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Deshmukh S, Pawar K, Koli V, Pachfule P. Emerging Graphitic Carbon Nitride-based Nanobiomaterials for Biological Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1339-1367. [PMID: 37011107 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) based nanostructures are distinctive materials with unique compositional, structural, optical, and electronic properties with exceptional band structure, moderate surface area, and exceptional thermal and chemical stability. Because of these properties, g-CN based nanomaterials have shown promising applications and higher performance in the biological avenue. This review covers the state-of-the-art synthetic strategies used for the preparation of the materials, the basic structure, and a panorama of different optimization strategies leading to improved physicochemical properties responsible for the biological application. The following sections include the recent progress in the use of g-CN based nanobiomaterials for biosensors, bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, chemotherapy, and the antimicrobial segment. Furthermore, we have summarized the role and evaluation of biosafety and biocompatibility of the material. Finally, the unresolved issues, plausible challenges, current status, and future perspectives for the development and design of g-CN have been summarized and are expected to promote a clinical path for the medical sector and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamkumar Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Damani Bhairuratan Fatechand, Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 413002, India
| | - Krishna Pawar
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Valmiki Koli
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shou-Feng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
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2
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Allwin Richard Y, Aniu Lincy S, Saravanakumar R, Maheswaran R, Dharuman V. Sensitive detection of acetaminophen in body fluids, pharmaceuticals and herbal medicines at un-doped mesoporous carbon nitride film electrode. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Enhanced boron modified graphitic carbon nitride for the selective photocatalytic production of benzaldehyde. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Kulhary D, Singh S. Design of g‐C
3
N
4
/BaBiO
3
Heterojunction Nanocomposites for Photodegradation of an Organic Dye and Diclofenac Sodium under Visible Light via Interfacial Charge Transfer. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kulhary
- Special Center for Nanoscience Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Satyendra Singh
- Special Center for Nanoscience Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
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5
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Malik R, Joshi N, Tomer VK. Functional graphitic carbon (IV) nitride: A versatile sensing material. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Synthesis of boron carbon nitride layers for the adsorption of hazardous basic dye from aqueous solutions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Gouder A, Jiménez-Solano A, Vargas-Barbosa NM, Podjaski F, Lotsch BV. Photomemristive sensing via charge storage in 2D carbon nitrides. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1866-1877. [PMID: 35475438 PMCID: PMC9252257 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photomemristive sensors have the potential to innovate current photo-electrochemical sensors by incorporating new sensing capabilities including non-invasive, wireless and time-delayed (memory) readout. Here we report the charge storing 2D carbon nitride potassium poly(heptazine imide), K-PHI, as a direct photomemristive sensing platform by capitalizing on K-PHI's visible light bandgap, large oxidation potential, and intrinsic optoionic charge storage properties. Utilizing the light-induced charge storage function of K-PHI nanosheets, we demonstrate memory sensing via charge accumulation and present potentiometric, impedimetric and coulometric readouts to write/erase this information from the material, with no additional reagents required. Additionally, wireless colorimetric and fluorometric detection of the charging state of K-PHI nanoparticles is demonstrated, enabling the material's use as particle-based autonomous sensing probe in situ. The various readout options of K-PHI's response enable us to adapt the sensitivities and dynamic ranges without modifying the sensing platform, which is demonstrated using glucose as a model analyte over a wide range of concentrations (50 μM to 50 mM). Since K-PHI is earth abundant, biocompatible, chemically robust and responsive to visible light, we anticipate that the photomemristive sensing platform presented herein opens up memristive and neuromorphic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gouder
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nella M Vargas-Barbosa
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-12), Helmholtz Institute Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Corrensstr. 46, 48148 Münster, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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8
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Fluorescent Biosensors for the Detection of Viruses Using Graphene and Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070460. [PMID: 35884263 PMCID: PMC9312944 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials have been commonly employed in the field of biosensors to improve their sensitivity/limits of detection and shorten the analysis time. These nanomaterials act as efficient transducers because of their unique characteristics, such as high surface area and optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, which in turn have been exploited to create simple, quick, and low-cost biosensing platforms. In this review, graphene and two-dimensional carbon material-based fluorescent biosensors are covered between 2010 and 2021, for the detection of different human viruses. This review specifically focuses on the new developments in graphene and two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials for fluorescent biosensing based on the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. The high-efficiency quenching capability of graphene via the FRET mechanism enhances the fluorescent-based biosensors. The review provides a comprehensive reference for the different types of carbon nanomaterials employed for the detection of viruses such as Rotavirus, Ebola virus, Influenza virus H3N2, HIV, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Hepatitis B virus (HBV). This review covers the various multiplexing detection technologies as a new direction in the development of biosensing platforms for virus detection. At the end of the review, the different challenges in the use of fluorescent biosensors, as well as some insights into how to overcome them, are highlighted.
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9
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Qu B, Sun J, Li P, Jing L. Current advances on g-C 3N 4-based fluorescence detection for environmental contaminants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127990. [PMID: 34986565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly-sensitive fluorescence detection systems for environmental contaminants has become high priority research in the past years. Special attention has been paid to graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based nanomaterials, whose unique and superior optical property makes them promising and attractive candidates for this purpose. It is necessary to enhance the current understanding of the various classes of g-C3N4-based fluorescence detection systems and their mechanisms, as well as find suitable approaches to improve detection performance for environmental monitoring, protection, and management. In this review, the recent progresses on g-C3N4-based fluorescence detections for environmental contaminants, mainly including their basic principles, mechanisms, applications, modification strategies, and conclusions, are summarized. A particular emphasis is placed on the design and development of modification strategies for g-C3N4 with the objective of improving detection performance. High photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable fluorescence emission characteristics, and strong adsorption capacity of g-C3N4 could ensure the ultrasensitivity and selectivity of fluorescence detection of environmental contaminants. Concluding perspectives on the challenges and opportunities to design highly efficient g-C3N4-based fluorescence detection system are intensively put forward as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China; College of Physical Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China; College of Physical Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China.
| | - Liqiang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education), International Joint Research Center for Catalytic Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China.
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10
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Nirbhaya V, Kumar Y, Chandra R, Kumar S. 3D-phosphorus doped mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride based immunosensor for swine flu detection. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Illustrative representation of the immunosensing platform and its electrochemical response for the detection of swine flu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Institute of Nano Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Suveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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11
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Applications of two-dimensional layered nanomaterials in photoelectrochemical sensors: A comprehensive review. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Stroyuk O, Raievska O, Zahn DRT. Single-layer carbon nitride: synthesis, structure, photophysical/photochemical properties, and applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20745-20764. [PMID: 34542127 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective provides a critical summary of the current state of the art in the synthesis and properties of polyheptazine single-layer carbon nitride (SLCN). The summary combines the authors' research and literature reports on SLCN concerning the synthesis of single-layer polyheptazine sheets, light absorption and emission by SLCN, photochemical and photocatalytic properties of SLCN as well as examples of applications of SLCN sheets as "building blocks" in heterostructures with nanocrystalline semiconductors and metals. The Perspective is concluded with an outlook discussing the most promising directions for further studies and applications of SLCN and related composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Oleksandra Raievska
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany. .,Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany. .,Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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13
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Sathish CI, Premkumar S, Chu X, Yu X, Breese MBH, Al‐Abri M, Al‐Muhtaseb AH, Karakoti A, Yi J, Vinu A. Microporous Carbon Nitride (C
3
N
5.4
) with Tetrazine based Molecular Structure for Efficient Adsorption of CO
2
and Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CI Sathish
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science, and Environment The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales 2308 Australia
| | - S. Premkumar
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science, and Environment The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales 2308 Australia
| | - Xueze Chu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science, and Environment The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales 2308 Australia
| | - Xiaojiang Yu
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source National University of Singapore Singapore 117603 Singapore
| | - Mark B. H. Breese
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source National University of Singapore Singapore 117603 Singapore
- Department of Physics National University of Singapore Singapore 119260 Singapore
| | - Mohammed Al‐Abri
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering College of Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Ala'a H. Al‐Muhtaseb
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering College of Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Ajay Karakoti
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science, and Environment The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales 2308 Australia
| | - Jiabao Yi
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science, and Environment The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales 2308 Australia
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science, and Environment The University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales 2308 Australia
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14
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Xavier M, Adarsh NN, Nair PR, Mathew S. Carbon Nitride Quantum Dot-Embedded Poly(vinyl alcohol) Transparent Thin Films for Greenish-Yellow Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22840-22847. [PMID: 34514255 PMCID: PMC8427780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, freestanding polymer thin films encapsulated with nanostructures have attracted the significant attention of the scientific community due to their promising application in portable optoelectronic devices. In this research contribution, we have fabricated a freestanding polymer thin film of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) encapsulated with carbon nitride quantum dots (CN-QDs) using the casting method, for the first time. The PVA polymer matrix provides mechanical support as well as dispersion of the CN-QDs preventing its solid-state quenching. From UV-visible spectra, it is revealed that optical transparency decreases with an increase in the concentration of CN-QDs within the PVA polymeric thin film. Such kind of decrease in optical transparency is one of the crucial factors for the optical concert of a nanomaterial. Interestingly, we have optimized the synthesis protocol to retain 40% transparency of the thin film by incorporating 10 wt % CN-QDs along with PVA without deteriorating its optical behavior. It is observed that when CN-QDs are embedded in the PVA matrix, emission becomes independent of excitation wavelength and is localized in the 510-530 nm region of the spectrum. Thus, the films exhibit excellent greenish-yellow emission when excited at 420 nm with the Commission Internationale de l'èclairage (CIE) coordinates (0.39, 0.46) and a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4105 K. These excellent optoelectronic properties make them a promising candidate for practical phosphor applications. In a nutshell, this study demonstrates a promising way to exhibit the luminescence potential of freestanding polymer/CN-QD films in CN-QD-based solid-state lighting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn
Mary Xavier
- Advanced
Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Nayarassery N. Adarsh
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - P. Radhakrishnan Nair
- Advanced
Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Suresh Mathew
- Advanced
Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
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15
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Sathish CI, Premkumar S, Chu X, Yu X, Breese MBH, Al-Abri M, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Karakoti A, Yi J, Vinu A. Microporous Carbon Nitride (C 3 N 5.4 ) with Tetrazine based Molecular Structure for Efficient Adsorption of CO 2 and Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21242-21249. [PMID: 34378296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous carbon nitrides with C3 N5 and C3 N6 stoichiometries created a new momentum in the field of organic metal-free semiconductors owing to their unique band structures and high basicity. Here, we report on the preparation of a novel graphitic microporous carbon nitride with a tetrazine based chemical structure and the composition of C3 N5.4 using ultra-stable Y zeolite as the template and aminoguanidine hydrochloride, a high nitrogen-containing molecule, as the CN precursor. Spectroscopic characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that the prepared material exhibits a new molecular structure, which comprises two tetrazines and one triazine rings in the unit cell and is thermodynamically stable. The resultant carbon nitride shows an outstanding surface area of 130.4 m2 g-1 and demonstrates excellent CO2 adsorption per unit surface area of 47.54 μmol m-2 , which is due to the existence of abundant free NH2 groups, basic sites and microporosity. The material also exhibits highly selective sensing over water molecules (151.1 mmol g-1 ) and aliphatic hydrocarbons due to its unique microporous structure with a high amount of hydrophilic nitrogen moieties and recognizing ability towards small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Sathish
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - S Premkumar
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Xueze Chu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Xiaojiang Yu
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Mark B H Breese
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117603, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Al-Abri
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ala'a H Al-Muhtaseb
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ajay Karakoti
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Jiabao Yi
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
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16
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Adler C, Krivtsov I, Mitoraj D, dos Santos‐Gómez L, García‐Granda S, Neumann C, Kund J, Kranz C, Mizaikoff B, Turchanin A, Beranek R. Sol-Gel Processing of Water-Soluble Carbon Nitride Enables High-Performance Photoanodes*. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2170-2179. [PMID: 33576576 PMCID: PMC8248241 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the enormous promise that polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) materials hold for various applications, the fabrication of high-quality, binder-free PCN films and electrodes has been a largely elusive goal to date. Here, we tackle this challenge by devising, for the first time, a water-based sol-gel approach that enables facile preparation of thin films based on poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), a polymer belonging to the PCN family. The sol-gel process capitalizes on the use of a water-soluble PHI precursor that allows formation of a non-covalent hydrogel. The hydrogel can be deposited on conductive substrates, resulting in formation of mechanically stable polymeric thin layers. The resulting photoanodes exhibit unprecedented photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance in alcohol reforming and highly selective (∼100 %) conversions with very high photocurrents (>0.25 mA cm-2 under 2 sun) down to <0 V vs. RHE. This enables even effective PEC operation under zero-bias conditions and represents the very first example of a 'soft matter'-based PEC system capable of bias-free photoreforming. The robust binder-free films derived from sol-gel processing of water-soluble PCN thus constitute a new paradigm for high-performance 'soft matter' photoelectrocatalytic systems and pave the way for further applications in which high-quality PCN films are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Adler
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Igor Krivtsov
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Dariusz Mitoraj
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Lucía dos Santos‐Gómez
- Department of Physical and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Oviedo-CINN33006OviedoSpain
| | - Santiago García‐Granda
- Department of Physical and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Oviedo-CINN33006OviedoSpain
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry JenaCEEC Jena)Philosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry JenaCEEC Jena)Philosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
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17
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Mendes RG, Ta HQ, Yang X, Bachmatiuk A, Praus P, Mamakhel A, Iversen BB, Su R, Gemming T, Rümmeli MH. Tailoring the stoichiometry of C 3N 4 nanosheets under electron beam irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4747-4756. [PMID: 33599219 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a low-cost material with versatile properties that can be enhanced by the introduction of dopant atoms and by changing the degree of polymerization/stoichiometry, which offers significant benefits for numerous applications. Herein, we investigate the stability of g-C3N4 under electron beam irradiation inside a transmission electron microscope operating at different electron acceleration voltages. Our findings indicate that the degradation of g-C3N4 occurs with N species preferentially removed over C species. However, the precise nitrogen group from which N is removed from g-C3N4 (C-N-C, [double bond, length as m-dash]NH or -NH2) is unclear. Moreover, the rate of degradation increases with decreasing electron acceleration voltage, suggesting that inelastic scattering events (radiolysis) dominate over elastic events (knock-on damage). The rate of degradation by removing N atoms is also sensitive to the current density. Hence, we demonstrate that both the electron acceleration voltage and the current density are parameters with which one can use to control the stoichiometry. Moreover, as N species were preferentially removed, the d-spacing of the carbon nitride structure increased. These findings provide a deeper understanding of g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Mendes
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Polish Center for Technology Development (PORT), Ul. Stabłowicka 147, Wrocław 54-066, Poland and Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Petr Praus
- Department of Chemistry, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic and Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Aref Mamakhel
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland and Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic and Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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18
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Barrio J, Barzilai S, Karjule N, Amo-Ochoa P, Zamora F, Shalom M. Synergistic Doping and Surface Decoration of Carbon Nitride Macrostructures by Single Crystal Design. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:1868-1875. [PMID: 33644702 PMCID: PMC7903700 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tailored design of hybrid carbon nitride (CN) materials is quite challenging because of the drawbacks of the solid-state reaction, and the utilization of single crystals containing C-N monomers as reactants for the high-temperature reaction has been proven to imprint a given chemical composition, morphology, or electronic structure. We report the one-pot synthesis of alkali-containing CN macrostructures with ionic crystals on its surface by utilizing a tailored melamine-hydrochloride-based molecular single crystal containing NaCl and KCl as reactants. Structural and optical investigations reveal that upon calcination, molecular doping with Na+ and K+ is achieved, and additionally, the ionic species remain on the surface of the materials, resulting in an enhanced H2 evolution performance through water splitting owing to a high ionic strength of the reaction media. Additionally, the most stable configuration of the alkaline metals in the CN lattice is evaluated by DFT calculations. This work provides an approach for the rational design of CN and other related metal-free materials with controllable properties for energy-related applications and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Barrio
- Department
of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College London, London SW2AZ, England
| | - Shmuel Barzilai
- Department
of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Centre-Negev, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Neeta Karjule
- Department
of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research
in Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Félix Zamora
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research
in Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Institute (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department
of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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19
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Mukhopadhyay TK, Leherte L, Datta A. Molecular Mechanism for the Self-Supported Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride from Urea Pyrolysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1396-1406. [PMID: 33508198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations combined with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are performed to decipher the kinetics for the one-pot synthesis of two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) from urea pyrolysis. Two mechanisms are considered, one involving ammelide as the intermediate compound and the other considering cyanuric acid. Different grid growing patterns are investigated, and the size, shape, and density of the grids as well as the number and position of the defects are evaluated. We find that the mechanistic pathway involving ammelide is preferred. Larger g-C3N4 grids with lower density are achieved when the rate constant for melon growing is inversely proportional to the number of local reaction sites, while nearly filled smaller grids are obtained in the opposite scenario. Larger defects appear at the grid periphery while smaller holes appear throughout the grid. The synthesis of extended g-C3N4 structures is favored if the g-C3N4 growing propensity is directly proportional to the number of reaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titas Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Laurence Leherte
- Unit of Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Namur Medicine & Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC), Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biological Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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20
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Nirbhaya V, Chauhan D, Jain R, Chandra R, Kumar S. Nanostructured graphitic carbon nitride based ultrasensing electrochemical biosensor for food toxin detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 139:107738. [PMID: 33497923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report results of the studies related to the fabrication of thionine functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets based ultrasensing platform for food toxin (Aflatoxin B1, AfB1) detection. The synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4) was carried out by polycondensation of melamine followed by chemical exfoliation. Further, thionine was used for the functionalization of g-C3N4 (Thn/g-C3N4) and deposited electrophoretically onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrode. The fabricated Thn/g-C3N4/ITO electrode was covalently immobilized by EDC-NHS chemistry with anti-aflatoxin B1 (anti-AfB1) followed by blocking of non-specific sites using BSA molecules. For structural, morphological, functional and electrochemical properties analysis of synthesized nanomaterials and fabricated electrodes X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques were used. The electrochemical response studies of the fabricated biosensing platform (BSA/anti-AfB1/Thn/g-C3N4/ITO) were carried out towards detection of AfB1 antigen using cyclic voltammetry technique. The obtained electrochemical results indicate that the fabricated biosensing electrode having ability to detect AfB1 with lower limit of detection of 0.328 fg mL-1, linear detection range in between 1 fg mL-1 to 1 ng mL-1, sensitivity of 4.85 μA log [ng-1 mL] cm-2 with stability upto 7 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raghav Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Suveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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21
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Chouhan RS, Jerman I, Heath D, Bohm S, Gandhi S, Sadhu V, Baker S, Horvat M. Emerging tri‐s‐triazine‐based graphitic carbon nitride: A potential signal‐transducing nanostructured material for sensor applications. NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - David Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Sivasambu Bohm
- Royal Society Industry Fellow Molecular Science Research Hub Imperial College London London UK
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT‐National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (DBT‐NIAB) Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Veera Sadhu
- School of Physical Sciences Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science (KITS) Warangal Telangana India
| | - Syed Baker
- Department of Microbiology Prof. V.F. Voino‐Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Krasnoyarsk Siberia Russian Federation
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
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22
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Mary Xavier M, Mohanapriya S, Divya KS, Adarsh NN, Radhakrishnan Nair P, Mathew S. Exploring The Effect of Precursors of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on their Photo and Electrocatalytic Applications. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Mary Xavier
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC) Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560 Kerala India
| | - S. Mohanapriya
- CSIR-Central Electro Chemical Research Institute College Road Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003 India
| | - K. S. Divya
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560 Kerala India
| | | | - P. Radhakrishnan Nair
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC) Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560 Kerala India
| | - Suresh Mathew
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC) Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560 Kerala India
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560 Kerala India
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23
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Recent advances on metal nitride materials as emerging electrochemical sensors: A mini review. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Stroyuk O, Raievska O, Zahn DRT. Graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes: a new material for emerging applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34059-34087. [PMID: 35519070 PMCID: PMC9056768 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05580h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We provide a critical review of the current state of the synthesis and applications of nano- and micro-tubes of layered graphitic carbon nitride. This emerging material has a huge potential for light-harvesting applications, including light sensing, artificial photosynthesis, selective photocatalysis, hydrogen storage, light-induced motion, membrane technologies, and can become a major competitor for such established materials as carbon and titania dioxide nanotubes. Graphitic carbon nitride tubes (GCNTs) combine visible-light sensitivity, high charge carrier mobility, and exceptional chemical/photochemical stability, imparting this material with unrivaled photocatalytic activities in photosynthetic processes, such as water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction. The unique geometric GCNT structure and versatility of possible chemical modifications allow new photocatalytic applications of GCNTs to be envisaged including selective photocatalysts of multi-electron processes as well as light-induced and light-directed motion of GCNT-based microswimmers. Closely-packed arrays of aligned GCNTs show great promise as multifunctional membrane materials for the light energy conversion and storage, light-driven pumping of liquids, selective adsorption, and electrochemical applications. These emerging applications require synthetic routes to GCNTs with highly controlled morphological parameters and composition to be available. We recognize three major strategies for the GCNT synthesis including templating, supramolecular assembling of precursors, and scrolling of nano-/microsheets, and outline promising routes for further progress of these approaches in the light of the most important emerging applications of GCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN) Immerwahrstr. 2 91058 Erlangen Germany
- L.V. Pysarzhevsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nat. Acad. of Science of Ukraine 03028 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandra Raievska
- L.V. Pysarzhevsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nat. Acad. of Science of Ukraine 03028 Kyiv Ukraine
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
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25
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Ge C, Ramachandran R, Wang F. CeO 2-Based Two-Dimensional Layered Nanocomposites Derived from a Metal-Organic Framework for Selective Electrochemical Dopamine Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4880. [PMID: 32872309 PMCID: PMC7506630 DOI: 10.3390/s20174880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the incorporation of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials into a metal-organic framework (MOF) derived from one-dimensional (1D) cerium oxide (CeO2) for the electrochemical detection of dopamine. Ce-MOF was employed as a sacrificial template for preparing CeO2 with 2D materials by the pyrolysis process. The influence of the pyrolysis temperature was studied to achieve a better crystal structure of CeO2. Siloxene improved the dopamine sensing performance of CeO2 compared with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) due to the basal plane surface oxygen and hydroxyl groups of 2D siloxene. Under optimal conditions, the fabricated CeO2/siloxene electrode exhibited a detection limit of 0.292 μM, with a linear range from 0.292 μM to 7.8 μM. This work provides a novel scheme for designing the CeO2 material with siloxene for excellent dopamine sensors, which could be extended towards other biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Ge
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Rajendran Ramachandran
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.G.); (R.R.)
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.G.); (R.R.)
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, Shenzhen 518055, China
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26
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Sun X, Lei J, Jin Y, Li B. Long-Lasting and Intense Chemiluminescence of Luminol Triggered by Oxidized g-C 3N 4 Nanosheets. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11860-11868. [PMID: 32786482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most of the known chemiluminescence (CL) systems are flash-type, whereas a CL system with long-lasting and strong emission is very favorable for accurate CL quantitative analysis and imaging assays. In this work, we found that the oxidized g-C3N4 (g-CNOX) could trigger luminol-H2O2 to produce a long-lasting and intense CL emission. The CL emission lasted for over 10 min and could be observed by the naked eye in a dark room. By means of a CL spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectra, and electron spin resonance spectra, the possible mechanism of this CL reaction was proposed. This strong and long-duration CL emission was attributed to the high catalytic activity of g-CNOX nanosheets and continuous generation of reactive oxygen species from H2O2 on g-CNOX surface. Taking full advantage of the long-lasting CL property of this system, we proposed one "non-in-situ mixing" mode of CL measurement. Compared with the traditional "in-situ mixing" CL measurement mode, this measurement mode was convenient to operate and had good reproducibility. This work not only provides a long-lasting CL reaction but also deepens the understanding of the structure and properties of g-C3N4 material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jing Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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27
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Mukhopadhyay TK, Datta A. Delicate Balance of Non-Covalent Forces Govern the Biocompatibility of Graphitic Carbon Nitride towards Genetic Materials. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1836-1846. [PMID: 32497345 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite a plethora of suggested technological and biomedical applications, the nanotoxicity of two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) towards biomolecules remains elusive. To address this issue, we employ all-atom classical molecular dynamics simulations and investigate the interactions between nucleic acids and g-C3 N4 . It is revealed that, toxicity is modulated through a subtle balance between electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. When the exposed nucleobases interact through predominantly short-ranged van der Waals and π-π stacking interactions, they get deviated from their native disposition and adsorb on the surface, leading to loss of self-stacking and intra-quartet H-bonding along with partial disruption of the native structure. In contrast, for the interaction with double-stranded structures of both DNA and RNA, long-range electrostatics govern the adsorption phenomena since the constituent nucleobases are relatively concealed and wrapped, thereby resulting in almost complete preservation of the nucleic acid structures. Construction of free energy landscapes for lateral translation of adsorbed nucleic acids suggests decent targeting specificity owing to their restricted movement on g-C3 N4 . The release times of nucleic acids adsorbed through predominant electrostatics are significantly less than those adsorbed through stacking with the surface. It is therefore proposed that g-C3 N4 would induce toxicity towards any biomolecule having bare residues available for strong van der Waals and π-π stacking interactions relative to those predominantly interacting through electrostatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titas Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
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28
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Photocatalytic Selective Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Graphitic Carbon Nitride Systems: A Review. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-019-09607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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