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Aebisher D, Serafin I, Batóg-Szczęch K, Dynarowicz K, Chodurek E, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Cancer-The Selection of Synthetic Photosensitizers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:932. [PMID: 39065781 PMCID: PMC11279632 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment method that uses photosensitizing (PS) compounds to selectively destroy tumor cells using laser light. This review discusses the main advantages of PDT, such as its low invasiveness, minimal systemic toxicity and low risk of complications. Special attention is paid to photosensitizers obtained by chemical synthesis. Three generations of photosensitizers are presented, starting with the first, based on porphyrins, through the second generation, including modified porphyrins, chlorins, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its derivative hexyl aminolevulinate (HAL), to the third generation, which is based on the use of nanotechnology to increase the selectivity of therapy. In addition, current research trends are highlighted, including the search for new photosensitizers that can overcome the limitations of existing therapies, such as heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) or photosensitizers with a near-infrared (NIR) absorption peak. Finally, the prospects for the development of PDTs are presented, taking into account advances in nanotechnology and biomedical engineering. The references include both older and newer works. In many cases, when writing about a given group of first- or second-generation photosensitizers, older publications are used because the properties of the compounds described therein have not changed over the years. Moreover, older articles provide information that serves as an introduction to a given group of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Iga Serafin
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Ewa Chodurek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8 Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Dhami S, Khatun MN, Sengupta C, Iyer PK, Pandey R. Substitution effects on the photoinduced excited state dynamics of perylenemonoimides in solution and thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15600-15610. [PMID: 38757930 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00993b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Perylene monoimide (PMI) derivatives are attracting significant attention due to their strong absorption in the visible range, thermal stability, and synthetic accessibility. These properties make them promising for application in various areas such as optoelectronic devices, photosensitizers, etc. In this work, the photophysical properties and excited state dynamics of four different PMI derivatives (PMIB, BrPMITB, PMITB, and APITB) were studied in solution and thin films utilizing steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Among the four PMI derivatives, APITB is designed as a donor-acceptor dyad, with thianthrene as a donor and PMI as an acceptor. The activation of the triplet state through the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) process in THF was observed upon substitution with the thianthrene group at the peri position of the PMI moiety. The SOCT-ISC process facilitates triplet formation in the APITB dyad within 423 ps. Meanwhile, other PMI derivatives showed fluorescence within the femtosecond timescale in THF. The PMI derivatives in thin films displayed different photo physical properties to those in THF. This discrepancy arises due to the effective intermolecular coupling between the PMI derivatives in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Dhami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667 Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Mst Nasima Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Chaitrali Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667 Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667 Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
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Guo Y, Guan H, Li P, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhao G. Non-adiabatic conformation distortion charge transfer enables dual emission of thermally activated delayed fluorescence and room temperature phosphorescence. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 311:124032. [PMID: 38364513 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report for the first time that thiophenol-substituted naphthalimide can achieve thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) simultaneously through non-conjugated flexible connection. Herein, we explain that the enhancement of intersystem crossing (ISC) between the singlet excited state and triplet excited states in NISPh is mainly caused by the non-adiabatic conformation distortion charge transfer (CDCT) of the excited states. More precisely, CDCT results in the conformation matching and energy barrier decrease between the excited states. In addition, the electronic and vibration coupling is further enhanced in NISPh. Our work substantiates a rational design strategy for the development of simple purely organic materials to achieve dual emission of TADF and RTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Guo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Hongwei Guan
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; National Engineering Research Center of Biomaterials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Guangjiu Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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4
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Dai Y, Dellai A, Bassan E, Bellatreccia C, Gualandi A, Anselmi M, Cozzi PG, Ceroni P, Negri F. Solvent and alkyl substitution effects on charge-transfer mediated triplet state generation in BODIPY dyads: a combined computational and experimental study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:451-462. [PMID: 38324165 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor dyads based on BODIPYs have been recently employed to enhance the formation of triplet excited states with the process of spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) which does not require introduction of transition metals or other heavy atoms into the molecule. In this work we compare two donor-acceptor dyads based on meso-naphthalenyl BODIPY by combining experimental and computational investigations. The photophysical and electrochemical characterization reveals a significant effect of alkylation of the BODIPY core, disfavoring the SOCT-ISC mechanism for the ethylated BODIPY dyad. This is complemented with a computational investigation carried out to rationalize the influence of ethyl substituents and solvent effects on the electronic structure and efficiency of triplet state population via charge recombination (CR) from the photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) generated charge-transfer (CT) state. Time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations including solvent effects and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) calculations uncover the combined role played by solvent and alkyl substitution on the lateral positions of BODIPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Dai
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Dellai
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bassan
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Bellatreccia
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Anselmi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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5
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Chen X, Rehmat N, Kurganskii IV, Maity P, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Mohammed OF, Fedin MV. Efficient Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing and Slow Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer in Bodipy-Perylenebisimide Compact Dyads and Triads. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302137. [PMID: 37553294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodipy (BDP)-perylenebisimide (PBI) donor-acceptor dyads/triad were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). For BDP-PBI-3, in which BDP was attached at the imide position of PBI, higher singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ =85 %) was observed than the bay-substituted derivative BDP-PBI-1 (ΦΔ =30 %). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate slow Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET; 40.4 ps) and charge separation (CS; 1.55 ns) in BDP-PBI-3, while for BDP-PBI-1, CS takes 2.8 ps. For triad BDP-PBI-2, ultrafast FRET (149 fs) and CS (4.7 ps) process were observed, the subsequent charge recombination (CR) takes 5.8 ns and long-lived 3 PBI* (179.8 μs) state is populated. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra of BDP-PBI-3 show that the CR gives upper triplet excited state (3 BDP*) and subsequently, via a slow intramolecular triplet energy transfer (14.5 μs), the 3 PBI* state is finally populated, indicating that upper triplet state is involved in SOCT-ISC. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that both radical pair ISC (RP ISC) and SOCT-ISC contribute to the ISC. A rare electron spin polarization of (e, e, e, e, e, e) was observed for the triplet state formed via the RP ISC mechanism, due to the S-T+1 /T0 states mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Noreen Rehmat
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Ivan V Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Benny J, Liu J. Spin-orbit charge transfer from guanine and 9-methylguanine radical cations to nitric oxide radicals and the induced triplet-to-singlet intersystem crossing. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:085102. [PMID: 37638623 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (●NO) participates in many biological activities, including enhancing DNA radiosensitivity in ionizing radiation-based radiotherapy. To help understand the radiosensitization of ●NO, we report reaction dynamics between ●NO and the radical cations of guanine (a 9HG●+ conformer) and 9-methylguanine (9MG●+). On the basis of the formation of 9HG●+ and 9MG●+ in the gas phase and the collisions of the radical cations with ●NO in a guided-ion beam mass spectrometer, the charge transfer reactions of 9HG●+ and 9MG●+ with ●NO were examined. For both reactions, the kinetic energy-dependent product ion cross sections revealed a threshold energy that is 0.24 (or 0.37) eV above the 0 K product 9HG (or 9MG) + NO+ asymptote. To interrogate this abnormal threshold behavior, the reaction potential energy surface for [9MG + NO]+ was mapped out at closed-shell singlet, open-shell singlet, and triplet states using density functional and coupled cluster theories. The results showed that the charge transfer reaction requires the interaction of a triplet-state surface originating from a reactant-like precursor complex 3[9MG●+(↑)⋅(↑)●NO] with a closed-shell singlet-state surface evolving from a charge-transferred complex 1[9MG⋅NO+]. During the reaction, an electron is transferred from π∗(NO) to perpendicular π∗(9MG), which introduces a change in orbital angular momentum. The latter offsets the change in electron spin angular momentum and facilitates intersystem crossing. The reaction threshold in excess of the 0 K thermochemistry and the low charge-transfer efficiency are rationalized by the vibrational excitation in the product ion NO+ and the kinetic shift arising from a long-lived triplet intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Benny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Queens, New York 11367, USA
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Queens, New York 11367, USA
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., New York, New York 10016, USA
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7
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Díaz-Norambuena C, Avellanal-Zaballa E, Prieto-Castañeda A, Bañuelos J, de la Moya S, Agarrabeitia AR, Ortiz MJ. Formylation as a Chemical Tool to Modulate the Performance of Photosensitizers Based on Boron Dipyrromethene Dimers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11837. [PMID: 37511596 PMCID: PMC10380594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers are envisioned as the next generation of photoactive molecules for photo-theragnosis. In this approach, and after suitable irradiation, a single molecular scaffold is able to visualize and kill tumour cells by fluorescence signalling and photodynamic therapy (PDT), respectively, with minimal side effects. In this regard, BODIPY-based orthogonal dimers have irrupted as suitable candidates for this aim. Herein, we analyse the photophysical properties of a set of formyl-functionalized BODIPY dimers to ascertain their suitability as fluorescent photosensitizers. The conducted computationally aided spectroscopic study determined that the fluorescence/singlet oxygen generation dual performance of these valuable BODIPY dimers not only depends on the BODIPY-BODIPY linkage and the steric hindrance around it, but also can be modulated by proper formyl functionalization at specific chromophoric positions. Thus, we propose regioselective formylation as an effective tool to modulate such a delicate photonic balance in BODIPY-based dimeric photosensitizers. The taming of the excited-state dynamics, in particular intramolecular charge transfer as the key underlying process mediating fluorescence deactivation vs. intersystem crossing increasing, could serve to increase fluorescence for brighter bioimaging, enhance the generation of singlet oxygen for killing activity, or balance both for photo-theragnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Díaz-Norambuena
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alejandro Prieto-Castañeda
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia R Agarrabeitia
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Ortiz
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Prieto-Montero R, Díaz Andres A, Prieto-Castañeda A, Tabero A, Longarte A, Agarrabeitia AR, Villanueva A, Ortiz MJ, Montero R, Casanova D, Martínez-Martínez V. Halogen-free photosensitizers based on meso-enamine-BODIPYs for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 11:169-179. [PMID: 36484323 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01515c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The search for efficient heavy atom free photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a very active field. We describe herein a simple and easily accessible molecular design based on the attachment of an enamine group as an electron-donor moiety at the meso position of the BODIPY core with different alkylation patterns. The effect of the alkylation degree and solvent polarity on the photophysical properties in terms of splitting absorption bands, fluorescence efficiencies and singlet oxygen production is analyzed in depth experimentally using spectroscopic techniques, including femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption (fs- and ns-TA) and using computational simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory. The correlation between the theoretical/experimental results permits the rationalization of the observed photophysical behavior exhibited by meso-enamine-BODIPY compounds and the determination of mechanistic details, which rule the population of the triplet state manifold. The potential applicability as a theragnostic agent for the most promising compound is demonstrated through in vitro assays in HeLa cells by analyzing the internalization, localization and phototoxic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Prieto-Montero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Aitor Díaz Andres
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Alejandro Prieto-Castañeda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Tabero
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asier Longarte
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, Departamento Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonia R Agarrabeitia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Sección Departamental de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Villanueva
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Montero
- SGiker Laser Facility, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Virginia Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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9
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Williams ML, Schlesinger I, Jacobberger RM, Wasielewski MR. Mechanism of Ultrafast Triplet Exciton Formation in Single Cocrystals of π-Stacked Electron Donors and Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18607-18618. [PMID: 36178390 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast triplet formation in donor-acceptor (D-A) systems typically occurs by spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), which requires a significant orbital angular momentum change and is thus usually observed when the adjacent π systems of D and A are orthogonal; however, the results presented here show that subnanosecond triplet formation occurs in a series of D-A cocrystals that form one-dimensional cofacial π stacks. Using ultrafast transient absorption microscopy, photoexcitation of D-A single cocrystals, where D is coronene (Cor) or pyrene (Pyr) and A is N,N-bis(3'-pentyl)-perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (C5PDI) or naphthalene-1,4:5,8-tetracarboxydianhydride (NDA), results in formation of the charge transfer (CT) excitons Cor•+-C5PDI•-, Pyr•+-C5PDI•-, Cor•+-NDA•-, and Pyr•+-NDA•- in <300 fs, while triplet exciton formation occurs in τ = 125, 106, 484, and 958 ps, respectively. TDDFT calculations show that the SOCT-ISC rates correlate with charge delocalization in the CT exciton state. In addition, time-resolved EPR spectroscopy shows that Cor•+-C5PDI•- and Pyr•+-C5PDI•- recombine to form localized 3*C5PDI excitons with zero-field splittings of |D| = 1170 and 1250 MHz, respectively. In contrast, Cor•+-NDA•- and Pyr•+-NDA•- give triplet excitons in which |D| is only 1240 and 690 MHz, respectively, compared to that of NDA (2091 MHz), which is the lowest energy localized triplet exciton, indicating that the Cor-NDA and Pyr-NDA triplet excitons have significant CT character. These results show that charge delocalization in CT excitons impacts both ultrafast triplet formation as well as the CT character of the resultant triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Itai Schlesinger
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Robert M Jacobberger
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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10
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Liu D, Imran M, Xiao X, Zhao J. Spiro rhodamine-coumarin compact electron donor-acceptor dyads: synthesis and spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:2153-2168. [PMID: 35984632 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We prepared spiro rhodamine (RB)-coumarin (Cou) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads (RB-Cou-CF3 and RB-Cou-CN), to study the charge transfer (CT) and spin-orbit CT intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The π-conjugation planes of the rhodamine and coumarin units in both dyads are in nearly orthogonal geometry (dihedral angle: 86.3°). CT state emission was observed for RB-Cou-CF3 (at 550 nm) and RB-Cou-CN (at 595 nm). Although the fluorescence of the pristine coumarin units (fluorescence quantum yields ΦF = 59%) was quenched in the dyads (ΦF = 0.5 ~ 1.1% in n-hexane), the triplet state quantum yields of the dyads are also low (singlet oxygen quantum yield, ΦΔ = 2.3-7.5% in n-hexane). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra show that the 3Cou* state was formed, which shows a triplet state lifetime of 11-15.6 μs. The proposed photophysical path for the dyads is as follows: RB-1Cou* → RB+•-Cou-• → RB-3Cou*. The low SOCT-ISC yield is attributed to the slightly lower charge-transfer state energy (1.94 eV in toluene) as compared to the 3Cou* state energy (2.23 eV) and the shallow potential energy curve (PEC) at energy minima of the dyads. This work indicates that orthogonal conformation of donor-acceptor units is inadequate for achieving efficient SOCT-ISC. These results are useful for studying charge separation and intersystem crossing of electron donor/acceptor dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
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11
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García-Moreno I, Postils V, Rebollar E, Ortiz MJ, Agarrabeitia AR, Casanova D. Generation of multiple triplet states in an orthogonal bodipy dimer: a breakthrough spectroscopic and theoretical approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5929-5938. [PMID: 35195637 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05730h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Generation of triplet states in assemblies of organic chromophores is extremely appealing for their potential use in optoelectronic applications. In this work, we investigate the intricacies of triplet state generation in an orthogonal BODIPY dimer by combining delayed photoemission techniques with electronic structure calculations. Our analysis provides a deep understanding of the electronic states involved, and describes different competing deactivation channels beyond prompt radiative decay. In particular, we identify charge-transfer (CT) mediated intersystem crossing (ISC) as the most likely mechanism for the triplet state generation in this system. The different emission bands at long times can be associated with delayed fluorescence, CT emission and phosphorescence from multiple low-energy triplets. Interestingly, the dependence of the yield of triplet state population and emission profiles with the solvent polarity evidences the decisive role of the CT configuration in the fate of the photoactivated dimer, controlling the relative ISC, reverse ISC, and internal conversion efficiencies. Overall, the present results provide a rather complete description of the delayed photophysics in the BODIPY dimer, but are not able to fully rationalize the unexpected photoluminescence recorded at long wavelengths (≥ 900 nm). We hypothesize that the origin of this emission, not present in BODIPY monomers, emerges from intermonomer interactions triggered by intramolecular distortions opening up a new vision in the controverted mechanism driving the photophysical behavior from orthogonally linked organic monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verònica Postils
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak, Kimika eta Teknologia Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Esther Rebollar
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria J Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia R Agarrabeitia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain.
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12
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Cao H, Kurganskii I, Pang J, Duan R, Zhao J, Fedin M, Li MD, Li C. Charge Transfer, Intersystem Crossing, and Electron Spin Dynamics in a Compact Perylenemonoimide-Phenoxazine Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyad. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12859-12875. [PMID: 34767365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
With phenoxazine (PXZ) as the electron donor and perylene-3,4-dicarboximide (PMI) as the electron acceptor, we prepared a compact, orthogonal electron donor-acceptor dyad (PMI-PXZ) to study the spin-orbit charge transfer-induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). A weak charge transfer (CT) absorption band, due to S0 → 1CT transition, was observed (ε = 2840 M-1 cm-1 at 554 nm, FWHM: 2850 cm-1), which is different from that of the previously reported analogue dyad with phenothiazine as the electron donor (PMI-PTZ), for which no CT absorption band was observed. A long-lived triplet state was observed (lifetime τT = 182 μs) with nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and the singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ = 76%) is higher than that of the previously reported analogue dyad PMI-PTZ (ΦΔ = 57%). Ultrafast charge separation (ca. 0.14 ps) and slow charge recombination (1.4 ns) were observed with femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. With time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (TREPR), we confirmed the SOCT-ISC mechanism, and the electron spin polarization phase pattern of the triplet-state TREPR spectrum is (e, e, a, e, a, a), which is dramatically different from that of PMI-PTZ (a, e, a, e, a, e), indicating that the triplet-state TREPR spectrum of a specific chromophore in the electron donor-acceptor dyads is not only dependent on the geometry of the dyads but also dependent on the structure of the electron donor (or acceptor). Even one-atom variation in the donor structure may cause significant influence on the electron spin selectivity of the ISC of the electron donor-acceptor dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiman Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Ruomeng Duan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, P. R. China
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13
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Jin ZY, Fatima H, Zhang Y, Shao Z, Chen XJ. Recent Advances in Bio‐Compatible Oxygen Singlet Generation and Its Tumor Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325015 P. R. China
| | - Hira Fatima
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM‐MECE) Curtin University Perth Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Yue Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325015 P. R. China
| | - Zongping Shao
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM‐MECE) Curtin University Perth Western Australia 6102 Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Jian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325015 P. R. China
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14
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Liang R, Xiong W, Lo KC, Ho PY, Bai X, Lai W, Chan WK, Du L, Phillips DL. Revealing the Photophysical Dynamics of Selected Rigid Donor-Acceptor Systems: From Ligands to Ruthenium(II) Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10927-10935. [PMID: 34734732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Newly designed push-pull ligands (L1 and L2) with bithiophene (bth) as a donor and phenazine (phz) or quinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxaline (qxq) as acceptors were synthesized and also incorporated with a bipyridyl Ru(II) complex to give Ru1 and Ru2, respectively. The ultrafast photophysical dynamics of the ligand and their respective Ru(II) complexes were well-characterized using time-resolved spectroscopies and quantum chemical calculations. Photoinduced charger transfer (CT) and intersystem crossing (ISC) processes were directly observed for L1 and L2. In addition, the interplay of three different triplet excited states was directly observed in the related Ru(II) complexes. The lowest-lying triplet excited states of the ligands and their respective Ru(II) complexes were both attributed to the CT transitions from donor (bth) to acceptor (phz or qxq) and result in 3ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) and 3ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) excited states, respectively. The lifetimes of the lowest-lying triplet excited states of L1, L2, Ru1, and Ru2 were measured to be 21.3, 50.4, 2.75, and 4.16 μs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Cheung Lo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Yuen Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xueqin Bai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenquan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Kin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lili Du
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Pham TC, Nguyen VN, Choi Y, Lee S, Yoon J. Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13454-13619. [PMID: 34582186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a robust strategy to design photosensitizers (PSs) for various species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical-based treatment approach that involves the use of light combined with a light-activated chemical, referred to as a PS. Attractively, PDT is one of the alternatives to conventional cancer treatment due to its noninvasive nature, high cure rates, and low side effects. PSs play an important factor in photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although the concept of photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy has been widely adopted for clinical trials and bioimaging, until now, to our surprise, there has been no relevant review article on rational designs of organic PSs for PDT. Furthermore, most of published review articles in PDT focused on nanomaterials and nanotechnology based on traditional PSs. Therefore, this review aimed at reporting recent strategies to develop innovative organic photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy, with each example described in detail instead of providing only a general overview, as is typically done in previous reviews of PDT, to provide intuitive, vivid, and specific insights to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.,Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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16
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Chen D, Xu Q, Wang W, Shao J, Huang W, Dong X. Type I Photosensitizers Revitalizing Photodynamic Oncotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006742. [PMID: 34038611 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great potential for tumor treatment with merits of non-invasiveness, high selectivity, and minimal side effects. However, conventional type II PDT relying on 1 O2 presents poor therapeutic efficacy for hypoxic tumors due to the oxygen-dependent manner. Alternatively, emerging researches have demonstrated that type I PDT exhibits superiority over type II PDT in tumor treatment owing to its diminished oxygen-dependence. In this review, state-of-the-art studies concerning recent progress in type I photosensitizers are scrutinized, emphasizing the strategies to construct highly effective type I photosensitizers. As the foundation, basic principles of type I PDT are presented, and up-to-date type I photosensitizers are summarized and classified based on their attributes. Then, a literature review of representative type I photosensitizers (including nanomaterials and small molecules) is presented with impetus to delineate their novel designs, action mechanisms, as well as anticancer PDT applications. Finally, the remaining challenges and development directions of type I photosensitizers are outlined, highlighting key scientific issues toward clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Jinjun Shao
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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17
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Buglak AA, Charisiadis A, Sheehan A, Kingsbury CJ, Senge MO, Filatov MA. Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Modelling for the Prediction of Singlet Oxygen Generation by Heavy-Atom-Free BODIPY Photosensitizers*. Chemistry 2021; 27:9934-9947. [PMID: 33876842 PMCID: PMC8362084 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free sensitizers forming long-living triplet excited states via the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) process have recently attracted attention due to their potential to replace costly transition metal complexes in photonic applications. The efficiency of SOCT-ISC in BODIPY donor-acceptor dyads, so far the most thoroughly investigated class of such sensitizers, can be finely tuned by structural modification. However, predicting the triplet state yields and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation quantum yields for such compounds in a particular solvent is still very challenging due to a lack of established quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models. In this work, the available data on singlet oxygen generation quantum yields (ΦΔ ) for a dataset containing >70 heavy-atom-free BODIPY in three different solvents (toluene, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran) were analyzed. In order to build reliable QSPR model, a series of new BODIPYs were synthesized that bear different electron donating aryl groups in the meso position, their optical and structural properties were studied along with the solvent dependence of singlet oxygen generation, which confirmed the formation of triplet states via the SOCT-ISC mechanism. For the combined dataset of BODIPY structures, a total of more than 5000 quantum-chemical descriptors was calculated including quantum-chemical descriptors using density functional theory (DFT), namely M06-2X functional. QSPR models predicting ΦΔ values were developed using multiple linear regression (MLR), which perform significantly better than other machine learning methods and show sufficient statistical parameters (R=0.88-0.91 and q2 =0.62-0.69) for all three solvents. A small root mean squared error of 8.2 % was obtained for ΦΔ values predicted using MLR model in toluene. As a result, we proved that QSPR and machine learning techniques can be useful for predicting ΦΔ values in different media and virtual screening of new heavy-atom-free BODIPYs with improved photosensitizing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Buglak
- Faculty of PhysicsSaint-Petersburg State UniversityUniversiteteskaya Emb. 7–9199034St. PetersburgRussia
| | - Asterios Charisiadis
- Chair of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin The University of Dublin152-160Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Aimee Sheehan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesTechnological University DublinCity Campus, Kevin StreetDublin 8Ireland
| | - Christopher J. Kingsbury
- Chair of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin The University of Dublin152-160Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenberg-Str. 2a85748GarchingGermany
| | - Mikhail A. Filatov
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesTechnological University DublinCity Campus, Kevin StreetDublin 8Ireland
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18
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Deckers J, Cardeynaels T, Lutsen L, Champagne B, Maes W. Heavy-Atom-Free Bay-Substituted Perylene Diimide Donor-Acceptor Photosensitizers. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1488-1496. [PMID: 34031956 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Perylene diimide (PDI) dyes are extensively investigated because of their favorable photophysical characteristics for a wide range of organic material applications. Fine-tuning of the optoelectronic properties is readily achieved by functionalization of the electron-deficient PDI scaffold. Here, we present four new donor-acceptor type dyads, wherein the electron donor units - benzo[1,2-b : 4,5-b']dithiophene, 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine, dithieno[3,2-b : 2',3'-d]pyrrole, and triphenylamine-are attached to the bay-positions of the PDI acceptor. Intersystem crossing occurs for these systems upon photoexcitation, without the aid of heavy atoms, resulting in singlet oxygen quantum yields up to 80 % in toluene solution. Furthermore, this feature is retained when the system is directly irradiated with energy corresponding to the intramolecular charge-transfer absorption band (at 639 nm). Geometrical optimization and (time-dependent) density functional theory calculations afford more insights into the requirements for intersystem crossing such as spin-orbit coupling, dihedral angles, the involvement of charge-transfer states, and energy level alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Deckers
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Cardeynaels
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,UNamur-University of Namur, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LTC), Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lutsen
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- UNamur-University of Namur, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LTC), Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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19
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Dong Y, Taddei M, Doria S, Bussotti L, Zhao J, Mazzone G, Di Donato M. Torsion-Induced Nonradiative Relaxation of the Singlet Excited State of meso-Thienyl Bodipy and Charge Separation, Charge Recombination-Induced Intersystem Crossing in Its Compact Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4779-4793. [PMID: 33929843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We prepared a series of meso-thienyl boron-dipyrromethene (Bodipy) derivatives to investigate the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The photophysical properties of the compounds were studied by steady-state and femtosecond/nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, as well as density functional theory (DFT) computations. Different from the meso-phenyl Bodipy analogues, the meso-thienyl Bodipy are weakly fluorescent. Based on femtosecond transient absorption and DFT computations, we propose that the torsion of the thienyl group and the distortion of the Bodipy core (19.7 ps) in the S1 state lead to a conical intersection on the potential energy surface as an efficient nonradiative decay channel (408 ps), which is responsible for the observed weak fluorescence as compared to the meso-phenyl analogue. The increased fluorescence quantum yield (from 5.5 to 14.5%) in viscous solvents supports this hypothesis. With the electron donor 4'-hydroxylphenyl moiety attached to the meso-thienyl unit, the fast charge separation (CS, 15.3 ps) and charge recombination (CR, 238 ps) processes outcompete the torsion-induced nonradiative decay and induce fast ISC through the SOCT-ISC mechanism. The triplet quantum yield of the electron donor/acceptor dyad is highly dependent on solvent polarity (ΦT = 1.9-45%), which supports the SOCT-ISC mechanism, and the triplet-state lifetime is up to 247.3 μs. Using the electron donor-acceptor dyad showing SOCT-ISC as a triplet photosensitizer, efficient triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion was observed with a quantum yield of up to 6.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sandra Doria
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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20
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Hu M, Sukhanov AA, Zhang X, Elmali A, Zhao J, Ji S, Karatay A, Voronkova VK. Spiro Rhodamine-Perylene Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Conformation Restriction, Charge Separation, and Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4187-4203. [PMID: 33876644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spiro rhodamine (Rho)-perylene (Pery) electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) in these rigid and sterically congested molecular systems. The electron-donor Rho (lactam form) moiety is attached via the N-C bond to the electron acceptor at either 1- or 3-position of the Pery moiety (Rho-Pery-1 and Rho-Pery-3). Severe torsion of the Pery moiety in Rho-Pery-1 was observed. The fluorescence of the two dyads is significantly quenched in polar solvents, and the singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ) are strongly dependent on solvent polarity (4-36%). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra demonstrate that charge separation (CS) takes 0.51 ps in Rho-Pery-1 and 5.75 ps in Rho-Pery-3, and the charge recombination (CR)-induced ISC is slow (>3 ns). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra indicate that the formation of triplet states via SOCT-ISC takes 24-75 ns for Rho-Pery-1 and 6-15 ns for Rho-Pery-3, and the distorted π-framework of the Pery moiety results in a shorter triplet lifetime of 19.9 vs 291 μs for the planar analogue. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms the SOCT-ISC mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrei A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
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21
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Bassan E, Gualandi A, Cozzi PG, Ceroni P. Design of BODIPY dyes as triplet photosensitizers: electronic properties tailored for solar energy conversion, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6607-6628. [PMID: 34040736 PMCID: PMC8132938 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00732g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BODIPYs are renowned fluorescent dyes with strong and tunable absorption in the visible region, high thermal and photo-stability and exceptional fluorescence quantum yields. Transition metal complexes are the most commonly used triplet photosensitisers, but, recently, the use of organic dyes has emerged as a viable and more sustainable alternative. By proper design, BODIPY dyes have been turned from highly fluorescent labels into efficient triplet photosensitizers with strong absorption in the visible region (from green to orange). In this perspective, we report three design strategies: (i) halogenation of the dye skeleton, (ii) donor-acceptor dyads and (iii) BODIPY dimers. We compare pros and cons of these approaches in terms of optical and electrochemical properties and synthetic viability. The potential applications of these systems span from energy conversion to medicine and key examples are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bassan
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Italy
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22
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Rehmat N, Kurganskii IV, Mahmood Z, Guan QL, Zhao J, Xing YH, Gurzadyan GG, Fedin MV. Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Anthracene-Perylenebisimide Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads and Triads and Photochemical Dianion Formation. Chemistry 2021; 27:5521-5535. [PMID: 33400310 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perylenebisimide (PBI)-anthracene (AN) donor-acceptor dyads/triad were prepared to investigate spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). Molecular conformation was controlled by connecting PBI units to the 2- or 9-position of the AN moiety. Steady-state, time-resolved transient absorption and emission spectroscopy revealed that chromophore orientation, electronic coupling, and dihedral angle between donor and acceptor exert a significant effect on the photophysical property. The dyad PBI-9-AN with orthogonal geometry shows weak ground-state coupling and efficient intersystem crossing (ISC, ΦΔ =86 %) as compared with PBI-2-AN (ΦΔ =57 %), which has a more coplanar geometry. By nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, a long-lived PBI localized triplet state was observed (τT =139 μs). Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy demonstrated that the electron spin polarization pattern of the triplet state is sensitive to the geometry and number of AN units attached to PBI. Reversible and stepwise generation of near-IR-absorbing PBI radical anion (PBI-⋅ ) and dianion (PBI2- ) was observed on photoexcitation in the presence of triethanolamine, and it was confirmed that selective photoexcitation at the near-IR absorption bands of PBI.- is unable to produce PBI2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Rehmat
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | | | - Zafar Mahmood
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lin Guan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yong Heng Xing
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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23
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Costabel D, Skabeev A, Nabiyan A, Luo Y, Max JB, Rajagopal A, Kowalczyk D, Dietzek B, Wächtler M, Görls H, Ziegenbalg D, Zagranyarski Y, Streb C, Schacher FH, Peneva K. 1,7,9,10-Tetrasubstituted PMIs Accessible through Decarboxylative Bromination: Synthesis, Characterization, Photophysical Studies, and Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:4081-4088. [PMID: 33241590 PMCID: PMC7986912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a new synthetic strategy for fourfold-substituted perylene monoimides via tetrabrominated perylene monoanhydrides. X-ray diffraction analysis unveiled the intramolecular stacking orientation between the substituents and semicircular packing behavior. We observed the remarkable influence of the substituent on the longevity and nature of the excited state upon visible light excitation. In the presence of poly(dehydroalanine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymers as solubilizing template, the chromophores are capable of sensitizing [Mo3 S13 ]2- clusters in aqueous solution for stable visible light driven hydrogen evolution over three days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Costabel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Artem Skabeev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Afshin Nabiyan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Yusen Luo
- Institute of Physical ChemistryAbbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Johannes B. Max
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Ashwene Rajagopal
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry 1Ulm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical ChemistryAbbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Department of Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena andJena Center of Soft MatterFriedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Institute of Physical ChemistryAbbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Department of Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldt Straße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Yulian Zagranyarski
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacySofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”1 James Bourchier Blvd.1164SofiaBulgaria
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry 1Ulm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena andJena Center of Soft MatterFriedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Kalina Peneva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena andJena Center of Soft MatterFriedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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24
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Xu Z, Huang Z, Jin T, Lian T, Tang ML. Mechanistic Understanding and Rational Design of Quantum Dot/Mediator Interfaces for Efficient Photon Upconversion. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:70-80. [PMID: 33141563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The semiconductor-nanocrystal-sensitized, three-component upconversion system has made great strides over the past 5 years. The three components (i.e., triplet photosensitizer, mediator, and emitter) each play critical roles in determining the input and output photon energy and overall quantum efficiency (QE). The nanocrystal photosensitizer converts the absorbed photon into singlet excitons and then triplet excitons via intersystem crossing. The mediator accepts the triplet exciton via either direct Dexter-type triplet energy transfer (TET) or sequential charge transfer (CT) while extending the exciton lifetime. Through a second triplet energy-transfer step from the mediator to the emitter, the latter is populated in its lowest excited triplet state. Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) between two triplet emitters generates the emitter in its bright singlet state, which then emits the upconverted photon. Quantum dots (QD) have a tunable band gap, large extinction coefficient, and small singlet-triplet energy losses compared to metal-ligand charge-transfer complexes. This high triplet exciton yield makes QDs good candidates for photosensitizers. In terms of driving triplet energy transfer, the triplet energy of the mediator should be slightly lower than the triplet exciton energy of the QD sensitizer for a downhill energy landscape with minimal energy loss. The same energy cascade is also required for the transfer from the mediator to the emitter. Finally, the triplet energy of the emitter must be slightly larger than one-half of its singlet energy to ensure that TTA is exothermic. Optimization of the sensitizer, mediator, and emitter will lead to an increase in the anti-Stokes shift and the total quantum efficiency. Evaluating each individual step's efficiency and kinetics is necessary for the understanding of the limiting factors in existing systems.This review summarizes chalcogenide QD-based photon upconversion systems with a focus on the mechanistic aspects of triplet energy transfer conducted by the Tang and Lian groups. Via time-resolved spectroscopy, the rates and major loss pathways associated with the two triplet energy-transfer steps were identified. The studies are focused on the near-infrared (NIR) to visible (VIS) PbS-tetracene-based systems as they allow systematic control of the QD, mediator, and emitter. Our results show that the mediator triplet state is mostly formed by direct TET from the QD and the transfer rate is influenced by the density of bound mediator molecules. Charge transfer, a loss pathway, does not produce triplet excitons and can be minimized by adding an inert shell to the QD. This transfer rate decreases exponentially with the distance between the QD and mediator molecule. The second TET rate was found to be much slower than the diffusion-limited collision rate, which results in the triplet lifetime of the mediator being the main factor limiting its efficiency. Finally, the total quantum efficiency can be calculated using these measured quantities including the TET1 and TET2 efficiencies. The agreement between calculated and measured quantum efficiencies suggests a firm understanding of QD-sensitized photon upconversion. We believe the above conclusions are general and should be widely applicable to similar systems, including singlet fission in hybrid organic-nanocrystal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ming L. Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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25
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Hu Y, Hou Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhao J. 3,5-Anthryl-Bodipy dyad/triad: Preparation, effect of F-B-F induced conformation restriction on the photophysical properties, and application in triplet-triplet-annihilation upconversion. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224304. [PMID: 33317285 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared a series of compact Bodipy-anthryl electron donor/acceptor triads and dyads by attaching anthryl moieties at the 3-,5-positions of the Bodipy core, with a novel conformation restriction approach, to study the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The conformation restrictions are imposed by the BF2 unit of Bodipy without invoking the previously reported method with 1,7-dimethyl or 1,3-dimethyl groups. Our new approach shows a few advantages, including the stronger electron accepting ability of the methyl-free Bodipy core (reduction potential anodically shifted by +0.3 V vs the methylated Bodipy), red-shifted absorption (by 21 nm), and longer triplet state lifetime (372 µs vs 126 µs). The effects of the different mutual orientations of the electron donor and acceptor on ultraviolet-visible absorption, fluorescence, triplet state quantum yields, and lifetimes were studied. Triads with orthogonal geometries show higher singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ = 37%) than those with more coplanar geometries. Since the non-radiative decay for the S1 state is significant in the parent Bodipy chromophore (ΦF = 6.0%), we propose that in dyads/triads, the charge separation and recombination-induced ISC outcompete the non-radiative decay to the ground state, which is new in the study of SOCT-ISC. Density functional theory computation indicated a shallow torsion potential energy curve as compared to the meso-anthryl-Bodipy dyad analog, which may contribute a low triplet state quantum yield of the new dyads/triads. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion was performed with the electron donor/acceptor dyads as the triplet photosensitizer, with an upconversion quantum yield of 12.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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26
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Xiao X, Pang J, Sukhanov AA, Hou Y, Zhao J, Li MD, Voronkova VK. The effect of one-atom substitution on the photophysical properties and electron spin polarization: Intersystem crossing of compact orthogonal perylene/phenoxazine electron donor/acceptor dyad. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184312. [PMID: 33187415 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A perylene (Pery)-phenoxazine (PXZ) compact orthogonal electron donor/acceptor dyad was prepared to study the relationship between the molecular structures and the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), as well as the electron spin selectivity of the ISC process. The geometry of Pery-PXZ (80.0°) is different from the previously reported perylene-phenothiazine dyad (Pery-PTZ, 91.5°), although there is only one atom variation for the two dyads. Pery-PXZ shows a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (84%). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate that the charge separation (CS, faster than 120 fs) is faster than the Pery-PTZ analog (CS, 250 fs) and charge recombination (CR, i.e., SOCT-ISC, 5.98 ns) of Pery-PXZ is slower than the Pery-PTZ analog (CR, 0.9 ns). The intrinsic triplet state lifetime of Pery-PXZ is 242 µs vs the lifetime of 181 µs for the Pery-PTZ analog. Moreover, the triplet state lifetime of Pery-PXZ in the solid polymer matrix is extended to 4.45 ms, which indicates that the triplet state of Pery-PXZ in fluid solution is deactivated not only by the triplet-triplet annihilation effect but also by other factors such as vibration coupled relaxation. Interestingly, with pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the electron spin polarization (ESP) pattern of the triplet state of the current dyad is opposite to that of Pery-PTZ. These results demonstrated the rich electron spin chemistry of the ISC of compact electron donor/acceptor dyads, e.g., the ESP is dependent on not only the molecular geometry but also the structure of the electron donor (or acceptor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrei A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
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27
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Wang C, Qian Y. A water soluble carbazolyl-BODIPY photosensitizer with an orthogonal D-A structure for photodynamic therapy in living cells and zebrafish. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:830-836. [PMID: 31790094 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01709g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel photosensitizer carbazolyl-BODIPY (Cz-BODIPY) with an orthogonal donor-acceptor structure was developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The photosensitizer Cz-BODIPY showed strong singlet oxygen sensitizing capability (ΦΔ = 0.68 in MeOH), excellent water solubility in dilute solution, and high photostability. The photosensitizer Cz-BODIPY exhibited negligible dark cytotoxicity and high phototoxicity (IC50 0.45 μM). Cz-BODIPY could induce cell apoptosis upon light illumination. Three cell states including living cells, apoptotic cells, and dead cells in the PDT process of Cz-BODIPY were determined via the Hoechst 33342/PI dual staining assays. The ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation in living cells during the PDT process of Cz-BODIPY was captured by the ROS detector, dihydroethidium (DHE). The photosensitizer Cz-BODIPY could be assimilated by zebrafish to generate ROS and diminish the integrity of zebrafish tissue upon light illumination. Tumor cell growth could be inhibited by Cz-BODIPY upon light illumination. The photosensitizer Cz-BODIPY displayed potential in real PDT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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28
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Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, He X. Near infrared absorption/emission perylenebisimide fluorophores with geometry relaxation-induced large Stokes shift. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35840-35847. [PMID: 35517115 PMCID: PMC9056887 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07050e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dyes (P-1 and P-2) of perylenebisimide (PBI) conjugated with 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT) were prepared by Sonogashira coupling reaction. The new compounds have special photophysical properties, such as near infrared absorption/emission and large Stokes shift. The UV-vis absorption (range from 651 nm to 690 nm) and emission wavelength (range from 732 nm to 756 nm) of P-1 and P-2 extend to near infrared range. Importantly, they have much larger Stokes shifts (range from 73 nm to 105 nm) compared with the conventional PBI derivatives, such as 7 (from 19 nm to 65 nm) and 9 (from 81 nm to 86 nm). TD-DFT calculation was used to rationalize UV-vis absorption, emission and especially large Stokes shift from the theoretical point of view. We found geometry relaxation of P-1 and P-2 in the excited state is an important reason for the origin of large Stokes shift besides intramolecular electron transfer (ICT). The dyes with near infrared absorption/emission and large stokes shifts induced by geometry relaxation were prepared.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis for Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar 161006 P. R. China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis for Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar 161006 P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis for Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar 161006 P. R. China
| | - Xifeng He
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis for Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar 161006 P. R. China
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29
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Photoinduced reactions between naphthoquinone and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in the mixture of ionic liquid [BPy][NTf2] and acetonitrile studied by transient spectroscopy. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Dong Y, Elmali A, Zhao J, Dick B, Karatay A. Long-Lived Triplet Excited State Accessed with Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Red Light-Absorbing Phenoxazine-Styryl BODIPY Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1388-1401. [PMID: 32391942 PMCID: PMC7383670 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Orthogonal phenoxazine-styryl BODIPY compact electron donor/acceptor dyads were prepared as heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) with strong red light absorption (ϵ=1.33×105 M-1 cm-1 at 630 nm), whereas the previously reported triplet photosensitizers based on the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) mechanism show absorption in a shorter wavelength range (<500 nm). More importantly, a long-lived triplet state (τT =333 μs) was observed for the new dyads. In comparison, the triplet state lifetime of the same chromophore accessed with the conventional heavy atom effect (HAE) is much shorter (τT =1.8 μs). Long triplet state lifetime is beneficial to enhance electron or energy transfer, the primary photophysical processes in the application of triplet PSs. Our approach is based on SOCT-ISC, without invoking of the HAE, which may shorten the triplet state lifetime. We used bisstyrylBodipy both as the electron acceptor and the visible light-harvesting chromophore, which shows red-light absorption. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicated the charge separation (109 ps) and SOCT-ISC (charge recombination, CR; 2.3 ns) for BDP-1. ISC efficiency of BDP-1 was determined as ΦT =25 % (in toluene). The dyad BDP-3 was used as triplet PS for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (upconversion quantum yield ΦUC =1.5 %; anti-Stokes shift is 5900 cm-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus2 Ling Gong RoadDalian116024China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of EngineeringAnkara University06100Beşevler, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus2 Ling Gong RoadDalian116024China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of EngineeringAnkara University06100Beşevler, AnkaraTurkey
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31
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Lei Y, Chen K, Tang G, Zhao J, Gurzadyan GG. Bodipy-Phenylethynyl Anthracene Dyad: Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing and Triplet Excited-State Equilibrium. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Papadopoulos I, Gutiérrez-Moreno D, McCosker PM, Casillas R, Keller PA, Sastre-Santos Á, Clark T, Fernández-Lázaro F, Guldi DM. Perylene-Monoimides: Singlet Fission Down-Conversion Competes with Up-Conversion by Geminate Triplet–Triplet Recombination. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5727-5736. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Gutiérrez-Moreno
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Patrick M. McCosker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rubén Casillas
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul A. Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Jena S, Dhanalakshmi P, Bano G, Thilagar P. Delayed Fluorescence, Room Temperature Phosphorescence, and Mechanofluorochromic Naphthalimides: Differential Imaging of Normoxia and Hypoxia Live Cancer Cells. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5393-5406. [PMID: 32501697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We study the effect of molecular conformation on the electronic coupling between the donor amines and acceptor 1,8-naphthalimide (NPI) in a series of D-A systems 1-4 (A = NPI; D = phenothiazine, phenoxazine, carbazole, diphenylamine, respectively, for 1, 2, 3, and 4). Weakly coupled systems show dual emission in the solution state, while strongly coupled systems show single emission bands. The energy of transitions and photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield are sensitive to the molecular conformation and donor strength. These compounds show delayed emission in the solutions and aggregated state and phosphorescence in the solid state. Compounds 3 and 4 with weak donors exhibit intermolecular slipped π···π interactions in the solid state and consequently exhibit dual (intra- and inter-) phosphorescence at low temperature. Steady state and time-resolved PL studies at variable temperature together with computational and crystal structure analysis were used to rationalize the optical properties of these compounds. The delayed emission of these compounds is sensitive to molecular oxygen; accordingly, these molecules are utilized for differential imaging of normoxia and hypoxia cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Jena
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Pandi Dhanalakshmi
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Gulista Bano
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Pakkirisamy Thilagar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560012
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Liu D, El-Zohry AM, Taddei M, Matt C, Bussotti L, Wang Z, Zhao J, Mohammed OF, Di Donato M, Weber S. Long-Lived Charge-Transfer State Induced by Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing (SOCT-ISC) in a Compact Spiro Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11591-11599. [PMID: 32270586 PMCID: PMC7496792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We prepared conceptually novel, fully rigid, spiro compact electron donor (Rhodamine B, lactam form, RB)/acceptor (naphthalimide; NI) orthogonal dyad to attain the long‐lived triplet charge‐transfer (3CT) state, based on the electron spin control using spin‐orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT‐ISC). Transient absorption (TA) spectra indicate the first charge separation (CS) takes place within 2.5 ps, subsequent SOCT‐ISC takes 8 ns to produce the 3NI* state. Then the slow secondary CS (125 ns) gives the long‐lived 3CT state (0.94 μs in deaerated n‐hexane) with high energy level (ca. 2.12 eV). The cascade photophysical processes of the dyad upon photoexcitation are summarized as 1NI*→1CT→3NI*→3CT. With time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra, an EEEAAA electron‐spin polarization pattern was observed for the naphthalimide‐localized triplet state. Our spiro compact dyad structure and the electron spin‐control approach is different to previous methods for which invoking transition‐metal coordination or chromophores with intrinsic ISC ability is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ahmed M El-Zohry
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Clemens Matt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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35
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Liu D, El‐Zohry AM, Taddei M, Matt C, Bussotti L, Wang Z, Zhao J, Mohammed OF, Di Donato M, Weber S. Long‐Lived Charge‐Transfer State Induced by Spin‐Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing (SOCT‐ISC) in a Compact Spiro Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ahmed M. El‐Zohry
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Clemens Matt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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36
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Zhao Y, Chen K, Yildiz EA, Li S, Hou Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhao J, Barbon A, Yaglioglu HG, Wu H. Efficient Intersystem Crossing in the Tröger's Base Derived From 4‐Amino‐1,8‐naphthalimide and Application as a Potent Photodynamic Therapy Reagent. Chemistry 2020; 26:3591-3599. [PMID: 31916322 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Elif Akhuseyin Yildiz
- Department of Engineering PhysicsFaculty of EngineeringAnkara University 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Shujing Li
- School of Bioengineering &Key Laboratory of, Protein Modification and DiseaseDalian University of Technology Liaoning Province 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering PhysicsFaculty of EngineeringAnkara University 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Huijian Wu
- School of Bioengineering &Key Laboratory of, Protein Modification and DiseaseDalian University of Technology Liaoning Province 116024 Dalian P. R. China
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37
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Zhang X, Elmali A, Duan R, Liu Q, Ji W, Zhao J, Li C, Karatay A. Charge separation, recombination and intersystem crossing of directly connected perylenemonoimide-carbazole electron donor/acceptor dyads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6376-6390. [PMID: 32141446 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perylenemonoimide (PMI)-carbazole (Cz) compact electron donor/acceptor dyads were prepared to study the relationship between the mutual orientation of the electron donor/acceptor in the dyads and the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) efficiency. The PMI and the Cz units are connected via either a C-C or C-N bond, or with an intervening phenyl moiety. The photophysical properties of the dyads were studied with steady state and time-resolved optical spectroscopies. The fluorescence of the PMI unit in the dyads was generally quenched, due to photo-induced electron transfer, especially in polar solvents (the fluorescence has a biexponential decay in acetonitrile, τF = 1.4 ns/population ratio: 98.9%, and 9.6 ns/population ratio: 1.1%). The triplet state (lifetime τT = 14.7 μs) formation of the dyads is dependent on the solvent polarity, which is characteristic for SOCT-ISC. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra show that the charge separation takes 0.28 ps and the charge recombination takes 1.21 ns. Reversible photo-reduction of the PMI-Cz dyads and generation of the near IR-absorbing (centered at 604 nm and 774 nm) PMI radical anion (PMI-˙) were observed in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor (triethylamine). These results are useful for study of the fundamental photochemistry of compact electron donor/acceptor dyads and for design of new heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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38
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Chen K, Taddei M, Bussotti L, Foggi P, Zhao J, Di Donato M. Near‐IR‐Absorbing BODIPY‐5,10‐Dihydrophenazine Compact Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads and Triads: Spin‐Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing and Charge‐Transfer State. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Paolo Foggi
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
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39
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Wang Z, Ivanov M, Gao Y, Bussotti L, Foggi P, Zhang H, Russo N, Dick B, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Mazzone G, Luo L, Fedin M. Spin–Orbit Charge‐Transfer Intersystem Crossing (ISC) in Compact Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads: ISC Mechanism and Application as Novel and Potent Photodynamic Therapy Reagents. Chemistry 2020; 26:1091-1102. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Mikhail Ivanov
- International Tomography CenterSB RAS Institutskaya Str. 3A, and Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Yuting Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Paolo Foggi
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversita di Perugia via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Huimin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Italy
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische ChemieInstitut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Largo Enrico Fermi 6 50125 Florence Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Italy
| | - Liang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography CenterSB RAS Institutskaya Str. 3A, and Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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40
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Sartor SM, Chrisman CH, Pearson RM, Miyake GM, Damrauer NH. Designing High-Triplet-Yield Phenothiazine Donor–Acceptor Complexes for Photoredox Catalysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:817-823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Sartor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Cameron H. Chrisman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ryan M. Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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41
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Jin T, Uhlikova N, Xu Z, Zhu Y, Huang Y, Egap E, Lian T. Enhanced triplet state generation through radical pair intermediates in BODIPY-quantum dot complexes. J Chem Phys 2020; 151:241101. [PMID: 31893904 DOI: 10.1063/1.5136045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of triplet excited states through radical pair intermediates has been extensively studied in molecular complexes. Similar schemes remain rare in hybrid structures of quantum dot-organic molecules, despite intense recent interest of quantum dot sensitized triplet excited state generation. Herein, we demonstrate that the efficiency of the intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet state in boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) can be enhanced in CdSe quantum dot-BODIPY complexes through a radical pair intermediate state consisting of an unpaired electron in the quantum dot conduction band and that in oxidized BODIPY. By transient absorption spectroscopy, we show that the excitation of BODIPY with 650 nm light leads to the formation of a charge separated state by electron transfer from BODIPY to CdSe (with a time constant of 6.33 ± 1.13 ns), competing with internal conversion to the ground state within BODIPY, and the radical pair state decays subsequently by back charge recombination to generate a triplet excited state (with a time constant of 158 ± 28 ns) or the ground state of BODIPY. The overall quantum efficiency of BODIPY triplet excited state generation was determined to be (27.2 ± 3.0)%. The findings of efficient triplet state formation and intermediate radical pair states in this hybrid system suggest that quantum dot-molecule complexes may be a promising platform for spintronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Natalie Uhlikova
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Yiming Huang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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42
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Hou Y, Liu Q, Zhao J. An exceptionally long-lived triplet state of red light-absorbing compact phenothiazine-styrylBodipy electron donor/acceptor dyads: a better alternative to the heavy atom-effect? Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1721-1724. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09058d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heavy atom-free dyads showing a red light-absorbing and exceptionally long-lived triplet state based on a spin–orbital charge transfer intersystem crossing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266590
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
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43
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Filatov MA. Heavy-atom-free BODIPY photosensitizers with intersystem crossing mediated by intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 18:10-27. [PMID: 31750502 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic photosensitizers possessing efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and forming long-living triplet excited states, play a crucial role in a number of applications. A common approach in the design of such dyes relies on the introduction of heavy atoms (e.g. transition metals or halogens) into the structure, which promote ISC via spin-orbit coupling interaction. In recent years, alternative methods to enhance ISC have been actively studied. Among those, the generation of triplet excited states through photoinduced electron transfer (PET) in heavy-atom-free molecules has attracted particular attention because it allows for the development of photosensitizers with programmed triplet state and fluorescence quantum yields. Due to their synthetic accessibility and tunability of optical properties, boron dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) are so far the most perspective class of photosensitizers operating via this mechanism. This article reviews recently reported heavy-atom-free BODIPY donor-acceptor dyads and dimers which produce long-living triplet excited states and generate singlet oxygen. Structural factors which affect PET and concomitant triplet state formation in these molecules are discussed and the reported data on triplet state yields and singlet oxygen generation quantum yields in various solvents are summarized. Finally, examples of recent applications of these systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Filatov
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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44
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Jiménez J, Prieto-Montero R, Maroto BL, Moreno F, Ortiz MJ, Oliden-Sánchez A, López-Arbeloa I, Martínez-Martínez V, de la Moya S. Manipulating Charge-Transfer States in BODIPYs: A Model Strategy to Rapidly Develop Photodynamic Theragnostic Agents. Chemistry 2019; 26:601-605. [PMID: 31846138 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a family of BINOL (1,1'-bi-2-naphthol)-based O-BODIPY (dioxyboron dipyrromethene) dyes, it is demonstrated that chemical manipulation of the chromophoric push-pull character, by playing with the electron-donating capability of the BINOL moiety (BINOL versus 3,3'-dibromoBINOL) and with the electron-acceptor ability of the BODIPY core (alkyl substitution degree), is a workable strategy to finely balance fluorescence (singlet-state emitting action) versus the capability to photogenerate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (triplet-state photosensitizing action). It is also shown that the promotion of a suitable charge-transfer character in the involved chromophore upon excitation enhances the probability of an intersystem crossing phenomenon, which is required to populate the triple state enabling singlet oxygen production. The reported strategy opens up new perspectives for rapid development of smarter agents for photodynamic theragnosis, including heavy-atom-free agents, from a selected organic fluorophore precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Prieto-Montero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Beatriz L Maroto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florencio Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Oliden-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iñigo López-Arbeloa
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Virginia Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Wang Z, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Mazzone G. Increasing the anti-Stokes shift in TTA upconversion with photosensitizers showing red-shifted spin-allowed charge transfer absorption but a non-compromised triplet state energy level. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1510-1513. [PMID: 30648169 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excitation into the spin-allowed S0 → 1CT absorption band of a spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) triplet photosensitizer (PS) was used as a new strategy to increase the anti-Stokes shift in triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion, with the advantages of red-shifted absorption but the non-compromised triplet state energy level of the triplet PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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