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Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Ren J, Du Z, Zhang W, Zhang R, Song B, Yuan J. Development of a fluorescein modified ruthenium(II) complex probe for lysosome-targeted ratiometric luminescence detection and imaging of peroxynitrite in living cells. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1205:339784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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3
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Song X, Guo Y, Jing C, Feng Y, Cao C, Kou M, Liu W, Wang D. Dual-Site Fluorescent Sensor as a Multiple Logic System for Studying the Dichotomous Function of Sulfur Dioxide under Oxidative Stress Induced by Peroxynitrite. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5744-5751. [PMID: 35385251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular reactive oxygen species and reactive sulfur play a vital role in regulating redox homeostasis and maintaining cell functions. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) has emerged as an important gas signal molecule recently, which is not only a potential reducing agent but also a potential inductor of oxidative stress in organisms. Due to high reactivity, peroxynitrite (ONOO-) could act on many biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and cause irreversible damage, eventually leading to cell apoptosis or necrosis. In order to further illuminate the dichotomous role of SO2 under oxidative stress induced by ONOO-, we designed the first dual-site fluorescent sensor (NIR-GYf) for separate or continuous detection of SO2 and ONOO-. NIR-GYf was successfully used for cell imaging of endogenous SO2 and ONOO-. In addition, western blotting analysis was used to verify the oxidation and antioxidation of SO2 and its dichotomous biological influence. Finally, NIR-GYf was integrated with multiple Boolean logic operations to construct an advanced analysis device, thereby realizing the direct analysis of SO2 and ONOO- levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Song
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Yanxuan Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Chunlin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Chen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Manchang Kou
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Degui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
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Yang K, Hou L, Li Z, Lin T, Tian J, Zhao S. A mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for imaging of peroxynitrite in living cells. Talanta 2021; 231:122421. [PMID: 33965010 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a series of basic biological oxidants involved in physiological and pathological processes. The detection of ONOO- in biological systems has been challenging due to its extremely short half-life and low steady-state concentration. In this work, a ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for ONOO- was constructed by coupling covalently of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with cyanine 5.5 (Cy5.5). This nanoprobe (GQD-Cy5.5) could selectively accumulate in mitochondrial, appears two strong fluorescence emission peaks at 520 and 694 nm. In the presence of ONOO-, the intensity of fluorescence emission peak at 520 nm increased and the intensity of fluorescence emission peak at 694 nm decreased. The ratio (F520 nm/F694 nm) of fluorescence intensity at two emission peaks had a good linear relationship with the concentration of ONOO- in the range of 0-6.0 μM, and the detection limit was 0.03 μM. The excellent properties of the nanoprobe enable its applications in the ratiometric fluorescence imaging of endogenous ONOO- in cell mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China; Guilin Normal College, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Li Hou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tianran Lin
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jianniao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
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6
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Hu L, Chen Z, Yu C, Zhang J, Zhang H, Xu P, Xiao E. A rhodol-enone dye platform with dual reaction triggers for specific detection of Cys. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2438-2442. [PMID: 32104831 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02794g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have developed a rhodol-enone dye platform with bis-reaction-triggers for the selective detection of Cys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Hu
- Department of Radiology
- The Second Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Radiology
- The Second Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Radiology
- The Second Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Radiology
- The Second Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- Jining First People's Hospital
- Jining Medical University
- Jining 272000
- P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- Jining First People's Hospital
- Jining Medical University
- Jining 272000
- P. R. China
| | - Enhua Xiao
- Department of Radiology
- The Second Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
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Cheng J, Li D, Sun M, Wang Y, Xu QQ, Liang XG, Lu YB, Hu Y, Han F, Li X. Physicochemical-property guided design of a highly sensitive probe to image nitrosative stress in the pathology of stroke. Chem Sci 2019; 11:281-289. [PMID: 34040723 PMCID: PMC8133006 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03798e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo real-time imaging of nitrosative stress in the pathology of stroke has long been a formidable challenge due to both the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the elusive nature of reactive nitrogen species, while this task is also informative to gain a molecular level understanding of neurovascular injury caused by nitrosative stress during the stroke episode. Herein, using a physicochemical property-guided probe design strategy in combination with the reaction-based probe design rationale, we have developed an ultrasensitive probe for imaging nitrosative stress evolved in the pathology of stroke. This probe demonstrates an almost zero background fluorescence signal but a maximum 1000-fold fluorescence enhancement in response to peroxynitrite, the nitrosative stress marker. Due to its good physicochemical properties, the probe readily penetrates the BBB after intravenous administration, and quickly accumulates in mice brain to sense local vascular injuries. After accomplishing its imaging mission, the probe is easily metabolized and therefore won't cause safety concerns. These desirable features make the probe competent for the straightforward visualization of nitrosative stress progression in stroke pathology. A brain–blood barrier permeable probe was developed for fluorogenically sensing nitrosative stress caused by brain vascular injury.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Meiling Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Qiao-Qin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xing-Guang Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China .,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yun-Bi Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yongzhou Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Feng Han
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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Patil PDJ, Wagalgave SM, Ingle RD, Nanubolu JB, Bhosale RS, Bhosale SV, Pawar RP, Bhosale SV. Merocyanine‐Benzothiazole Chromophore‐Based Sensor for Selective Picric Acid Detection. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod D. Jawale Patil
- Department of ChemistryDeogiri College Aurangabad- 431005, Maharashtra India
- Polymers and Functional Materials DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana India
| | - Sopan M. Wagalgave
- Polymers and Functional Materials DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana India
| | - Rajita D. Ingle
- Department of ChemistryDeogiri College Aurangabad- 431005, Maharashtra India
| | - Jagadeesh B. Nanubolu
- Centre for X-ray CrystallographyCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana India
| | - Rajesh S. Bhosale
- Polymers and Functional Materials DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana India
- Department of ChemistryIndrashil University, Kadi Mehsana- 382740, Gujarat India
| | - Sidhanath V. Bhosale
- Polymers and Functional Materials DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana India
| | - Rajendra P. Pawar
- Department of ChemistryDeogiri College Aurangabad- 431005, Maharashtra India
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Li Z, Liu C, Yu C, Chen Y, Jia P, Zhu H, Zhang X, Yu Y, Zhu B, Sheng W. A highly selective and sensitive red-emitting fluorescent probe for visualization of endogenous peroxynitrite in living cells and zebrafish. Analyst 2019; 144:3442-3449. [PMID: 31020958 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) has been proven to participate in various physiological and pathological processes, and may also be a contributing factor in many diseases. In view of this, there is a need to develop detection tools for unambiguously tracking a small amount of endogenous ONOO- to reveal its exact mechanisms. In this paper, a colorimetric and red-emitting fluorescent probe Red-PN, based on a rhodamine-type fluorophore and hydrazide reactive site is described. The probe Red-PN possesses the advantages of rapid response (within 5 s), visual color change (from colorless to pink), preeminent sensitivity (detection limit = 4.3 nM) and selectivity. Because of these outstanding performances, it was possible to accurately detect endogenous ONOO-. It was encouraging that the probe Red-PN could be used effectively for tracking the relatively low levels of endogenous and exogenous ONOO- in living cells and zebrafish. Thus, it is envisioned that the probe Red-PN would have promising prospects in applications for imaging ONOO- in a variety of biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Carbon Sink and Capture Utilization, Jinan 250022, China.
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Zhan Z, Liu R, Chai L, Dai Y, Lv Y. Visualization of Lung Inflammation to Pulmonary Fibrosis via Peroxynitrite Fluctuation. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11461-11466. [PMID: 31362497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Chai
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Liu C, Zhang X, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhuang Z, Jia P, Zhu H, Yu Y, Zhu B, Sheng W. Novel Dimethylhydrazine-Derived Spirolactam Fluorescent Chemodosimeter for Tracing Basal Peroxynitrite in Live Cells and Zebrafish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6407-6413. [PMID: 31083940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The precise cellular function of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in biosystems remains elusive, primarily owing to being short of ultrasensitive techniques for monitoring its intracellular distribution. In this work, a novel rhodamine B cyclic 1,2-dimethylhydrazine fluorescent chemodosimeter RDMH-PN for highly specific and ultrasensitive monitoring of basal ONOO- in biosystems was rationally designed. The fluorescence titration experiments demonstrated that RDMH-PN was capable of quantitatively detecting 0-100 nM ONOO- (limit of detection = 0.68 nM). In addition, RDMH-PN has outstanding performances of ultrafast measurement, naked-eye detection, and preeminent selectivity toward ONOO- to accurately detect intracellular basal ONOO-. Finally, it has been confirmed that RDMH-PN could not only map the intracellular basal ONOO- level by inhibition tests but also trace the fluctuations of endogenous and exogenous ONOO- levels with diverse stimulations in live cells and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zilu Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Zhuang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Jia
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchuang Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yamin Yu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment , University of Jinan , Jinan , Shandong 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250103 , People's Republic of China
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Jiang WL, Li Y, Wang WX, Zhao YT, Fei J, Li CY. A hepatocyte-targeting near-infrared ratiometric fluorescent probe for monitoring peroxynitrite during drug-induced hepatotoxicity and its remediation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14307-14310. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel hepatocyte-targeting near-infrared ratiometric fluorescent probe named Gal-NIR is developed for detecting ONOO−. The probe can target the hepatocyte and assess drug-induced liver injury and its remediation in living cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
| | - Yongfei Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
| | - Wen-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
| | - Yi-Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Gao Q, Liu C, Song B, Zhang R, Yuan J. A ruthenium(ii) complex–cyanine energy transfer scaffold based luminescence probe for ratiometric detection and imaging of mitochondrial peroxynitrite. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13698-13701. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08061e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a ratiometric luminescence probe for sensing and imaging of mitochondrial ONOO− based on a ruthenium(ii) complex–cyanine energy transfer scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Quankun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Chaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland
- St. Lucia
- Australia
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
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