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Chlebosz D, Goldeman W, Janus K, Szuster M, Kiersnowski A. Synthesis, Solution, and Solid State Properties of Homological Dialkylated Naphthalene Diimides—A Systematic Review of Molecules for Next-Generation Organic Electronics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072940. [PMID: 37049703 PMCID: PMC10096413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic study aimed at finding a correlation between molecular structure, solubility, self-assembly, and electronic properties of a homological series of N-alkylated naphthalene diimides (NDIs). NDIs are known for their n-type carrier mobility and, therefore, have potential in the field of organic electronics, photovoltaics, and sensors. For the purpose of this study, nine symmetrical N,N′-dialkylated naphthalene diimides (NDIC3-NDIC11) were synthesized in the reaction of 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with alkylamines ranging from propyl- to undecyl-. The NDIs were characterized by spectroscopic (NMR, UV-Vis, FTIR), microscopic, and thermal methods (TGA and DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Our experimental study, extensively referring to findings reported in the literature, indicated that the NDIs revealed specific trends in spectroscopic and thermal properties as well as solubility and crystal morphology. The solubility in good solvents (chloroform, toluene, dichlorobenzene) was found to be the highest for the NDIs substituted with the medium-length alkyl chains (NDIC5–NDIC8). Systematic FTIR and XRD studies unraveled a distinct parity effect related to the packing of NDI molecules with odd or even numbers of methylene groups in the alkyl substituents. The NDIs with an even number of methylene groups in the alkyl substituents revealed low-symmetry (P1−) triclinic packing, whereas those with an odd number of carbon atoms were generally monoclinic with P21/c symmetry. The odd–even parity effect also manifested itself in the overlapping of the NDIs’ aromatic cores and, hence, the π-π stacking distance (dπ-π). The odd-numbered NDIs generally revealed slightly smaller dπ-π values then the even-numbered ones. Testing the NDIs using standardized field-effect transistors and unified procedures revealed that the n-type mobility in NDIC6, NDIC7, and NDIC8 was 10- to 30-fold higher than for the NDIs with shorter or longer alkyl substituents. Our experimental results indicate that N,N′-alkylated NDIs reveal an optimum range of alkyl chain length in terms of solution processability and charge transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Chlebosz
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- The Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Waldemar Goldeman
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Janus
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- The Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michał Szuster
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Kiersnowski
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- The Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Advanced Formulations Based on Poly(ionic liquid) Materials for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235121. [PMID: 36501514 PMCID: PMC9735564 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovation in materials specially formulated for additive manufacturing is of great interest and can generate new opportunities for designing cost-effective smart materials for next-generation devices and engineering applications. Nevertheless, advanced molecular and nanostructured systems are frequently not possible to integrate into 3D printable materials, thus limiting their technological transferability. In some cases, this challenge can be overcome using polymeric macromolecules of ionic nature, such as polymeric ionic liquids (PILs). Due to their tuneability, wide variety in molecular composition, and macromolecular architecture, they show a remarkable ability to stabilize molecular and nanostructured materials. The technology resulting from 3D-printable PIL-based formulations represents an untapped array of potential applications, including optoelectronic, antimicrobial, catalysis, photoactive, conductive, and redox applications.
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Strong π-stacking causes unusually large anisotropic thermal expansion and thermochromism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106572118. [PMID: 34706935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106572118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
π-stacking in ground-state dimers/trimers/tetramers of N-butoxyphenyl(naphthalene)diimide (BNDI) exceeds 50 kcal ⋅ mol-1 in strength, drastically surpassing that for the *3[pyrene]2 excimer (∼30 kcal ⋅ mol-1; formal bond order = 1) and similar to other weak-to-moderate classical covalent bonds. Cooperative π-stacking in triclinic (BNDI-T) and monoclinic (BNDI-M) polymorphs effects unusually large linear thermal expansion coefficients (α a , α b , α c , β) of (452, -16.8, -154, 273) × 10-6 ⋅ K-1 and (70.1, -44.7, 163, 177) × 10-6 ⋅ K-1, respectively. BNDI-T exhibits highly reversible thermochromism over a 300-K range, manifest by color changes from orange (ambient temperature) toward red (cryogenic temperatures) or yellow (375 K), with repeated thermal cycling sustained for over at least 2 y.
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Kato K, Seki T, Ito H. (9-Isocyanoanthracene)gold(I) Complexes Exhibiting Two Modes of Crystal Jumps by Different Structure Change Mechanisms. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10849-10856. [PMID: 33886301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of single crystals exhibiting salient effects by different structure change mechanisms are reported. The crystals of newly prepared aryl(9-isocyanoanthracene)gold(I) complexes jump in response to two different external stimuli: ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cooling. The photosalient effect is triggered by photodimerization reaction of the anthracene moieties under photoirradiation. By contrast, the thermosalient effect is caused by anisotropic thermal contraction upon cooling without a chemical structure change. By taking advantage of the multiple-jump feature, we also show sequential jumps of crystals by cooling and then UV irradiation for demonstration of the programmed motion of molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kato
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Dharmarwardana M, Pakhira S, Welch RP, Caicedo-Narvaez C, Luzuriaga MA, Arimilli BS, McCandless GT, Fahimi B, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Gassensmith JJ. Rapidly Reversible Organic Crystalline Switch for Conversion of Heat into Mechanical Energy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5951-5957. [PMID: 33822596 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state thermoelastic behavior-a sudden exertion of an expansive or contractive physical force following a temperature change and phase transition in a solid-state compound-is rare in organic crystals, few are reversible systems, and most of these are limited to a dozen or so cycles before the crystal degrades or they reverse slowly over the course of many minutes or even hours. Comparable to thermosalience, wherein crystal phase changes induce energetic jumping, thermomorphism produces physical work via consistent and near-instantaneous predictable directional force. In this work, we show a fully reversible thermomorphic actuator that is stable at room temperature for multiple years and is capable of actuation for more than 200 cycles at near-ambient temperature. Specifically, the crystals shrink to 90% of their original length instantaneously upon heating beyond 45 °C and expand back to their original length upon cooling below 35 °C. Furthermore, the phase transition occurs instantaneously, with little obvious hysteresis, allowing us to create real-time actuating thermal fuses that cycle between on and off rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srimanta Pakhira
- Discipline of Physics, Discipline of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science (MEMS) & Centre for Advanced Electronics (CAE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IIT Indore), Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh (M.P.), India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose L Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU Joint College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Wight CD, Xiao Q, Wagner HR, Hernandez EA, Lynch VM, Iverson BL. Mechanistic Analysis of Solid-State Colorimetric Switching: Monoalkoxynaphthalene-Naphthalimide Donor–Acceptor Dyads. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17630-17643. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Wight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Qifan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Holden R. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eduardo A. Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brent L. Iverson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Takeda T, Ozawa M, Akutagawa T. Jumping Crystal of a Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Induced by the Collective Molecular Motion of a Twisted π System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10345-10352. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takeda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku University Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
| | - Masataka Ozawa
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku University Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
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Takeda T, Ozawa M, Akutagawa T. Jumping Crystal of a Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Induced by the Collective Molecular Motion of a Twisted π System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takeda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku University Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
| | - Masataka Ozawa
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku University Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringTohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
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Gentili D, Gazzano M, Melucci M, Jones D, Cavallini M. Polymorphism as an additional functionality of materials for technological applications at surfaces and interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2502-2517. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00283e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial aims to divulge to the chemistry community the information that polymorphism can be directly exploited as a property in a variety of technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gentili
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Massimo Gazzano
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Derek Jones
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
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