1
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Huang G, Cierpicki T, Grembecka J. Thioamides in medicinal chemistry and as small molecule therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116732. [PMID: 39106658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Thioamides, which are fascinating isosteres of amides, have garnered significant attention in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry programs, spanning peptides and small molecule compounds. This review provides an overview of the various applications of thioamides in small molecule therapeutic agents targeting a range of human diseases, including cancer, microbial infections (e.g., tuberculosis, bacteria, and fungi), viral infections, neurodegenerative conditions, analgesia, and others. Particular focus is given to design strategies of biologically active thioamide-containing compounds and their biological targets, such as kinases and histone methyltransferase ASH1L. Additionally, the review discusses the impact of the thioamide moiety on key properties, including potency, target interactions, physicochemical characteristics, and pharmacokinetics profiles. We hope that this work will offer valuable insights to inspire the future development of novel bioactive thioamide-containing compounds, facilitating their effective use in combating a wide array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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2
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Byerly-Duke J, VanVeller B. Thioimidate Solutions to Thioamide Problems during Thionopeptide Deprotection. Org Lett 2024; 26:1452-1457. [PMID: 38341867 PMCID: PMC11031844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Thioamides have structural and chemical similarity to peptide bonds, offering valuable insights when probing peptide backbone interactions, but are prone to side reactions during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Thioimidates have been demonstrated to be effective protecting groups for thioamides during peptide elongation. We further demonstrate how thioimidates can assist thioamides through the most yield-crippling step of thionopeptide deprotection, allowing for the first isolation of an important benchmark α-helical peptide that had previously eluded synthesis and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Byerly-Duke
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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3
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Fiore KE, Patist MJ, Giannakoulias S, Huang CH, Verma H, Khatri B, Cheng RP, Chatterjee J, Petersson EJ. Structural impact of thioamide incorporation into a β-hairpin. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:582-591. [PMID: 35656485 PMCID: PMC9092430 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00229e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thioamide is a naturally-occurring single atom substitution of the canonical amide bond. The exchange of oxygen to sulfur alters the amide's physical and chemical characteristics, thereby expanding its functionality. Incorporation of thioamides in prevalent secondary structures has demonstrated that they can either have stabilizing, destabilizing, or neutral effects. We performed a systematic investigation of the structural impact of thioamide incorporation in a β-hairpin scaffold with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Thioamides as hydrogen bond donors did not increase the foldedness of the more stable "YKL" variant of this scaffold. In the less stable "HPT" variant of the scaffold, the thioamide could be stabilizing as a hydrogen bond donor and destabilizing as a hydrogen bond acceptor, but the extent of the perturbation depended upon the position of incorporation. To better understand these effects we performed structural modelling of the macrocyclic folded HPT variants. Finally, we compare the thioamide effects that we observe to previous studies of both side-chain and backbone perturbations to this β-hairpin scaffold to provide context for our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia 19104 USA
| | - Martijn J Patist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia 19104 USA
| | - Sam Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia 19104 USA
| | - Cheng-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Hitesh Verma
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Bhavesh Khatri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Richard P Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia 19104 USA
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4
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Zhang X, Yang J, Zhao J. Ynamide-Mediated Synthetic Approach to Thioamide-Substituted Peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2530:69-80. [PMID: 35761043 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2489-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthetic approach to thioamide-substituted peptides is reported. It provides a practical tool for the chemical biology study of peptides and proteins by replacing a carbonyl oxygen atom of an amide bond by an sp2-hybridized sulfur atom to precisely introduce a thioamide bond Ψ[CS-NH] into a peptide backbone. The α-thioacyloxyenamide intermediates, originating from ynamide coupling reagent and proteinogenic amino monothioacids, are proved to be novel effective thioacylating reagents in both the solution and solid phase peptide syntheses. Herein, we describe the detailed synthesis protocol for site-specifically incorporating a thioamide bond at 19 of 20 proteinogenic amino acid residues (except for His) of a peptide backbone in a racemization/epimerization-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Lampkin BJ, VanVeller B. Hydrogen Bond and Geometry Effects of Thioamide Backbone Modifications. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18287-18291. [PMID: 34851645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide substitution of backbone peptide bonds can probe interactions along the main chain of proteins. Despite theoretical predictions of the enhanced hydrogen bonding propensities of thioamides, previous studies often do not consider the geometric constraints imposed by folded peptide secondary structure. This work addresses drawbacks in previous studies that ignored the geometry dependence and local dielectric properties of thioamide hydrogen bonding and identifies cases where thioamides may be either stronger or weaker hydrogen-bonding partners than amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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6
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Spekowius J, Pfister R, Helbing J. Folding and Unfolding of the Tryptophan Zipper in the Presence of Two Thioamide Substitutions. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7662-7670. [PMID: 34232040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the stability and folding and unfolding kinetics of the tryptophan zipper, containing different double thioamide subsitutions. Conformation change was triggered by photoisomerization of an integrated AMPP photoswitch in the turn region of the hairpin, and transient spectra were recorded in the deep UV and the mid-IR, covering the time window of the (un)folding transition from picoseconds to tens of microseconds. Thio-substitution of inward-pointing backbone carbonyls was found to strongly destabilize the β-hairpin structures, whereas molecules with two outward pointing thio-carbonyls showed similar or enhanced stability with respect to the unsubstituted sequence, which we attribute to stronger interstrand hydrogen bonding. Thiolation of the two Trp residues closest to the turn can even prevent the opening of the hairpin after cis-trans isomerization of the switch. The circular dichroism due to the two thioamide ππ* transitions is spectrally well-separated from the aromatic tryptophan signal. It changes upon photoswitching, reflecting a local change in coupling and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Spekowius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Pfister
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Helbing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Khatri B, Raj N, Chatterjee J. Opportunities and challenges in the synthesis of thioamidated peptides. Methods Enzymol 2021; 656:27-57. [PMID: 34325789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modifications of peptides hold great promise for modulating their pharmacological properties. In the last few decades amide to thioamide substitution has been widely explored to modulate the conformation, non-covalent interactions, and proteolytic stability of peptides. Despite widespread utilization, there are some potential limitations including epimerization and degradation under basic and acidic conditions, respectively. In this chapter, we present the synthetic method to build thio-precursors, their site-specific incorporation onto a growing peptide chain, and troubleshooting during the elongation of thioamidated peptides. This highly efficient, rapid, and robust method can be used for positional scanning of the thioamide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Khatri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nishant Raj
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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8
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Fiore KE, Phan HAT, Robkis DM, Walters CR, Petersson EJ. Incorporating thioamides into proteins by native chemical ligation. Methods Enzymol 2021; 656:295-339. [PMID: 34325791 PMCID: PMC8617429 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thioamide is a versatile replacement of the peptide backbone with altered hydrogen bonding and conformational preferences, as well the ability participate in energy and electron transfer processes. Semi-synthetic incorporation of a thioamide into a protein can be used to study protein folding or protein/protein interactions using these properties. Semi-synthesis also provides the opportunity to study the role of thioamides in natural proteins. Here we outline the semi-synthesis of a model protein, the B1 domain of protein G (GB1) with a thioamide at the N-terminus or the C-terminus. The thioamide is synthetically incorporated into a fragment by solid-phase peptide synthesis, whereas the remainder of the protein is recombinantly expressed. Then, the two fragments are joined by native chemical ligation. The explicit protocol for GB1 synthesis is accompanied by examples of applications with GB1 and other proteins in structural biology and protein misfolding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hoang Anh T Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D Miklos Robkis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher R Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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9
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Yoon J, Ferrie JJ, Petersson EJ. Improved Modeling of Thioamide FRET Quenching by Including Conformational Restriction and Coulomb Coupling. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10653-10662. [PMID: 33196192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide-containing amino acids have been shown to quench a wide range of fluorophores through distinct mechanisms. Here, we quantitatively analyze the mechanism through which the thioamide functional group quenches the fluorescence of p-cyanophenylalanine (Cnf), tyrosine (Tyr), and tryptophan (Trp). By comparing PyRosetta simulations to published experiments performed on polyproline ruler peptides, we corroborate previous findings that both Cnf and Tyr quenching occurs via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), while Trp quenching occurs through an alternate mechanism such as Dexter transfer. Additionally, optimization of the peptide sampling scheme and comparison of thioamides attached to the peptide backbone and side chain revealed that the significant conformational restriction associated with the thioamide moiety results in a high sensitivity of the apparent FRET efficiency to underlying conformational differences. Moreover, by computing FRET efficiencies from structural models using a variety of approaches, we find that quantitative accuracy in the role of Coulomb coupling is required to explain contributions to the observed quenching efficiency from individual structures on a detailed level. Last, we demonstrate that these additional considerations improve our ability to predict thioamide quenching efficiencies observed during binding of thioamide-labeled peptides to fluorophore-labeled variants of calmodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John J Ferrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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10
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Zhan Z, Luo N, Ma H, He J, Lu G, Cui X, Huang G. Self‐Coupling Reaction of Benzylamine to Form Thioamides and Amides by Elemental Sulfur. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Haojie Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Key laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering Yan'an University, Yan'an Shaanxi Province 716000 P. R. China
| | - Jianping He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Xinfeng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province Department of Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
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11
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Yang J, Wang C, Yao C, Chen C, Hu Y, He G, Zhao J. Site-Specific Incorporation of Multiple Thioamide Substitutions into a Peptide Backbone via Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1484-1494. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Changliu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Chaochao Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Chunqiu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yafang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Guifeng He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
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12
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Camacho LA, Nguyen YH, Turner J, VanVeller B. Deprotection Strategies for Thioimidates during Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis: A Safe Route to Thioamides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15309-15314. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Camacho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yen H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - John Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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13
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Camacho LA, Lampkin BJ, VanVeller B. A Bottom-Up Approach To Preserve Thioamide Residue Stereochemistry during Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2019; 21:7015-7018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Camacho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Bryan J. Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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14
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Oppermann M, Spekowius J, Bauer B, Pfister R, Chergui M, Helbing J. Broad-Band Ultraviolet CD Spectroscopy of Ultrafast Peptide Backbone Conformational Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2700-2705. [PMID: 31059267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The far-UV spectral window widely used for the conformational analysis of biomolecules is not easily covered with broad-band lasers. This has made it difficult to use circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to directly follow fast structure changes. By combining transient CD spectroscopy in the deep-UV with thioamide substitution, we demonstrate a method to overcome this difficulty. We investigated a dipeptide whose two carbonyl oxygen atoms were replaced by sulfur, red-shifting the strong lowest-lying ππ* transitions into the more accessible 250-370 nm spectral window. Coupling of the two thioamide units cannot be resolved by achiral 2D-UV spectroscopy, but it gives rise to a pronounced bisignate CD spectrum. The transient CD spectra reveal weakening of this coupling in the electronically excited state, where conformational constraints are released. Our results show that direct local probing of fast backbone conformational change via CD spectroscopy is possible in combination with site-selective thio substitution in peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Oppermann
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Spekowius
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Bauer
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Rolf Pfister
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jan Helbing
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zürich , Switzerland
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15
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Mahanta N, Szantai-Kis DM, Petersson EJ, Mitchell DA. Biosynthesis and Chemical Applications of Thioamides. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:142-163. [PMID: 30698414 PMCID: PMC6404778 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioamidation as a posttranslational modification is exceptionally rare, with only a few reported natural products and exactly one known protein example (methyl-coenzyme M reductase from methane-metabolizing archaea). Recently, there has been significant progress in elucidating the biosynthesis and function of several thioamide-containing natural compounds. Separate developments in the chemical installation of thioamides into peptides and proteins have enabled cell biology and biophysical studies to advance the current understanding of natural thioamides. This review highlights the various strategies used by Nature to install thioamides in peptidic scaffolds and the potential functions of this rare but important modification. We also discuss synthetic methods used for the site-selective incorporation of thioamides into polypeptides with a brief discussion of the physicochemical implications. This account will serve as a foundation for the further study of thioamides in natural products and their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Miklos Szantai-Kis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Changliu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Silin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; China
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17
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Yang J, Wang C, Xu S, Zhao J. Ynamide-Mediated Thiopeptide Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1382-1386. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Changliu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Silin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; China
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