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Kuvayskaya A, Mallos TJ, Douair I, Chang C, Larsen RE, Jensen MP, Sellinger A. Controlling Extraction of Rare Earth Elements Using Functionalized Aryl-vinyl Phosphonic Acid Esters. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16343-16353. [PMID: 37751598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Ligands that can discriminate between individual rare earth elements are important for production of these critical elements. A set of aryl-vinyl phosphonic acid ligands for extracting rare earth elements were designed and synthesized under the hypothesis that the strength of the rare earth-ligand interactions could be tuned by changing the dipole moment of the ligand. The ligands were synthesized via a two-step reaction procedure using a Heck coupling reaction to functionalize vinyl phosphonic acid, followed by Steglich esterification to obtain high-purity styryl phosphonic acid monoesters with varying dipole moments along the P-C bond. The metal binding strength and composition of the rare earth complexes formed with these styryl phosphonic acid monoesters were experimentally studied by liquid-liquid extraction techniques, while DFT calculations were performed to determine the dipole moments of the free and complexed ligands and the electronic structure of the complexes formed. All three prepared ligands were much stronger extracting agents for europium(III) than the dialkylphosphonic acids usually used for this separation. However, the order of increasing extraction strength was found to match the order of the decreasing calculated dipole moment along the P-C bond of the three styryl-based ligands, rather than correlating with increasing ligand basicity, as reflected by the pKa of the ligands. These findings suggest that this approach can be used to systematically alter the extraction strength of aromatic phosphonic monoesters for rare earth element purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kuvayskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Thomas J Mallos
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Iskander Douair
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Christopher Chang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ross E Larsen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mark P Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alan Sellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Materials Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Neururer F, Huter K, Seidl M, Hohloch S. Reactivity and Structure of a Bis-phenolate Niobium NHC Complex. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:59-71. [PMID: 36748079 PMCID: PMC9896488 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the facile synthesis of a rare niobium(V) imido NHC complex with a dianionic OCO-pincer benzimidazolylidene ligand (L 1 ) with the general formula [NbL 1 (N t Bu)PyCl] 1-Py. We achieved this by in situ deprotonation of the corresponding azolium salt [H 3 L 1 ][Cl] and subsequent reaction with [Nb(N t Bu)Py 2 Cl 3 ]. The pyridine ligand in 1-Py can be removed by the addition of B(C6F5)3 as a strong Lewis acid leading to the formation of the pyridine-free complex 1. In contrast to similar vanadium(V) complexes, complex 1-Py was found to be a good precursor for various salt metathesis reactions, yielding a series of chalcogenido and pnictogenido complexes with the general formula [ NbL 1 (N t Bu)Py(EMes)] (E = O (2), S (3), NH (4), and PH (5)). Furthermore, complex 1-Py can be converted to alkyl complex (6) with 1 equiv of neosilyl lithium as a transmetallation agent. Addition of a second equivalent yields a new trianionic supporting ligand on the niobium center (7) in which the benzimidazolylidene ligand is alkylated at the former carbene carbon atom. The latter is an interesting chemically "noninnocent" feature of the benzimidazolylidene ligand potentially useful in catalysis and atom transfer reactions. Addition of mesityl lithium to 1-Py gives the pyridine-free aryl complex 8, which is stable toward "overarylation" by an additional equivalent of mesityl lithium. Electrochemical investigation revealed that complexes 1-Py and 1 are inert toward reduction in dichloromethane but show two irreversible reduction processes in tetrahydrofuran as a solvent. However, using standard reduction agents, e.g., KC8, K-mirror, and Na/Napht, no reduced products could be isolated. All complexes have been thoroughly studied by various techniques, including 1H-, 13C{1H}-, and 1H-15N HMBC NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Bai Z, Scheibe B, Sperling JM, Albrecht-Schönzart TE. Syntheses and Characterization of Tetrazolate-Based Lanthanide Compounds and Selective Crystallization Separation of Neodymium and Dysprosium. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19193-19202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanling Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306, United States
| | - Benjamin Scheibe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306, United States
| | - Joseph M. Sperling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306, United States
| | - Thomas E. Albrecht-Schönzart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
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4
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Higgins RF, Ruoff KP, Kumar A, Schelter EJ. Coordination Chemistry-Driven Approaches to Rare Earth Element Separations. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2616-2627. [PMID: 36041177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current projections for global mining indicate that unsustainable practices will cause supply problems for many elements, called critical raw materials, in the next 20 years. These include elements necessary for renewable technologies as well as artisanal sources. Energy critical elements (ECEs) comprise a group used for clean, renewable energy applications that are in low abundance in the Earth's crust or require an economic premium to extract from ores. Sustainable practices of acquiring ECEs is an important problem to address through fundamental research to provide alternative energy technologies such as wind turbines and electric vehicles at cheaper costs for our global energy generation and usage. Some of these green technologies incorporate rare-earth (RE) metals (Sc, Y and the lanthanides), which are challenging to separate from mineral sources because of their similar sizes (i.e., ionic radii) and chemical properties. The current process used to provide REs at requisite purities for these applications is counter-current solvent-solvent extraction, which is scalable and works efficiently for any ore composition. However, this method produces large amounts of caustic waste that is environmentally damaging, especially to areas in China that house major separation facilities. Advancement of the selectivity of this process is challenging since exact molecular speciation that affords separations is still relatively unknown. In this context, we developed a program to investigate new RE separations systems that were aimed at minimizing solvent use, controlled by molecular speciation, and could be targeted at problems in recycling these critical metals.The first ligand system that was developed to impart solubility differences between light and heavy rare-earth ions was [{(2-tBuNO)C6H4CH2}3N]3- (TriNOx3-) (graphic below). A differential solubility allowed for a separation of Nd and Dy of SFNd:Dy = ∼300 in a single step. In other words, a 50:50 Nd/Dy sample was enriched to give 95% pure Nd and Dy through a simple filtration, which is potentially impactful to recycling magnetic materials found in wind turbines. This separations system compares favorably to other state-of-the-art molecular extractants that are based on energetic differences of the thermodynamic parameter to affect separations for neighboring elements. This straightforward, thermodynamically driven method to separate REs primed our future research for new coordination chemistry approaches to separations.Another separations system was accomplished through the variable rate of a redox event from one arm of the TriNOx3- ligand. It was determined that the rate of this one electron oxidation, which operated through an electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical mechanism, was dependent on the identity of the RE ion. This kinetically driven separation afforded a separation factor (SF) of SFEu:Y = 75. We have also described other transformations such as ligand exchange, substituent dependent, and redox-driven chelation processes with well-defined speciation to afford purified RE materials. Recently, we determined that magnetic properties can be used to enhance both thermodynamic and kinetic RE separations processes to give an approximately 100% boost for pairs of paramagnetic/diamagnetic REs. These results have shown that both thermodynamic and kinetic RE separations were efficient for different selected RE binary pairs through coordination chemistry. The focus of this Account will detail the differences that are observed for RE separations when promoted by thermodynamic or kinetic factors. Overall, the development of rationally adjusted speciation of REs provides a basis for future industrial separations processes for technologies applied to ECEs derived from wind turbines, batteries for electric vehicles, and LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Higgins
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kevin P Ruoff
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Penuelas J, Sardans J, Terradas J. Increasing divergence between human and biological elementomes. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:935-938. [PMID: 36100488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human elementome, the number and amounts of elements used biologically and nonbiologically by humans, has increasingly diverged from the biological elementome that characterizes the elements used by the nonhuman living organisms. This increasing divergence due to human cultural evolution has huge ecological, evolutionary, environmental, and geopolitical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Terradas
- CREAF, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; BABVE, UAB, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
The number of rare earth (RE) starting materials used in synthesis is staggering, ranging from simple binary metal-halide salts to borohydrides and "designer reagents" such as alkyl and organoaluminate complexes. This review collates the most important starting materials used in RE synthetic chemistry, including essential information on their preparations and uses in modern synthetic methodologies. The review is divided by starting material category and supporting ligands (i.e., metals as synthetic precursors, halides, borohydrides, nitrogen donors, oxygen donors, triflates, and organometallic reagents), and in each section relevant synthetic methodologies and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ortu
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH Leicester, U.K.
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Masuya-Suzuki A, Hosobori K, Sawamura R, Abe Y, Karashimada R, Iki N. Selective crystallization of dysprosium complex from neodymium/dysprosium mixture enabled by cooperation of coordination and crystallization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2283-2286. [PMID: 35015004 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Designing a molecular-level Ln3+ separation system remains a challenge for developing next-generation separation methodologies. Herein, we report crystallization-based Nd3+/Dy3+ separation using a tripodal Schiff base ligand. Highly selective crystallization of the Dy3+ complex was enabled by cooperation between the coordination and crystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Masuya-Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Koji Hosobori
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Ryota Sawamura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Yumika Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Ryunosuke Karashimada
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Iki
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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8
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Chen Z, Li Z, Chen J, Tan H, Wu J, Qiu H. Selective Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements by Zn-BDC MOF/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites Synthesized via In Situ Interlayer-Confined Strategy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Frontier Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongxin Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinsheng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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9
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Kumar A, Geng H, Schelter EJ. Harnessing magnetic fields for rare-earth complex crystallization–separations in aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27895-27898. [PMID: 36320235 PMCID: PMC9521326 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04729b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic field-directed crystallization separation of rare-earth (RE) metals is emerging as a new direction in the field of separation science, due to its simplicity, low energy input, and low cost of operation, as compared to traditional separation methods such as solvent extraction. Here, we report the use of Fe14Nd2B magnets for selective crystallization of paramagnetic Nd, Dy, Er, and Tm rare earth compounds from a mixture with diamagnetic La ones using the RE–DOTA complex system. All the separations were performed at milder temperatures of 3 °C to provide a thermal gradient, and the crystallizations were set up in aqueous solutions using the benign solvents water and acetone. A four-fold increase in the separation factor (41.4 ± 0.6) was observed for the Dy/La pair in the presence of a magnetic field as compared to the separation factor (10.5 ± 0.9) obtained without the application of the field. These results indicate that the use of the magnetic crystallization method for RE separations is effective in aqueous systems and can be a useful strategy for energy-efficient molecular separations of RE metals. Magnetic crystallization was used as an energy-efficient technique for selective separation of paramagnetic rare-earth ions from lanthanum ions. An air-stable and simple RE-DOTA complex system was used to achieve separation in aqueous conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Han Geng
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Sgarlata C, Schneider BL, Zito V, Migliore R, Tegoni M, Pecoraro VL, Arena G. Lanthanide Identity Governs Guest-Induced Dimerization in Ln III [15-MC Cu II N(L-pheHA) -5]) 3+ Metallacrowns. Chemistry 2021; 27:17669-17675. [PMID: 34637566 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Series of lanthanide-containing metallic coordination complexes are frequently presented as structurally analogous, due to the similar chemical and coordinative properties of the lanthanides. In the case of chiral (LnIII [15-MC Cu II N(L-pheHA) -5])3+ metallacrowns (MCs), which are well established supramolecular hosts, the formation of dimers templated by a dicarboxylate guest (muconate) in solution of neutral pH is herein shown to have a unique dependence on the identity of the MC's central lanthanide. Calorimetric data and nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion studies demonstrate that MCs containing larger or smaller lanthanides as the central metal only form monomeric host-guest complexes whereas analogues with intermediate lanthanides (for example, Eu, Gd, Dy) participate in formation of dimeric host-guest-host compartments. The driving force for the dimerization event across the series is thought to be a competition between formation of highly stable MCs (larger lanthanides) and optimally linked bridging guests (smaller lanthanides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Sgarlata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Zito
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR), S.S. Catania, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Migliore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17 A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Vincent L Pecoraro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Mattocks JA, Cotruvo JA. Biological, biomolecular, and bio-inspired strategies for detection, extraction, and separations of lanthanides and actinides. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8315-8334. [PMID: 33057507 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanides and actinides are elements of ever-increasing technological importance in the modern world. However, the similar chemical and physical properties within these groups make purification of individual elements a challenge. Current industrial standards for the extraction, separation, and purification of these metals from natural sources, recycled materials, and industrial waste are inefficient, relying upon harsh conditions, repetitive steps, and ligands with only modest selectivity. Biological, biomolecular, and bio-inspired strategies towards improving these separations and making them more environmentally sustainable have been researched for many years; however, these methods often have insufficient selectivity for practical application. Recent developments in the understanding of how lanthanides are selectively acquired and used by certain bacteria offer the opportunity for a newer, more efficient take on these designs, as well as the possibility for fundamentally new designs and strategies. Herein, we review current cell-based and biomolecular (primarily small-molecule and protein-based) methods for detection, extraction, and separations of f-block elements. We discuss how the increasing knowledge regarding the selective recognition, uptake, trafficking, and storage of these elements in biological systems has informed and will continue to promote development of novel approaches to achieve these ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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12
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Lumpe H, Menke A, Haisch C, Mayer P, Kabelitz A, Yusenko KV, Guilherme Buzanich A, Block T, Pöttgen R, Emmerling F, Daumann LJ. The Earlier the Better: Structural Analysis and Separation of Lanthanides with Pyrroloquinoline Quinone. Chemistry 2020; 26:10133-10139. [PMID: 32497263 PMCID: PMC7496819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanides (Ln) are critical raw materials, however, their mining and purification have a considerable negative environmental impact and sustainable recycling and separation strategies for these elements are needed. In this study, the precipitation and solubility behavior of Ln complexes with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), the cofactor of recently discovered lanthanide (Ln) dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes, is presented. In this context, the molecular structure of a biorelevant europium PQQ complex was for the first time elucidated outside a protein environment. The complex crystallizes as an inversion symmetric dimer, Eu2 PQQ2 , with binding of Eu in the biologically relevant pocket of PQQ. LnPQQ and Ln1Ln2PQQ complexes were characterized by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 151 Eu-Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray total scattering, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It is shown that a natural enzymatic cofactor is capable to achieve separation by precipitation of the notoriously similar, and thus difficult to separate, lanthanides to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Lumpe
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Annika Menke
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Christoph Haisch
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water ChemistryTechnical University of MunichMarchioninistraße 1781377MünchenGermany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Anke Kabelitz
- Division Structure AnalysisFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Kirill V. Yusenko
- Division Structure AnalysisFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Ana Guilherme Buzanich
- Division Structure AnalysisFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Theresa Block
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Münster (WWU)Corrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Münster (WWU)Corrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Division Structure AnalysisFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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13
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High-throughput screening for discovery of benchtop separations systems for selected rare earth elements. Commun Chem 2020; 3:7. [PMID: 36703327 PMCID: PMC9814905 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare earth (RE) elements (scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides) are critical for their role in sustainable energy technologies. Problems with their supply chain have motivated research to improve separations methods to recycle these elements from end of life technology. Toward this goal, we report the synthesis and characterization of the ligand tris[(1-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamido)ethyl]amine, H31·TFA (TFA = trifluoroacetic acid), and complexes 1·RE (RE = La, Nd, Dy). A high-throughput experimentation (HTE) screen was developed to quantitatively determine the precipitation of 1·RE as a function of pH as well as equivalents of H31·TFA. This method rapidly determines optimal conditions for the separation of RE mixtures, while minimizing materials consumption. The HTE-predicted conditions are used to achieve the lab-scale separation of Nd/Dy (SFNd/Dy = 213 ± 34) and La/Nd (SFLa/Nd = 16.2 ± 0.2) mixtures in acidic aqueous media.
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14
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Higgins RF, Cheisson T, Cole BE, Manor BC, Carroll PJ, Schelter EJ. Magnetic Field Directed Rare‐Earth Separations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Higgins
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Thibault Cheisson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Eramet Ideas 1 rue Albert Einstein 78190 Trappes France
| | - Bren E. Cole
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Brian C. Manor
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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15
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Higgins RF, Cheisson T, Cole BE, Manor BC, Carroll PJ, Schelter EJ. Magnetic Field Directed Rare‐Earth Separations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1851-1856. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Higgins
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Thibault Cheisson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Eramet Ideas 1 rue Albert Einstein 78190 Trappes France
| | - Bren E. Cole
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Brian C. Manor
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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16
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Cotruvo JA. The Chemistry of Lanthanides in Biology: Recent Discoveries, Emerging Principles, and Technological Applications. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1496-1506. [PMID: 31572776 PMCID: PMC6764073 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The essential biological role of rare earth elements lay hidden until the discovery in 2011 that lanthanides are specifically incorporated into a bacterial methanol dehydrogenase. Only recently has this observation gone from a curiosity to a major research area, with the appreciation for the widespread nature of lanthanide-utilizing organisms in the environment and the discovery of other lanthanide-binding proteins and systems for selective uptake. While seemingly exotic at first glance, biological utilization of lanthanides is very logical from a chemical perspective. The early lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd) primarily used by biology are abundant in the environment, perform similar chemistry to other biologically useful metals and do so more efficiently due to higher Lewis acidity, and possess sufficiently distinct coordination chemistry to allow for selective uptake, trafficking, and incorporation into enzymes. Indeed, recent advances in the field illustrate clear analogies with the biological coordination chemistry of other metals, particularly CaII and FeIII, but with unique twists-including cooperative metal binding to magnify the effects of small ionic radius differences-enabling selectivity. This Outlook summarizes the recent developments in this young but rapidly expanding field and looks forward to potential future discoveries, emphasizing continuity with principles of bioinorganic chemistry established by studies of other metals. We also highlight how a more thorough understanding of the central chemical question-selective lanthanide recognition in biology-may impact the challenging problems of sensing, capture, recycling, and separations of rare earths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United
States
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17
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Cheisson T, Jian J, Su J, Eaton TM, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Batista ER, Yang P, Gibson JK, Schelter EJ. Halide anion discrimination by a tripodal hydroxylamine ligand in gas and condensed phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19868-19878. [PMID: 31475264 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03764k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization of solutions containing a tripodal hydroxylamine ligand, H3TriNOx ([((2-tBuNOH)C6H4CH2)3N]) denoted as L, and a hydrogen halide HX: HCl, HBr and/or HI, yielded gas-phase anion complexes [L(X)]- and [L(HX2)]-. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of mixed-halide complexes, [L(HXaXb)]-, indicated highest affinity for I- and lowest for Cl-. Structures and energetics computed by density functional theory are in accord with the CID results, and indicate that the gas-phase binding preference is a manifestation of differing stabilities of the HX molecules. A high halide affinity of [L(H)]+ in solution was also demonstrated, though with a highest preference for Cl- and lowest for I-, the opposite observation of, but not in conflict with, what is observed in gas phase. The results suggest a connection between gas- and condensed-phase chemistry and computational approaches, and shed light on the aggregation and anion recognition properties of hydroxylamine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Cheisson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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18
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Cole BE, Cheisson T, Higgins RF, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Manor BC, Carroll PJ, Schelter EJ. Redox-Driven Chelation and Kinetic Separation of Select Rare Earths Using a Tripodal Nitroxide Proligand. Inorg Chem 2019; 59:172-178. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bren E. Cole
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Thibault Cheisson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert F. Higgins
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brian C. Manor
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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19
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Abstract
The rare earths (REs) are a family of 17 elements that exhibit pronounced chemical similarities as a group, while individually expressing distinctive and varied electronic properties. These atomistic electronic properties are extraordinarily useful and motivate the application of REs in many technologies and devices. From their discovery to the present day, a major challenge faced by chemists has been the separation of RE elements, which has evolved from tedious crystallization to highly engineered solvent extraction schemes. The increasing incorporation and dependence of REs in technology have raised concerns about their sustainability and motivated recent studies for improved separations to achieve a circular RE economy.
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20
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Werner EJ, Biros SM. Supramolecular ligands for the extraction of lanthanide and actinide ions. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A selection of supramolecular ligands designed to extract f-elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Werner
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Physics
- The University of Tampa
- Tampa
- USA
| | - Shannon M. Biros
- Department of Chemistry
- Grand Valley State University
- Allendale
- USA
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