1
|
Niebles Navas AF, Araujo-Rodríguez DG, Valencia-Llano CH, Insuasty D, Delgado-Ospina J, Navia-Porras DP, Zapata PA, Albis A, Grande-Tovar CD. Lyophilized Polyvinyl Alcohol and Chitosan Scaffolds Pre-Loaded with Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles for Tissue Regeneration. Molecules 2024; 29:3850. [PMID: 39202929 PMCID: PMC11356782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Materials with a soft tissue regenerative capacity can be produced using biopolymer scaffolds and nanomaterials, which allow injured tissue to recover without any side effects or limitations. Four formulations were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS), with silicon dioxide nanoparticles (NPs-SiO2) incorporated using the freeze-drying method at a temperature of -50 °C. TGA and DSC showed no change in thermal degradation, with glass transition temperatures around 74 °C and 77 °C. The interactions between the hydroxyl groups of PVA and CS remained stable. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the incorporation of NPs-SiO2 complemented the freeze-drying process, enabling the dispersion of the components on the polymeric matrix and obtaining structures with a small pore size (between 30 and 60 μm) and large pores (between 100 and 160 μm). The antimicrobial capacity analysis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria revealed that the scaffolds inhibited around 99% of K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, and S. aureus ATCC 55804. The subdermal implantation analysis demonstrated tissue growth and proliferation, with good biocompatibility, promoting the healing process for tissue restoration through the simultaneous degradation and formation of type I collagen fibers. All the results presented expand the boundaries in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by highlighting the crucial role of nanoparticles in optimizing scaffold properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Niebles Navas
- Grupo de Investigación de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
| | - Daniela G Araujo-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
| | - Carlos-Humberto Valencia-Llano
- Grupo Biomateriales Dentales, Escuela de Odontología, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B Número 36-00, Cali 760001, Colombia
| | - Daniel Insuasty
- Departamento de Química y Biología, División de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 Vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Johannes Delgado-Ospina
- Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali, Carrera 122 Número 6-65, Cali 760001, Colombia
| | - Diana Paola Navia-Porras
- Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali, Carrera 122 Número 6-65, Cali 760001, Colombia
| | - Paula A Zapata
- Grupo de Polímeros, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Alberto Albis
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioprocesos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
| | - Carlos David Grande-Tovar
- Grupo de Investigación de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma Y, Li Y, Song X, Yang T, Wang H, Liang Y, Huang L, Zeng H. Endocrine Disruption of Propylparaben in the Male Mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis): Tissue Injuries and Abnormal Gene Expressions of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal-Liver Axis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3557. [PMID: 36834249 PMCID: PMC9967665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Propylparaben (PrP) is a widely used preservative that is constantly detected in aquatic environments and poses a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. In the present work, adult male mosquitofish were acutely (4d) and chronically (32d) exposed to environmentally and humanly realistic concentrations of PrP (0, 0.15, 6.00 and 240 μg/L), aimed to investigate the toxic effects, endocrine disruption and possible mechanisms of PrP. Histological analysis showed time- and dose-dependent manners in the morphological injuries of brain, liver and testes. Histopathological alterations in the liver were found in 4d and severe damage was identified in 32d, including hepatic sinus dilatation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytolysis and nuclear aggregation. Tissue impairments in the brain and testes were detected in 32d; cell cavitation, cytomorphosis and blurred cell boundaries appeared in the brain, while the testes lesions contained spermatogenic cell lesion, decreased mature seminal vesicle, sperm cells gathering, seminiferous tubules disorder and dilated intercellular space. Furthermore, delayed spermatogenesis had occurred. The transcriptional changes of 19 genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis were investigated across the three organs. The disrupted expression of genes such as Ers, Ars, Vtgs, cyp19a, star, hsd3b, hsd17b3 and shh indicated the possible abnormal steroidogenesis, estrogenic or antiandrogen effects of PrP. Overall, the present results provided evidences for the toxigenicity and endocrine disruptive effects on the male mosquitofish of chronic PrP exposure, which highlights the need for more investigations of its potential health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Haiqin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu X, Wu H, Terry PD, Zhao L, Chen J. Impact of Paraben Exposure on Adiposity-Related Measures: An Updated Literature Review of Population-Based Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316268. [PMID: 36498342 PMCID: PMC9740922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that are commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Humans are exposed to parabens when they use these products and through diet. There are growing concerns that paraben exposure can adversely impact human health. The endocrine-disrupting and obesogenic properties of parabens have been observed in animal studies and in vitro, prompting the increase in population-based studies of paraben exposure and adiposity-related endpoints. In this review, we summarize epidemiological studies published between 2017 and 2022 that examined paraben exposure in utero, between birth and adolescence, and in adulthood, in relation to adiposity-related measures. Overall, these studies provide some evidence that suggests that paraben exposure, especially during critical development windows, is associated with adiposity-related measures. However, we have noted several limitations in these studies, including the predominance of cross-sectional studies, inconsistent sample collection procedures, and small sample sizes, which should be addressed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Xu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Haoying Wu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul D. Terry
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Inkaya EN, Barlas N. Investigation of combined effects of propyl paraben and methyl paraben on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:687-701. [PMID: 36066884 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221117652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine-disrupting effects of methyl paraben (MeP) and propyl paraben (PrP) mixture on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). In this study, six experimental groups were designated. These groups included three control groups (control, corn oil control, and positive control (50 mg/kg/day BPA)) and three dose groups (10, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day MeP+PrP). MeP with PrP were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and administered to the 42-day-old male rats by oral gavage for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone and aldosterone hormones were analyzed in serum. Effects of MeP+PrP on the adrenal glands were investigated by immunohistochemical staining of 11ß hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) enzymes involved in the synthesis steps of corticosterone and aldosterone. Also, pituitary and adrenal glands were examined histopathologically. In the histopathological findings, cortical nodule, congestion, and edema were found in the tissues. In the pituitary gland, cytokeratin rings were detected in all MeP+PrP dose groups, supporting the increase of corticosterone and ACTH. Serum corticosterone, aldosterone, and ACTH hormone levels were increased in the 100 mg/kg/day MeP+PrP and BPA groups. Results obtained from immunohistochemical staining showed that increased staining parallelled increased corticosterone and aldosterone hormone levels. In summary, the results showed that exposure to the MeP+PrP mixture caused a significant increase in ACTH and corticosterone. Also, the MeP+PrP mixture caused a significant increase of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. MeP+PrP exposure disrupts the normal HPA axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Nur Inkaya
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 198375Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 198375Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Concentrations of urinary parabens and reproductive hormones in Iranian women: Exposure and risk assessment. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1894-1900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
6
|
Jensen TK, Andersson AM, Main KM, Johannsen TH, Andersen MS, Kyhl HB, Juul A, Frederiksen H. Prenatal paraben exposure and anogenital distance and reproductive hormones during mini-puberty: A study from the Odense Child Cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145119. [PMID: 33477047 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parabens are added to personal care products as antimicrobial preservatives. They have been suggested to have endocrine disrupting abilities. Prenatal exposure to parabens has been associated with reproductive endpoints including reduced male anogenital distance (AGD, distance from anus to genitals), which is sensitive to prenatal anti-androgenic exposure. OBJECTIVES To study the associations between maternal paraben concentrations in second trimester urine and AGD and reproductive hormone concentrations at 3 months of age in offspring. METHODS Pregnant women from Odense, Denmark were included in early pregnancy from 2010 to 12, and their children are being followed up. Fasting spot urine samples from 536 pregnant women were analyzed for methylparaben (MeP), ethyl-paraben (EtP), iso-propylparaben (i-PrP), n-propylparaben (n-PrP), n-butylparaben (n-BuP) and benzylparaben (BzP) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and thereafter osmolarity adjusted. Three months after expected date of birth, AGD was measured in 452 children, and serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing (LH), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS), androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were measured in 198 children. Maternal paraben exposure was categorized into tertiles or below and above level of detection, and sex-stratified multiple linear regression analyses were performed with AGD or reproductive hormones as outcomes. RESULTS Most pregnant women had low concentrations of parabens in urine, but 10% exceeded the threshold for adverse estrogenic effects. Higher maternal paraben exposure was associated with shorter AGD in male offspring and longer AGD in girls, although only significant for MeP in boys. In addition, FSH, LH, DHEAS, 17-OHP concentrations were lower in girls with high prenatal paraben exposure, whereas no consistent pattern was found in boys. DISCUSSION The endocrine disrupting abilities of parabens may affect humans at vulnerable time periods during development, which may have long term impact on reproductive function. This is the first study to find these associations in girls and our findings need confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark; Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Trine Holm Johannsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Marianne S Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Henriette Boye Kyhl
- Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 23C, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; OPEN Patient data Exploratory Network (OPEN), University of Southern, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boberg J, Johansson HKL, Axelstad M, Olsen GPM, Johansen M, Holmboe SA, Andersson AM, Svingen T. Using assessment criteria for pesticides to evaluate the endocrine disrupting potential of non-pesticide chemicals: Case butylparaben. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:105996. [PMID: 32771829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties depend on the use of the chemical rather than its intrinsic properties. Within the EU, the only criteria currently in place for identifying an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) are those developed for biocidal and plant protection products. We argue that ECHA/EFSA guidance for assessing endocrine disrupting properties of biocidal and plant protection products can be applied to all chemicals independent of their intended use. We have assessed the REACH-registered compound butylparaben (CAS 94-36-8), a preservative used primarily in cosmetics. Based on scientific evidence of adverse reproductive effects and endocrine activity, the open literature suggest that butylparaben is an EDC. By applying the ECHA/EFSA guidance for pesticides and biocides, we identify butylparaben as a compound with endocrine disrupting properties. Even though available data is markedly different from that for biocides and pesticides, it was possible to reach this conclusion. More generally, we propose that the ECHA/EFSA guidance can and should be used for identification of EDC regardless of their intended application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Hanna K L Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gustav P M Olsen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Johansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stine A Holmboe
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effects of butylparaben on antioxidant enzyme activities and histopathological changes in rat tissues. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 70:315-324. [PMID: 32623865 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as butylparaben (BP), is one of the most common parabens absorbed by the skin and gastrointestinal tract and metabolised in the liver and kidney. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have raised concern that BP causes reproductive, development, and teratogenic toxicity. However, BP-induced oxidative stress and its relation to tissue damage has not been widely investigated before. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate on enzyme activities related to the pentose phosphate pathway and on glutathione-dependent enzymes such as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in kidney, liver, brain, and testis tissues. Male rats were randomly divided into four groups to orally receive corn oil (control) or 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg/day of BP for 14 days. Then we measured G6PD, GR, GST, 6-PGD, and GPx enzyme activities in these tissues and studied histopathological changes. BP treatment caused imbalance in antioxidant enzyme activities and tissue damage in the liver, kidney, brain, and testis. These findings are the first to show the degenerative role of BP on the cellular level. The observed impairment of equivalent homeostasis and antioxidant defence points to oxidative stress as a mechanism behind tissue damage caused by BP.
Collapse
|
9
|
Christiansen S, Axelstad M, Scholze M, Johansson HKL, Hass U, Mandrup K, Frandsen HL, Frederiksen H, Isling LK, Boberg J. Grouping of endocrine disrupting chemicals for mixture risk assessment - Evidence from a rat study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105870. [PMID: 32593051 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals may contribute to the rising incidence of hormone-related diseases in humans. Real-life mixtures are complex, comprised of chemicals with mixed modes of action, and essential knowledge is often lacking on how to group such chemicals into cumulative assessment groups, which is an essential prerequisite to conduct a chemical mixture risk assessment. We investigated if mixtures of chemicals with diverse endocrine modes of action can cause mixture effects on hormone sensitive endpoints in developing and adult rat offspring after perinatal exposure. Wistar rats were exposed during pregnancy and lactation simultaneously to either bisphenol A and butylparaben (Emix), diethylhexyl phthalate and procymidone (Amix), or a mixture of all four substances (Totalmix). In male offspring, the anogenital distance was significantly reduced and nipple retention increased in animals exposed to Amix and Totalmix, and the mixture effects were well approximated by the dose addition model. The combination of Amix and Emix responded with more marked changes on these and other endocrine-sensitive endpoints than each binary mixture on its own. Sperm counts were reduced by all exposures. These experimental outcomes suggest that the grouping of chemicals for mixture risk assessment should be based on common health outcomes rather than only similar modes or mechanisms of action. Mechanistic-based approaches such as the concept of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) can provide important guidance if both the information on shared target tissues and the information on shared mode/mechanism of action are taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Quad North, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hanna K L Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ulla Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Karen Mandrup
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lauritz Frandsen
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Krag Isling
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|