1
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Goti G, Manal K, Sivaguru J, Dell'Amico L. The impact of UV light on synthetic photochemistry and photocatalysis. Nat Chem 2024; 16:684-692. [PMID: 38429343 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
During the past 15 years, an increasing number of research groups have embraced visible-light-mediated synthetic transformations as a powerful strategy for the construction and functionalization of organic molecules. This trend has followed the advent and development of photocatalysis, which often operates under mild visible-light irradiation. Nowadays, the general perception of UV-light photochemistry is often as an out-of-fashion approach that is difficult to perform and leads to unselective reaction pathways. Here we wish to propose an alternative and more realistic point of view to the scientific community. First, we will provide an overview of the use of UV light in modern photochemistry, highlighting the pivotal role it still plays in the development of new, efficient synthetic methods. We will then show how the high levels of mechanistic understanding reached for UV-light-driven processes have been key in the implementation of the related visible-light-driven transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Goti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Kavyasree Manal
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA.
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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2
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Mateos J, Rigodanza F, Costa P, Natali M, Vega-Peñaloza A, Fresch E, Collini E, Bonchio M, Sartorel A, Dell'Amico L. Unveiling the impact of the light-source and steric factors on [2+2] heterocycloaddition reactions. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2023; 962:26-36. [PMID: 37325160 PMCID: PMC7614650 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-022-00191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Information gained from in-depth mechanistic investigations can be used to control the selectivity of reactions, leading to the expansion of the generality of synthetic processes and the discovery of new reactivity. Here, we investigate the mechanism of light-driven [2+2] heterocycloadditions (Paternò-Büchi reactions) between indoles and ketones to develop insight into these processes. Using ground-state UV-Vis absorption and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), together with DFT calculations, we found that the reactions can proceed via an exciplex or electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex, which are key intermediates in determining the stereoselectivity of the reactions. We used this discovery to control the diastereoselectivity of the reactions, gaining access to previously inaccessible diastereoisomeric variants. When moving from 370 to 456 nm irradiation, the EDA complex is increasingly favoured, and the diastereomeric ratio (d.r.) of the product moves from >99:<1 to 47:53. In contrast, switching from methyl to ipropyl substitution favours the exciplex intermediate, reversing the d.r. from 89:11 to 16:84. Our study shows how light and steric parameters can be rationally used to control the diastereoselectivity of photoreactions, creating mechanistic pathways to previously inaccessible stereochemical variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mateos
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Rigodanza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Costa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Fresch
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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3
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Bortolato T, Simionato G, Vayer M, Rosso C, Paoloni L, Benetti EM, Sartorel A, Lebœuf D, Dell’Amico L. The Rational Design of Reducing Organophotoredox Catalysts Unlocks Proton-Coupled Electron-Transfer and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1835-1846. [PMID: 36608266 PMCID: PMC9881005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has become a prominent tool in the arsenal of organic chemists to develop and (re)imagine transformations. However, only a handful of versatile organic photocatalysts (PCs) are available, hampering the discovery of new reactivities. Here, we report the design and complete physicochemical characterization of 9-aryl dihydroacridines (9ADA) and 12-aryl dihydrobenzoacridines (12ADBA) as strong reducing organic PCs. Punctual structural variations modulate their molecular orbital distributions and unlock locally or charge-transfer (CT) excited states. The PCs presenting a locally excited state showed better performances in photoredox defunctionalization processes (yields up to 92%), whereas the PCs featuring a CT excited state produced promising results in atom transfer radical polymerization under visible light (up to 1.21 Đ, and 98% I*). Unlike all the PC classes reported so far, 9ADA and 12ADBA feature a free NH group that enables a catalytic multisite proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) mechanism. This manifold allows the reduction of redox-inert substrates including aryl, alkyl halides, azides, phosphate and ammonium salts (Ered up to -2.83 vs SCE) under single-photon excitation. We anticipate that these new PCs will open new mechanistic manifolds in the field of photocatalysis by allowing access to previously inaccessible radical intermediates under one-photon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bortolato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Simionato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marie Vayer
- Institut
de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000Strasbourg, France
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Paoloni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, University
of Padova, Via Marzolo
8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - David Lebœuf
- Institut
de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000Strasbourg, France,E-mail:
| | - Luca Dell’Amico
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy,E-mail:
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4
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Huang G, Zhou C, Liang R, Sun S, Deng Z, Li J, Dang L, Phillips DL, Li MD. Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Study on the Photophysical and Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms of ortho-Methylbenzophenone in Selected Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9388-9398. [PMID: 36331406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical and photochemical reaction pathways of ortho-methylbenzophenone (o-MeBP) in different solutions were investigated by employing femtosecond to nanosecond transient absorption and nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy methods. In pure acetonitrile, neutral or pH 1 aqueous solutions, o-MeBP exhibit similar excited-state evolutions upon excitation in which o-MeBP will experience excitation to an excited state then undergo intersystem crossing and solvent arrangement followed by 1,5 hydrogen atom transfer processes to form the first singlet excited state, triplet state (n, π*), biradical intermediates, and enol form transients, respectively. However, in a pH 0 acidic solution, the protonation of o-MeBP will form the cation biradical intermediate that facilitates radical coupling to generate a benzocyclobutanol product, which causes a dramatic reduction of the lifetime of the enol form transients. In contrast, in sodium bicarbonate solution, the biradical intermediate may be quenched by the bicarbonate ion to construct a C-C bond and form the carboxylic acid that causes a fast decay of biradical intermediate. These results demonstrate that the photophysical and photochemical reaction pathways of o-MeBP are pH-dependent in aqueous solution which may be very useful for the capture of CO2 capture by photoexcitation of aromatic ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou515063, China.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou515063, China
| | - Runhui Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou515063, China
| | - Ziqi Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou515063, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou515063, China
| | - Li Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou515063, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Providence, Shantou University, Shantou515063, China
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5
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Wang ZL, Tang L, Zeng WM, He YH, Guan Z. Photoenolization/nucleophilic addition enables direct access to 3-alkyl-3-hydroxy-indolin-2-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Yang L, Li WY, Hou L, Zhan T, Cao W, Liu X, Feng X. Nickel II-catalyzed asymmetric photoenolization/Mannich reaction of (2-alkylphenyl) ketones. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8576-8582. [PMID: 35974747 PMCID: PMC9337722 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A diastereo- and enantioselective photoenolization/Mannich (PEM) reaction of ortho-alkyl aromatic ketones with benzosulfonimides was established by utilizing a chiral N,N′-dioxide/Ni(OTf)2 complex as the Lewis acid catalyst. It afforded a series of benzosulfonamides and the corresponding ring-closure products, and a reversal of diastereoselectivity was observed through epimerization of the benzosulfonamide products under continuous irradiation. On the basis of the control experiments, the role of the additive LiNTf2 in achieving high stereoselectivity was elucidated. This PEM reaction was proposed to undergo a direct nucleophilic addition mechanism rather than a hetero-Diels–Alder/ring-opening sequence. A possible transition state model with a photoenolization process was proposed to explain the origin of the high level of stereoinduction. A diastereo- and enantioselective photoenolization/Mannich (PEM) reaction of (2-alkylphenyl) ketones with benzosulfonimides is realized by a chiral N,N′-dioxide/NiII complex catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wang-Yuren Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Liuzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tangyu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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8
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Dell’Amico L, Mateos J, Cuadros S, Vega-Peñaloza A. Unlocking the Synthetic Potential of Light-Excited Aryl Ketones: Applications in Direct Photochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1403-4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this Account, we summarize the contributions of our group to the field of photochemistry and photocatalysis. Our work deals with the development of novel synthetic methods based on the exploitation of photoexcited aryl ketones. The application of new technologies, such as microfluidic photoreactors (MFPs), has enhanced the synthetic performance and scalability of several photochemical methods, e.g., Paternò–Büchi and photoenolization/Diels–Alder processes, while opening the way to unprecedented reactivity. In addition, careful mechanistic analysis of the developed methods has been instrumental in disclosing a new family of powerful organic photocatalysts that can mediate several thermodynamically extreme photoredox processes.1 Introduction1.1 Shining Light on Aryl Ketones: From the Historical Background to Recent Synthetic Applications1.2 Preliminary Mechanistic Considerations2 Synthetic Transformations Driven by Triplet State Benzophenones3 Synthetic Transformations Driven by Triplet State o-Alkyl-Substituted Benzophenones4 The Evolution of Aryl-Ketone-Derived Products: Applications in Organophotoredox Catalysis5 Conclusions and Future Directions
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9
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A Rational Approach to Organo‐Photocatalysis: Novel Designs and Structure‐Property Relationships. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Vega‐Peñaloza A, Mateos J, Companyó X, Escudero‐Casao M, Dell'Amico L. A Rational Approach to Organo‐Photocatalysis: Novel Designs and Structure‐Property Relationships. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1082-1097. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vega‐Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Javier Mateos
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | | | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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11
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Zhang Y, Jin R, Pan G, Guo H. Light-enabled, AlCl 3-catalyzed regioselective intramolecular nucleophilic addition of non-nucleophilic alkyls to alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11621-11624. [PMID: 32870204 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Light-enabled, AlCl3-catalyzed regioselective intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization of alkynes using non-nucleophilic alkyls as the nucleophile is reported. Upon photoexcitation, o-alkylphenyl alkynyl ketones can be transferred into (E)-photoenols. Thus, a nucleophilic methylene is formed from the non-nucleophilic alkyl. An AlCl3 catalyst can stabilize the (E)-photoenol intermediate and facilitate further intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization. DFT calculations indicated that the AlCl3-catalyzed cyclization is the regioselectivity determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiwen Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Guangxing Pan
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China. and Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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12
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Franceschi P, Mateos J, Vega‐Peñaloza A, Dell'Amico L. Microfluidic Visible‐Light Paternò–Büchi Reaction of Oxindole Enol Ethers. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Franceschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Javier Mateos
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Vega‐Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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13
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Understanding the Photo- and Electro-Carboxylation of o-Methylbenzophenone with Carbon Dioxide. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of understanding of the radical reaction mechanism of Carbon dioxide (CO2) in photo- and electro-catalysis results in the development of such applications far behind the traditional synthesis methods. Using methylbenzophenone as the model, we clarify and compare the photo-enolization/Diels−Alder (PEDA) mechanism for photo-carboxylation and the two-step single-electron reduction pathway for electro-carboxylation with CO2 through careful control experiments. The regioselective carboxylation products, o-acylphenylacetic acid and α-hydroxycarboxylic acid are obtained, respectively, in photo- and electro-chemistry systems. On the basis of understanding the mechanism, a one-pot step-by-step dicarboxylation of o-methylbenzophenone is designed and conducted. Both the experimental results and related density functional theory (DFT) calculation verify the feasibility of the possible pathway in which electro-carboxylation is conducted right after photo-carboxylation in one vessel. This synthesis approach may provide a mild, eco-friendly strategy for the production of polycarboxylic acids in industry.
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14
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Mateos J, Vega-Peñaloza A, Franceschi P, Rigodanza F, Andreetta P, Companyó X, Pelosi G, Bonchio M, Dell'Amico L. A visible-light Paternò-Büchi dearomatisation process towards the construction of oxeto-indolinic polycycles. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6532-6538. [PMID: 34094119 PMCID: PMC8159410 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of highly functionalised N-containing polycycles (35 examples) are synthesised from simple indoles and aromatic ketones through a mild visible-light Paternò–Büchi process. Tetrahydrooxeto[2,3-b]indole scaffolds, with up to three contiguous all-substituted stereocenters, are generated in high yield (up to >98%) and excellent site- regio- and diastereocontrol (>20 : 1). The use of visible light (405 or 465 nm) ensures enhanced performances by switching off undesired photodimerisation side reactions. The reaction can be easily implemented using a microfluidic photoreactor with improved productivity (up to 0.176 mmol h−1) and generality. Mechanistic investigations revealed that two alternative reaction mechanisms can account for the excellent regio- and diastereocontrol observed. A scalable visible-light [2 + 2]-heterocycloaddition process allows the dearomatisation of indoles to complex biorelevant polycycles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mateos
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Francesco Rigodanza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Philip Andreetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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15
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Feist F, Rodrigues LL, Walden SL, Krappitz TW, Dargaville TR, Weil T, Goldmann AS, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-induced Ligation of o-Quinodimethanes with Gated Fluorescence Self-reporting. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7744-7748. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Feist
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
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16
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Paria S, Carletti E, Marcon M, Cherubini-Celli A, Mazzanti A, Rancan M, Dell'Amico L, Bonchio M, Companyó X. Light-Triggered Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic Benzylation with Photogenerated C-Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4463-4474. [PMID: 32081000 PMCID: PMC7997570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Herein
is reported the asymmetric allylic benzylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman
(MBH) carbonates with 2-methylbenzophenone (MBP) derivatives as nonstabilized
photogenerated C-nucleophiles. The dual activation
of both reaction partners, chiral Lewis-base activation of the electrophile
and light activation of the nucleophile, enables the stereoselective
installation of benzyl groups at the allylic position to forge tertiary
and quaternary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suva Paria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Carletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Marcon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marzio Rancan
- ICMATE-CNR, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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17
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Raji Reddy C, Ganesh V, Singh AK. E– Z isomerization of 3-benzylidene-indolin-2-ones using a microfluidic photo-reactor. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28630-28634. [PMID: 35520055 PMCID: PMC9055887 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report controlled E–Z isomeric motion of the functionalized 3-benzylidene-indolin-2-ones under various solvents, temperature, light sources, and most importantly effective enhancement of light irradiance in microfluidic photoreactor conditions. Stabilization of the E–Z isomeric motion is failed in batch process, which might be due to the exponential decay of light intensity, variable irradiation, low mixing, low heat exchange, low photon flux etc. This photo-μ-flow light driven motion is further extended to the establishment of a photostationary state under solar light irradiation. (E)-3-Benzylidene-indolin-2-ones were efficiently converted to their corresponding (Z) -isomers at low temperature in the presence of light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chada Raji Reddy
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Veeramalla Ganesh
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Ajay K. Singh
- Division of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
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18
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Hooker JP, Feist F, Delafresnaye L, Cavalli F, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C. On-demand acid-gated fluorescence switch-on in photo-generated nanospheres. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4986-4989. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymer particles are synthesized using a photo-activeortho-methyl benzaldehyde with a terminal alkyne for cross-linking. The reactive 1,4-dihydronaphthalene at every cross-linking point undergoes aromatisation to a fluorescent naphthalene upon exposure to acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P. Hooker
- Centre for Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
| | - Florian Feist
- Centre for Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
| | - Laura Delafresnaye
- Centre for Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
| | - Federica Cavalli
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Centre for Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
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19
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Mateos J, Rigodanza F, Vega‐Peñaloza A, Sartorel A, Natali M, Bortolato T, Pelosi G, Companyó X, Bonchio M, Dell'Amico L. Naphthochromenones: Organic Bimodal Photocatalysts Engaging in Both Oxidative and Reductive Quenching Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1302-1312. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mateos
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Francesco Rigodanza
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Vega‐Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Ferrara Institution Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Tommaso Bortolato
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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20
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Mateos J, Rigodanza F, Vega‐Peñaloza A, Sartorel A, Natali M, Bortolato T, Pelosi G, Companyó X, Bonchio M, Dell'Amico L. Naphthochromenones: Organic Bimodal Photocatalysts Engaging in Both Oxidative and Reductive Quenching Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mateos
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Francesco Rigodanza
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Vega‐Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Ferrara Institution Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Tommaso Bortolato
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Institution Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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21
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Jing D, Lu C, Chen Z, Jin S, Xie L, Meng Z, Su Z, Zheng K. Light‐Driven Intramolecular C−N Cross‐Coupling via a Long‐Lived Photoactive Photoisomer Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Cong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Songyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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22
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Jing D, Lu C, Chen Z, Jin S, Xie L, Meng Z, Su Z, Zheng K. Light-Driven Intramolecular C-N Cross-Coupling via a Long-Lived Photoactive Photoisomer Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14666-14672. [PMID: 31373432 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a visible-light-driven intramolecular C-N cross-coupling reaction under mild reaction conditions (metal- and photocatalyst-free, at room temperature) via a long-lived photoactive photoisomer complex. This strategy was used to rapidly prepare the N-substituted polycyclic quinazolinone derivatives with a broad substrate scope (>50 examples) and further exploited to synthesize the natural products tryptanthrin, rutaecarpine, and their analogues. The success of gram-scale synthesis and solar-driven transformation, as well as promising tumor-suppressing biological activity, proves the potential of this strategy for practical applications. Mechanistic investigations, including control experiments, DFT calculations, UV-vis spectroscopy, EPR, and X-ray single-crystal structure of the key intermediate, provides insight into the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Cong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Songyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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23
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Vega-Peñaloza A, Paria S, Bonchio M, Dell’Amico L, Companyó X. Profiling the Privileges of Pyrrolidine-Based Catalysts in Asymmetric Synthesis: From Polar to Light-Driven Radical Chemistry. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Suva Paria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell’Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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24
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Zhang K, Han H, Wang L, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Zhang W, Bu Z. An unexpected cascade reaction of 3-hydroxyoxindoles with coumarin-3-carboxylates to construct 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran spirooxindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13681-13684. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An unexpected Michael addition-inspired ring-opening/closure cascade reaction of 3-hydroxyoxindoles with coumarin-3-carboxylates was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Huabin Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Ziying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Zhanwei Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
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25
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Cherubini-Celli A, Mateos J, Bonchio M, Dell'Amico L, Companyó X. Transition Metal-Free CO 2 Fixation into New Carbon-Carbon Bonds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3056-3070. [PMID: 29882632 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CO2 is the ultimate renewable carbon source on Earth and the essential C1 building block for carbohydrate biosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms. Modern synthetic chemistry is facing the key challenge of developing fundamental transformations, such as C-C bond formation, in a sustainable and efficient manner from renewable sources. In this Minireview, the most significant methods recently reported for CO2 fixation under transition metal-free conditions are summarized, organized into three different chapters according to the nature of the chemical transformation that forges the new C-C bond. The focus is on the mechanistic aspects of the different CO2 activation modes, with specific attention to those systems that operate under catalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cherubini-Celli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Javier Mateos
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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26
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Mateos J, Meneghini N, Bonchio M, Marino N, Carofiglio T, Companyó X, Dell'Amico L. Microfluidic light-driven synthesis of tetracyclic molecular architectures. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2418-2424. [PMID: 30344766 PMCID: PMC6176812 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report an effective synthetic method for the direct assembly of highly functionalized tetracyclic pharmacophoric cores. Coumarins and chromones undergo diastereoselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with light-generated photoenol intermediates. The reactions occur by aid of a microfluidic photoreactor (MFP) in high yield (up to >98%) and virtually complete diastereocontrol (>20:1 dr). The method is easily scaled-up to a parallel setup, furnishing 948 mg of product over a 14 h reaction time. Finally, a series of manipulations of the tetracyclic scaffold obtained gave access to valuable precursors of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mateos
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicholas Meneghini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nadia Marino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Carofiglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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