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Sahare S, Ghoderao P, Chan Y, Lee SL. Surface supramolecular assemblies tailored by chemical/physical and synergistic stimuli: a scanning tunneling microscopy study. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1981-2002. [PMID: 36515142 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assemblies formed by various non-covalent interactions can produce diverse functional networks on solid surfaces. These networks have recently attracted much interest from both fundamental and application points of view. Unlike covalent organic frameworks (COFs), the properties of the assemblies differ from each other depending on the constituent motifs. These various motifs may find diverse applications such as in crystal engineering, surface modification, and molecular electronics. Significantly, these interactions between/among the molecular tectonics are relatively weak and reversible, which makes them responsive to external stimuli. Moreover, for a liquid-solid-interface environment, the dynamic processes are amenable to in situ observation using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In the literature, most review articles focus on supramolecular self-assembly interactions. This review summarizes the recent literature in which stimulation sources, including chemical, physical, and their combined stimuli, cooperatively tailor supramolecular assemblies on surfaces. The appropriate design and synthesis of functional molecules that can be integrated on different surfaces permits the use of nanostructured materials and devices for bottom-up nanotechnology. Finally, we discuss synergic effect on materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sahare
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Prachi Ghoderao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Yue Chan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
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2
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Chen TM, Tanaka Y, Kametani Y, Cheng K, Lin C, Lin YR, Hsu T, Chen Z, Hao J, Mori S, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Furuta H, Shimizu S, Chen C. Spontaneous Assembly and Three‐Dimensional Stacking of Antiaromatic 5,15‐Dioxaporphyrin on HOPG. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212726. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsang‐Wei Matt Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yohei Kametani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kum‐Yi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsun Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yi Rick Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ting‐Rong Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Zuqian Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Jiping Hao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Center (ADRES) Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Chun‐hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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Zeng X, Khan SB, Mahmood A, Lee SL. Nanoscale tailoring of supramolecular crystals via an oriented external electric field. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15072-15080. [PMID: 32458926 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The oriented external electric field of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has recently been adapted for controlling the chemical reaction and supramolecular phase transition at surfaces with molecular precision. However, to date, advance controls using such electric-fields for crystal engineering have not been achieved yet. Here, we present how the directional electric-field of an STM can be utilized to harness supramolecular crystallization on a solid surface. We show that a glass-like random-tiling assembly composed of p-terphenyl-3,5,3',5'-tetracarboxylic acid can transform into close-packed periodic assemblies under positive substrate bias conditions at the liquid/solid interface. Importantly, the nucleation and subsequent crystal growth for such field-induced products can be artificially tailored at the early stage in a real-time fashion. Through this method, we were able to produce a two-dimensional supramolecular single crystal. The as-prepared crystals with apparent brightness are ascribed to a spectroscopic feature linked to the electron density of states, which is thus strongly STM bias dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060.
| | - Sadaf Bashir Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060. and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Ayyaz Mahmood
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060. and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060.
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Zellman CO, Vu D, Williams VE. Adjacent functional group effects on the assembly of columnar liquid crystals. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the impact of individual functional groups on the self-assembly of columnar liquid crystal phases has been widely studied, the effect of varying multiple substituents has received much less attention. Herein, we report a series of dibenzo[a,c]phenazines containing an alcohol or ether adjacent to an electron-withdrawing ester or acid. With one exception, these difunctional mesogens form columnar phases. The phase behavior appeared to be dominated by the electron-withdrawing substituent; transition temperatures were similar to derivatives with these groups in isolation. In most instances, the addition of an electron-donating group ortho to an ester or acid suppressed the melting temperature and elevated the clearing temperature, leading to broader liquid crystal thermal ranges. This effect was more pronounced for derivatives functionalized with longer chain hexyloxy groups. These results suggest a potential strategy for controlling the phase ranges of columnar liquid crystals and achieving room temperature mesophases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson O. Zellman
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Danielle Vu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Vance E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Interfacial Energetic Level Mapping and Nano-Ordering of Small Molecule/Fullerene Organic Solar Cells by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030427. [PMID: 32121230 PMCID: PMC7152849 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) at the liquid/solid interface, morphology evolution process and energetic level alignment of very thin solid films (thickness: <700 pm), of the low molecular weight molecule DRCN5T and DRCN5T:[70]PCBM blend are analyzed after applying thermal annealing at different temperatures. These films exhibit a worm-like pattern without thermal annealing (amorphous shape); however, after applying thermal annealing at 120 °C, the small molecule film domains crystallize verified by X-ray diffraction: structural geometry becomes a well-defined organized array. By using STS, the energy band diagrams of the semiconductor bulk heterojunction (blended film) at the donor-acceptor interface are determined; morphology and energy characteristics can be correlated with the organic solar cells (OSC) performance. When combining thermal treatment and solvent vapor annealing processes as described in previous literature by using other techniques, OSC devices based on DRCN5T show a very acceptable power conversion efficiency of 9.0%.
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Hu T, Wang Y, Dong M, Wu J, Pang P, Miao X, Deng W. Ordering self-assembly structures via intermolecular BrS interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1437-1443. [PMID: 31859319 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent research studies have shown that the halogenated benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (DTBDT) unit as a polymer donor exhibits high charge carrier mobility due to the well-ordered molecular packing and high crystallinity, which is meaningful for achieving highly efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). However, it is difficult to acquire the accurate packing information of polymer materials. Herein, we investigated the self-assembled behaviors of two DTBDT derivatives, 4,8-bis(4-octadecylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (H-DTBDT) and 4,8-bis(5-bromo-4-octadecylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (Br-DTBDT), to elucidate the effect of introducing a bromine atom on molecular packing structures by STM at the 1-phenyloctane/HOPG interface. It is observed that the H-DTBDT molecules exhibit a random arrangement along each lamella, while the Br-DTBDT molecules self-assemble into a highly ordered lamellar structure. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis combined with the topological properties of the electron density at the bond critical points revealed that the existence of weak intermolecular interactions of BrS facilitates the regular packing motif of Br-DTBDT molecules. The results helped us to understand that the BrS bond generally acted as the auxiliary force and can play the primary role in the construction of supramolecular nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yujia Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Meiqiu Dong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Juntian Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Peng Pang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xinrui Miao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wenli Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Mahmood A, Zeng X, Saleemi AS, Cheng KY, Lee SL. Electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface: cat-assembly from solvent additives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8790-8793. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrically triggered phase transformations of trimesic acid can be efficiently promoted to occur in an environment where trace levels of a highly polar solvent additive are present at the liquid/solid interface, as revealed by STM and DFT simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyaz Mahmood
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Awais Siddique Saleemi
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Kum-Yi Cheng
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
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Yoshida J, Bozek KJA, Thompson JR, Williams VE. Competing forces in the self-assembly of amide-functionalized discotic mesogens. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:10035-10044. [PMID: 31789336 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01435g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of incorporating a single amide group on the self-assembly of discotic mesogens was examined. Two series of tetraalkoxydibenzophenazines amides were prepared: tertiary diethyl amides, dEt(n) incapable of hydrogen bonding, and secondary amides HBu(n) that can act as both H-bond donors and acceptors. These compounds exhibit markedly different behavior in solution; NMR studies of dEt(n) show no evidence of self-association, whereas HBu(n) strongly associate via H-bonding and π-stacking. Compounds HBu(n) also act as small molecule gelators in a range of solvents, a property not observed for the corresponding tertiary amides. All compounds were found to form Colh liquid crystal phases; variable temperature XRD experiments indicate that each column has a diameter approximately equal to that of a single molecule. A comparison of the phase behavior of HBu(n) and dEt(n) suggests that the columnar phases of the former are stabilized by hydrogen bonding, likely at the expense of local parallel alignment of these molecules. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed that dEt(6) adopts an antiparallel arrangement in the solid state, in keeping with previous theories of packing within columnar LC phases. These studies highlight the interplay between competing factors, such as hydrogen bonding, π-stacking and dipole-dipole interactions that affect the stability of the LC phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V6a 1S6, Canada.
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Li SY, Yang XQ, Chen T, Wang D, Wang SF, Wan LJ. Tri-Stable Structural Switching in 2D Molecular Assembly at the Liquid/Solid Interface Triggered by External Electric Field. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6751-6759. [PMID: 31188581 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A tri-stable structural switching between different polymorphisms is presented in the 2D molecular assembly of a 5-(benzyloxy)isophthalic acid derivative (BIC-C12) at the liquid/solid interface. The assembled structure of BIC-C12 is sensitive to the applied voltage between the STM tip and the sample surface. A compact lamellar structure is exclusively observed at positive sample bias, while a porous honeycomb structure or a quadrangular structure is preferred at negative sample bias. Selective switching between the lamellar structure and the honeycomb structure or the quadrangular structure is realized by controlling the polarity and magnitude of the sample bias. The transition between the honeycomb structure and the quadrangular structure is, however, absent in the assembly. This tri-stable structural switching is closely related to the molecular concentration in the liquid phase. This result provides insights into the effect of external electric field on molecular assembly and benefits the design and construction of switchable molecular architectures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Hubei University , Wuhan 400062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Fu Wang
- Hubei University , Wuhan 400062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
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Mahmood A, Saeed M, Chan Y, Saleemi AS, Guo J, Lee SL. Synergic Effect: Temperature-Assisted Electric-Field-Induced Supramolecular Phase Transitions at the Liquid/Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8031-8037. [PMID: 31120252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using trimesic acid (TMA) as a model system by means of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a temperature controller, here, we report a temperature-assisted method to cooperatively control electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface. Octanoic acid is used as a solvent due to its good solubility for TMA and its less complicated pattern formed under negative STM bias (e.g., only chicken-wire polymorphs existing). At positive substrate bias, STM revealed that TMA assembly based on temperature modulations underwent phase transitions from a porous (22 °C) to a flower (45 °C) and further to a zigzag (68 °C) structure. The transitions are ascribed to the partial deprotonation of the carboxyl groups of TMA. Both the temperature and electrical polarity of the substrate are crucial, i.e., the transitions only take place at positive substrate bias and elevated temperatures. Molecular mechanics simulations were carried out to calculate the temperature and electric field dependence of the adsorption enthalpy and free energy of the chicken-wire assembly of TMA on the two layers of graphene surface. The calculated decrease in adsorption enthalpy with the increase of temperature and electric field values that causes the TMA chicken-wire assembly to be less stable is proposed to promote the occurrence of the phase transition observed by STM. This study paves the way toward program-controlled supramolecular phase switching via the synergic effect of electrical and thermal stimuli.
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