a central challenge for water purification due to its high toxicity and difficulty to remove at ultra-dilute concentrations. Current methods present low ion selectivity, and require multistep processes to transform arsenic to the less harmful As(V) state. The tandem selective capture and conversion of As(III) to As(V) is achieved using an asymmetric design of two redox-active polymers, poly(vinyl)ferrocene (PVF) and poly-TEMPO-methacrylate (PTMA). During capture, PVF selectively removes As(III) with exceptional uptake (>100 mg As/g adsorbent), and during release, synergistic electrocatalytic oxidation of As(III) to As(V) with >90% efficiency can be achieved by PTMA, a radical-based redox polymer. The system demonstrates >90% removal efficiencies with real wastewater and concentrations of arsenic as low as 10 ppb. By integrating electron-transfer through the judicious design of asymmetric redox-materials, an order-of-magnitude energy efficiency increase can be achieved compared to non-faradaic, carbon-based materials. The study demonstrates for the first time the effectiveness of asymmetric redox-active polymers for integrated reactive separations and electrochemically mediated process intensification for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwiyong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Stephen Cotty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Johannes Elbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Raylin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chia-Hung Hou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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28
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Cao L, Fang G, Cao H, Duan X. Photopatterning and Electrochemical Energy Storage Properties of an On-Chip Organic Radical Microbattery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16079-16086. [PMID: 31702167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One potential way to fabricate battery-on-chip is photopatterning electrochemical energy storage materials directly on electronics through lithography, but applicable materials are primarily limited to transparent photocurable resins. The transparency of the photoresist would be sacrificed after extra addition of insoluble inorganic battery materials and conductors. Given the importance of radical polymers for their appropriate solubility, optical transparency, and radical robustness, they may have potential application in on-chip energy storage, transport, and conversion devices. Herein, an anodic photoresist is proposed by modifying the MicroChem SU8 resist with a radical polymer poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl-N-oxyl methacrylate) and an ionic conductor lithium perchlorate. It can be photopatterned on silicon wafer with 10 μm scale resolution, and it exhibits charge/discharge potentials at ca. 0.68 V versus silver chloride electrode; the coulomb efficiency is regarded as nearly equaling 100%. Although the specific capacity of the photopatterned film electrode is found to be modest, 1 × 10-5 mA h·cm-2, it presents 1/8 of its theoretical electron storage ability. All-solid-state half-cells with circular features 30 μm in diameter are prepared by means of overlay exposure using the as-prepared photoresist and lithium perchlorate-modified SU8 as the anodic electrode and solid electrolyte, respectively. These results suggest a promising way of using radical polymers for the integration of electrochemical energy in microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcheng Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Technology and Systems, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266 , Chongqing 400714 , China
| | - Gan Fang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Technology and Systems, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266 , Chongqing 400714 , China
| | - Hongzhong Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Technology and Systems, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technologies , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fangzheng Avenue 266 , Chongqing 400714 , China
| | - Xuanming Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology , Jinan University , West Huangpu Avenue 601 , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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Cintora A, Takano H, Khurana M, Chandra A, Hayakawa T, Ober CK. Block copolymers containing stable radical and fluorinated blocks with long-range ordered morphologies prepared by anionic polymerization. Polym Chem 2019; 10:5094-5102. [PMID: 31853268 PMCID: PMC6919551 DOI: 10.1039/c9py00416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile synthetic approach to create stable radical block copolymers containing a secondary fluorinated block via anionic polymerization using a bulky, sterically hindered countercation composed of a sodium ion and di-benzo-18-crown-6 complex. The synthetic conditions described in this report allowed for controlled molecular weights and dispersity (<1.3) of both homopolymers: poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-methacrylate) (PTMA) and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) as well as their block copolymers (PTMA-b-PTFEMA). The stable radical concentration of the polymers was determined by electron spin resonance (ESR) and showed radical content above 70%. An analysis of the microphase morphologies in PTMA-b-PTFEMA thin films via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) showed clear evidence of long-range ordering of lamellar and cylindrical morphologies with 32 and 36 nm spacing, respectively. The long-range ordering of the morphologies was developed with the aid of two separate neutral layers: PTMA-ran-PTFEMA-ran-poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA)-ran-PTFEMA-ran-PHEMA, which helped us corroborate, along with the Zisman method, the surface energy estimation of PTMA to be 30.1 mJ/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Cintora
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hiroki Takano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohit Khurana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alvin Chandra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Wang S, Li F, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. Real-time insight into the doping mechanism of redox-active organic radical polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:69-75. [PMID: 30478451 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic radical polymers for batteries represent some of the fastest-charging redox active materials available. Electron transport and charge storage must be accompanied by ion transport and doping for charge neutrality, but the nature of this process in organic radical polymers is not well understood. This is difficult to intuitively predict because the pendant radical group distinguishes organic radical polymers from conjugated, charged or polar polymers. Here we show for the first time a quantitative view of in situ ion transport and doping in organic radical polymers during the redox process. Two modes dominate: doping by lithium ion expulsion and doping by anion uptake. The dominance of one mode over the other is controlled by anion type, electrolyte concentration and timescale. These results apply in any scenario in which electrolyte is in contact with a non-conjugated redox active polymer and present a means of quantifying doping effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Hatton FL, Park AM, Zhang Y, Fuchs GD, Ober CK, Armes SP. Aqueous one-pot synthesis of epoxy-functional diblock copolymer worms from a single monomer: new anisotropic scaffolds for potential charge storage applications. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01427b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot synthesis of highly anisotropic epoxy-functional diblock copolymer worms is achieved directly in water using a single monomer (glycidyl methacrylate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Hatton
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
| | - Albert M. Park
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Yiren Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Gregory D. Fuchs
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield
- UK
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32
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Feng Y, Suga T, Nishide H, Ohki Y, Chen G, Li S. How to Install TEMPO in Dielectric Polymers-Their Rational Design toward Energy-Storable Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800734. [PMID: 30474899 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polar groups and the charge-transport capability play significant roles in the dielectric properties of organic polymers, and thus influence the electric energy density upon application as a capacitor material. Here, the dielectric properties and electric conductivity of a series of polymers containing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radicals are investigated. The neat radical polymer poly(TEMPO methacrylate) (PTMA) has a high dielectric constant but poor breakdown strength. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is introduced as an insulating polymer with high resistivity on breakdown, along with molecular design of PTMA. Copolymers of TEMPO methacrylate and methyl methacrylate, P(TMA-r-MMA), exhibit high breakdown strengths but low dielectric constants. PMMA blended with TEMPO exhibits the highest electric energy density of 7.4 J cm-3 (that of PTMA is 0.48 J cm-3 as a control), with both a high dielectric constant (≈6.8) and a high breakdown strength (≈500 MV m-1 ). It benefits from long-range but not bulk charge transport in the blends, which is different from the bulk charge transport in PTMA and the short-range charge transport in P(TMA-r-MMA). These results indicate that the TEMPO moiety located in the high breakdown matrix leads to a high energy-storage density in the capacitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Takeo Suga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Ohki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - George Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shengtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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Joo Y, Agarkar V, Sung SH, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. A nonconjugated radical polymer glass with high electrical conductivity. Science 2018; 359:1391-1395. [PMID: 29567710 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state conducting polymers usually have highly conjugated macromolecular backbones and require intentional doping in order to achieve high electrical conductivities. Conversely, single-component, charge-neutral macromolecules could be synthetically simpler and have improved processibility and ambient stability. We show that poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl), a nonconjugated radical polymer with a subambient glass transition temperature, underwent rapid solid-state charge transfer reactions and had an electrical conductivity of up to 28 siemens per meter over channel lengths up to 0.6 micrometers. The charge transport through the radical polymer film was enabled with thermal annealing at 80°C, which allowed for the formation of a percolating network of open-shell sites in electronic communication with one another. The electrical conductivity was not enhanced by intentional doping, and thin films of this material showed high optical transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongho Joo
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Varad Agarkar
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Sung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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35
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Boase NRB, Torres MDT, Fletcher NL, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Fairfull-Smith KE. Polynitroxide copolymers to reduce biofilm fouling on surfaces. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polynitroxide films – the first example of surface tethered nitroxides reducing biofilm fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. B. Boase
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Marcelo D. T. Torres
- Synthetic Biology Group
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center
- Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
- Research Laboratory of Electronics
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Synthetic Biology Group
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center
- Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
- Research Laboratory of Electronics
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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