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Lothert K, Eilts F, Wolff MW. Quantification methods for viruses and virus-like particles applied in biopharmaceutical production processes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1029-1044. [PMID: 35483057 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2072302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective cell-based production processes of virus particles are the foundation for the global availability of classical vaccines, gene therapeutic vectors, and viral oncolytic treatments. Their production is subject to regulatory standards ensuring the safety and efficacy of the pharmaceutical product. Process analytics must be fast and reliable to provide an efficient process development and a robust process control during production. Additionally, for the product release, the drug compound and the contaminants must be quantified by assays specified by regulatory authorities. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes analytical methods suitable for the quantification of viruses or virus-like particles. The different techniques are grouped by the analytical question that may be addressed. Accordingly, methods focus on the infectivity of the drug component on the one hand, and on particle counting and the quantification of viral elements on the other hand. The different techniques are compared regarding their advantages, drawbacks, required assay time, and sample throughput. EXPERT OPINION Among the technologies summarized, a tendency toward fast methods, allowing a high throughput and a wide applicability, can be foreseen. Driving forces for this progress are miniaturization and automation, and the continuous enhancement of process-relevant databases for a successful future process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Friederike Eilts
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany.,Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
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Hou S, Wang W, Chen G, Xia L, Wang Z, Lu Y. Identification of a secreted superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Nocardia seriolae which induces apoptosis in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:63-72. [PMID: 32959416 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish nocardiosis is a chronic systemic granulomatous disease, and Nocardia seriolae is the main pathogen. The pathogenesis and virulence factors of N. seriolae are not fully understood. Secreted superoxide dismutase (SOD) may be a virulence factor found by a comparative bioinformatics analysis of the whole genome sequence of N. seriolae and the virulence factor database (VFDB). In order to determine the subcellular localization and study the preliminary function of SOD from N. seriolae (NsSOD), gene cloning, secreted protein identification, subcellular localization in fish cells, and apoptosis detection of NsSOD were carried out in this study. Subcellular localization research revealed that NsSOD-GFP fusion proteins were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, apoptotic bodies were observed in the transfected FHM cells by the overexpression of protein NsSOD. Then, assays of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) value, caspase-3 activity and apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Bid, Bad and Bcl-2) mRNA expression were conducted. The results showed that ΔΨm was decreased, and caspase-3 was significantly activated. The mRNA expression of the Bad gene showed significant up-regulated expression at 24 h.p.t., while Bid and Bax genes showed significant up-regulated expression at 72 and 96 h.p.t. and anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) was down-regulated in NsSOD overexpressed cells. Taken together, the results indicated that the protein NsSOD might be involved in apoptosis regulation. This study may lay the foundations for further studies on the function of NsSOD and promote the understanding of the virulence factors and the pathogenic mechanisms of N. seriolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guoquan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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Laghrib F, Saqrane S, El Bouabi Y, Farahi A, Bakasse M, Lahrich S, El Mhammedi MA. Current progress on COVID-19 related to biosensing technologies: New opportunity for detection and monitoring of viruses. Microchem J 2020; 160:105606. [PMID: 33052148 PMCID: PMC7543751 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection poses a serious risk to human life by causing acute lung damage. Various techniques used to identify and quantify COVID-19 infection. Major challenges for containing the spread of COVID-19 is the ability to identify asymptomatic cases. Currently available diagnostic methods, biosensing technology developed during COVID-19 infection.
The technologies used for coronavirus testing consist of a pre-existing device developed to examine different pathologies, such as bacterial infections, or cancer biomarkers. However, for the 2019 pandemic, researchers knew that their technology could be modified to detect a low viral load at an early stage. Today, countries around the world are working to control the new coronavirus disease (n-SARS-CoV-2). From this perspective, laboratories, universities, and companies around the world have embarked on a race to develop and produce much-needed test kits. This review has been developed to provide an overview of current trends and strategies in n-SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics based on traditional and new emerging assessment technologies, to continuous innovation. It focuses on recent trends in biosensors to build a fast, reliable, more sensitive, accessible, user-friendly system and easily adaptable technology n-SARS-CoV-2 detection and monitoring. On the whole, we have addressed and identified research evidence supporting the use of biosensors on the premise that screening people for n-SARS-CoV-2 is the best way to contain its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laghrib
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Chemistry, Modeling and Environmental Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty, 25 000 Khouribga, Morocco
| | - S Saqrane
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Chemistry, Modeling and Environmental Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty, 25 000 Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Y El Bouabi
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Chemistry, Modeling and Environmental Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty, 25 000 Khouribga, Morocco
| | - A Farahi
- Ibn Zohr University, Team of Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, BP 8106 Agadir, Morocco
| | - M Bakasse
- Chouaib Doukkali University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Bioorganic Chemistry and Environment, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - S Lahrich
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Chemistry, Modeling and Environmental Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty, 25 000 Khouribga, Morocco
| | - M A El Mhammedi
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Laboratory of Chemistry, Modeling and Environmental Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty, 25 000 Khouribga, Morocco
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Hussein HA, Hassan RYA, Chino M, Febbraio F. Point-of-Care Diagnostics of COVID-19: From Current Work to Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4289. [PMID: 32752043 PMCID: PMC7435936 DOI: 10.3390/s20154289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have received global concern since 2003, when an outbreak caused by SARS-CoV emerged in China. Later on, in 2012, the Middle-East respiratory syndrome spread in Saudi Arabia, caused by MERS-CoV. Currently, the global crisis is caused by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the same lineage of SARS-CoV. In response to the urgent need of diagnostic tools, several lab-based and biosensing techniques have been proposed so far. Five main areas have been individuated and discussed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. The cell-culture detection and the microneutralization tests are still considered highly reliable methods. The genetic screening, featuring the well-established Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), represents the gold standard for virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs. On the other side, immunoassays were developed, either by screening/antigen recognition of IgM/IgG or by detecting the whole virus, in blood and sera. Next, proteomic mass-spectrometry (MS)-based methodologies have also been proposed for the analysis of swab samples. Finally, virus-biosensing devices were efficiently designed. Both electrochemical immunosensors and eye-based technologies have been described, showing detection times lower than 10 min after swab introduction. Alternative to swab-based techniques, lateral flow point-of-care immunoassays are already commercially available for the analysis of blood samples. Such biosensing devices hold the advantage of being portable for on-site testing in hospitals, airports, and hotspots, virtually without any sample treatment or complicated lab precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. Hussein
- Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Rabeay Y. A. Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt;
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”. Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Gast M, Sobek H, Mizaikoff B. Nanoparticle Tracking of Adenovirus by Light Scattering and Fluorescence Detection. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2020; 30:235-244. [PMID: 31760805 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2019.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed characterization of biological nanoparticles is of paramount importance for various industrial sectors, as for production of viral therapeutics. More recently, technologies that allow real-time quantification with simultaneous sizing and determination of surface potentials of virus particles in solution have been developed. In this study, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was applied to determine the size and the zeta potential of human adenovirus type 5 (AdV5), one the most frequently used therapeutic/oncolytic agents and viral vectors. Virus aggregation was detected, and the kinetics of the dissolution of virus aggregates were studied in real time. In addition, advanced fluorescence detection of AdV5 was performed enabling the measurements in matrices and discrimination of viral subpopulations. It was shown that NTA is an efficient approach for investigating infectious viruses in a live viewing mode. Consequently, NTA provides a promising methodology for virus particle detection and analysis in real time beyond assays requiring nucleic acids or infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gast
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Sobek
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Gast M, Wondany F, Raabe B, Michaelis J, Sobek H, Mizaikoff B. Use of Super-Resolution Optical Microscopy To Reveal Direct Virus Binding at Hybrid Core–Shell Matrixes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3050-3057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bastian Raabe
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Beim Braunland 1, 88416 Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | | | - Harald Sobek
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Beim Braunland 1, 88416 Ochsenhausen, Germany
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Hussein HA, Hassan RYA, El Nashar RM, Khalil SA, Salem SA, El-Sherbiny IM. Designing and fabrication of new VIP biosensor for the rapid and selective detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111467. [PMID: 31260906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), is a highly contagious virus due to its ease of transmission. FMDV has seven genetically distinguished serotypes with many subtypes within each serotype. The traditional diagnostic methods of FMDV have demonstrated many drawbacks related to sensitivity, specificity, and cross-reactivity. In the current study, a new viral imprinted polymer (VIP)-based biosensor was designed and fabricated for the rapid and selective detection of the FMDV. The bio-recognition components were formed via electrochemical polymerization of the oxidized O-aminophenol (O-AP) film imprinted with FMDV serotype O on a gold screen-printed electrode (SPE). The overall changes in the design template have been investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Optimal conditions were achieved through investigating the capturing efficiency, binding stability, selectivity and life-time of the developed biosensor. The results depicted a high selectivity of the biosensor to the serotype O over all other genus serotypes A, SAT2 and Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), as well as, the inactivated serotype O. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were around 2 ng/mL and 6 ng/mL, respectively, in addition to the tested repeatability and reproducibility values with a variance coefficient of 1.0% and 3.6%, respectively. In comparison with the reference methods (ELISA and PCR), the analysis of saliva real samples using the developed affordable biosensor offered 50 folds lower LOD with the possibility of an on-line monitoring in the field with no prior sample treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Hussein
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt; Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Rabeay Y A Hassan
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt; Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Samy A Khalil
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Sayed A Salem
- Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt.
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Selective virus capture via hexon imprinting. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:1099-1104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gast M, Sobek H, Mizaikoff B. Advances in imprinting strategies for selective virus recognition a review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang W, Chen J, Liao B, Xia L, Hou S, Wang Z, Lu Y. Identification and functional characterization of Histone-like DNA-binding protein in Nocardia seriolae (NsHLP) involved in cell apoptosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:657-666. [PMID: 30854666 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nocardia seriolae, a facultative intracellular bacterium, is the main pathogen of fish nocardiosis. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the histone-like DNA-binding protein (HLP) gene of N. seriolae (nshlp) encoded a secreted protein and might target the mitochondria in the host cell. To further study the preliminary function of HLP in N. seriolae (NsHLP), the gene cloning, extracellular products identification, subcellular localization, overexpression and apoptosis detection assay were carried out in this study. Mass spectrometry analysis of the extracellular products from N. seriolae showed that NsHLP was a secreted protein. Subcellular localization of HLP-GFP fusion proteins mainly assembled in the nucleus, which indicated that the NsHLP was co-located with the nucleus rather than mitochondria in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Notably, the expression of NsHLP had changed the distribution of mitochondria into lumps in the FHM cell. In addition, apoptotic features were found in the transfected FHM cells by overexpression of NsHLP. Quantitative assays of mitochondrial membrane potential value, caspase-3 activity and pro-apoptotic genes mRNA (Bad, Bid and Bax) expression level demonstrated that the cell apoptosis was induced in the transfected FHM cells. All the results presented in this study provided insight on the function of NsHLP, which suggested that it may participate in the cell apoptosis regulation and play an important role in the pathogenesis of N. seriolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoshan Liao
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suying Hou
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
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