1
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Li Z, Luo Y, Chen Z, Liang H, Lu T, Rao X, Ray A, Abdelhady AL, Yang C, Petralanda U, Bettiol A, Breese M, Dang Z, Gao P. Defect Engineering and Emission Tuning of Wide-Bandgap MAPbCl 3 Perovskite. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5689-5695. [PMID: 38767955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Lead-chloride perovskites are promising candidates for optoelectronic applications, such as visible-blind UV photodetection. It remains unclear how the deep defects in this wide-bandgap material impact the carrier recombination dynamics. In this work, we study the defect properties of MAPbCl3 (MA = CH3NH3) based on photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Our investigations show that apart from the intrinsic emission, four sub-bandgap emissions emerge, which are very likely to originate from the radiative recombination of excitons bound to several intrinsic vacancy and interstitial defects. The intensity of various emission features can be tuned by adjusting the type and ratio of precursors used during synthesis. Our study not only provides important insights into the defect property and carrier recombination mechanism in this class of material but also demonstrates efficient strategies for defect passivation and engineering, paving the way for further development of lead-chloride perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Luo
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Zelong Chen
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Liang
- Center for Ion Beam Applications, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Tongtong Lu
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Rao
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Aniruddha Ray
- Department of Nanochemistry, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Ahmed L Abdelhady
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chengyuan Yang
- Center for Ion Beam Applications, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Urko Petralanda
- Department of Physics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apartado 644, Bilbao 48940, Spain
| | - Andrew Bettiol
- Center for Ion Beam Applications, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Mark Breese
- Center for Ion Beam Applications, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Zhiya Dang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Pingqi Gao
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
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2
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Brennan MC, McCleese CL, Loftus LM, Lipp J, Febbraro M, Hall HJ, Turner DB, Carter MJ, Stevenson PR, Grusenmeyer TA. Optically Transparent Lead Halide Perovskite Polycrystalline Ceramics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38498384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We utilize room-temperature uniaxial pressing at applied loads achievable with low-cost, laboratory-scale presses to fabricate freestanding CH3NH3PbX3 (X- = Br-, Cl-) polycrystalline ceramics with millimeter thicknesses and optical transparency up to ∼70% in the infrared. As-fabricated perovskite ceramics can be produced with desirable form factors (i.e., size, shape, and thickness) and high-quality surfaces without any postprocessing (e.g., cutting or polishing). This method should be broadly applicable to a large swath of metal halide perovskites, not just the compositions shown here. In addition to fabrication, we analyze microstructure-optical property relationships through detailed experiments (e.g., transmission measurements, electron microscopy, X-ray tomography, optical profilometry, etc.) as well as modeling based on Mie theory. The optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of perovskite polycrystalline ceramics are benchmarked against those of single-crystalline analogues through spectroscopic ellipsometry, Hall measurements, and nanoindentation. Finally, γ-ray scintillation from a transparent MAPbBr3 ceramic is demonstrated under irradiation from a 137Cs source. From a broader perspective, scalable methods to produce freestanding polycrystalline lead halide perovskites with comparable properties to their single-crystal counterparts could enable key advancements in the commercial production of perovskite-based technologies (e.g., direct X-ray/γ-ray detectors, scintillators, and nonlinear optics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Brennan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 2079 Presidential Dr. #200, Fairborn, Ohio 45342, United States
| | - Christopher L McCleese
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 2079 Presidential Dr. #200, Fairborn, Ohio 45342, United States
| | - Lauren M Loftus
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 2079 Presidential Dr. #200, Fairborn, Ohio 45342, United States
| | - Jeremiah Lipp
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Rd, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Michael Febbraro
- Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Harris J Hall
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - David B Turner
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 2079 Presidential Dr. #200, Fairborn, Ohio 45342, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael J Carter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Peter R Stevenson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Tod A Grusenmeyer
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
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3
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Kalita D, Nandi P, Sahu P, Schoekel A, van Embden J, Topwal D, Manju U. Dynamic Structural Evolution and Dual Emission Behavior in Hybrid Organic Lead Bromide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2557-2565. [PMID: 38416012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of organic lead halide perovskites (OLHPs) strongly depend on their underlying crystal symmetry and dynamics. Here, we exploit temperature-dependent synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and temperature-dependent photoluminescence to investigate how the subtle structural changes happening in the pure and mixed A-site cation MA1-xFAxPbBr3 (x = 0, 0.5, and 1) systems influences their optoelectronic properties. Diffraction investigations reveal a cubic structure at high temperatures and tetragonal and orthorhombic structures with octahedral distortion at low temperatures. Steady state photoluminescence and time correlated single photon counting study reveals that the dual emission behavior of these OLHPs is due to the direct-indirect band formation. In the orthorhombic phase of MAPbBr3, the indirect band is dominated by self-trapped exciton (STE) emission due to the higher-order lattice distortions of PbBr6 octahedra. Our findings provide a comprehensive explanation of the dual emission behavior of OLHPs while also providing a rationale for previous experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Kalita
- Materials Chemistry Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pronoy Nandi
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Puspanjali Sahu
- Materials Chemistry Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | | | - Joel van Embden
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dinesh Topwal
- Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Unnikrishnan Manju
- Materials Chemistry Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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4
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Shahzadi U, Yang D, Fatima K, Wang F. Band Gap Alteration of Halide Mixing in Hybrid Perovskites: A First-Principles Study with Statistical Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1173-1180. [PMID: 38321941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on the band gap of three-dimensional halide perovskites using the first-principles calculations, there are still significant discrepancies between theoretical and experimental values. Various solutions have been proposed, such as employing a system-specific hybrid functional with varying degrees of exact exchange and explicitly incorporating spin-orbit coupling effects. Our research involved a comprehensive investigation of three typical lead-containing three-dimensional perovskites MAPbI3, MAPbBr3, and MAPbCl3 (MA = CH3NH3). Through a statistical analysis comparing mean absolute error (MAE) with experimental results, we demonstrated that the nonlocal van der Waals (vdW) density functional corrections (i.e., optB86b) yielded the most approximate lattice parameters in comparison to experimental values. Furthermore, based on these lattice parameters, the HSE06 hybrid functional is the optimal estimation of the band gap among all the options. Moreover, we investigated three sets of mixed three-dimensional halide perovskites by varying the halide component. This exploration contributes to the identification of MAPb(Br0.333I0.667)3 and MAPb(Cl0.333I0.667)3 as exhibiting the smallest band gap of 1.315 (1.867) eV and 1.313 (1.885) eV for PBE (HSE06), respectively. These band gaps were determined using the HSE06 method with the optimized lattice by PBE considering the optB86b corrections. The approach employed in this work produced a band gap trend closely aligned with experimental observations, underscoring the importance of adopting a reliable and material-independent computational strategy when screening new halide perovskite materials for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Shahzadi
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001,China
| | - Dongwen Yang
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001,China
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001,China
| | - Fei Wang
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001,China
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5
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Mączka M, Ptak M, Gągor A, Zaręba JK, Liang X, Balčiu̅nas S, Semenikhin OA, Kucheriv OI, Gural’skiy IA, Shova S, Walsh A, Banys J, Šimėnas M. Phase Transitions, Dielectric Response, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Aziridinium Lead Halide Perovskites. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9725-9738. [PMID: 38047186 PMCID: PMC10687860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites are promising candidates for next-generation solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and lasers. The structural, dynamic, and phase-transition properties play a key role in the performance of these materials. In this work, we use a multitechnique experimental (thermal, X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, dielectric, nonlinear optical) and theoretical (machine-learning force field) approach to map the phase diagrams and obtain information on molecular dynamics and mechanism of the structural phase transitions in novel 3D AZRPbX3 perovskites (AZR = aziridinium; X = Cl, Br, I). Our work reveals that all perovskites undergo order-disorder phase transitions at low temperatures, which significantly affect the structural, dielectric, phonon, and nonlinear optical properties of these compounds. The desirable cubic phases of AZRPbX3 remain stable at lower temperatures (132, 145, and 162 K for I, Br, and Cl) compared to the methylammonium and formamidinium analogues. Similar to other 3D-connected hybrid perovskites, the dielectric response reveals a rather high dielectric permittivity, an important feature for defect tolerance. We further show that AZRPbBr3 and AZRPbI3 exhibit strong nonlinear optical absorption. The high two-photon brightness of AZRPbI3 emission stands out among lead perovskites emitting in the near-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Mączka
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Ptak
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Gągor
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan K. Zaręba
- Institute
of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Xia Liang
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - Oleksandr A. Semenikhin
- Department
of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Olesia I. Kucheriv
- Department
of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Il’ya A. Gural’skiy
- Department
of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Sergiu Shova
- Department
of Inorganic Polymers, Petru Poni Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda 41-A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Ju̅ras Banys
- Faculty
of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Šimėnas
- Faculty
of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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6
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Jin H, Mukherjee A, Chouhan L, Steele JA, de Jong F, Gao Y, Roeffaers MBJ, Hofkens J, Debroye E. Single-particle optical study on the effect of chloride post-treatment of MAPbI 3 nano/microcrystals. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5437-5447. [PMID: 36846886 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface passivation by post-treatment with methylammonium chloride (MACl) is regarded as a promising strategy to suppress surface defects in organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites and elevate the efficiency of solar cells based on these materials. However, traditional MACl post-treatment methods often impede the performance of the final device, due to the creation of additional unwanted defects. Herein, we report a novel approach for chloride post-treatment by applying a mixed ethanol/toluene solvent and validate its beneficial effect on the structure, composition, and optical properties of methylammonium lead iodide nano/microcrystals and related photosensitive devices. An optimized (mild) Cl content improves the crystallinity, enhances photoluminescence (PL) intensity, provides longer PL lifetimes, and induces brighter and longer ON-states in single-particle emission trajectories. On top of a reduction in the population percentage of crystals showing gradual photodegradation, our Cl-treatment method even leads to photobrightening. Additionally, the extent of carrier communication throughout spatially distant nanodomains enhances after MACl-based post-modification. Our results demonstrate that surface-bound Cl significantly reduces the trap density induced by under-coordinated lead ions or iodide vacancies and reveal the importance of a careful consideration of the applied Cl content to avoid the generation of high-bandgap MAPbCl3 heterojunctions upon excessive Cl treatment. Importantly, significant trap passivation upon MACl treatment translates into a more stable and elevated photocurrent in the corresponding photodetector device. We anticipate these findings will be beneficial for designing durable, high-performance lead halide perovskite photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Lata Chouhan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Julian A Steele
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Flip de Jong
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yujie Gao
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, Belgium.
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elke Debroye
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, Belgium.
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Liang Z, Tian C, Li X, Cheng L, Feng S, Yang L, Yang Y, Li L. Organic-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Single Crystal: From Synthesis to Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4235. [PMID: 36500856 PMCID: PMC9741294 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite is widely used in the photoelectric field due to its excellent photoelectric characteristics. Among them, perovskite single crystals have attracted much attention due to its lower trap density and better carrier transport capacity than their corresponding polycrystalline materials. Owing to these characteristics, perovskite single crystals have been widely used in solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diode (LED), and so on, which have greater potential than polycrystals in a series of optoelectronic applications. However, the fabrication of single-crystal devices is limited by size, thickness, and interface problems, which makes the development of single-crystal devices inferior to polycrystalline devices, which also limits their future development. Here, several representative optoelectronic applications of perovskite single crystals are introduced, and some existing problems and challenges are discussed. Finally, we outlook the growth mechanism of single crystals and further the prospects of perovskite single crystals in the further field of microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenye Liang
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics & Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Tian
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics & Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liwei Cheng
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics & Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Shanglei Feng
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics & Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics & Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingguo Yang
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics & Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lina Li
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics & Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Synthesis, Photoluminescence and Vibrational Properties of Aziridinium Lead Halide Perovskites. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227949. [PMID: 36432050 PMCID: PMC9698367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional lead halide perovskites are known for their excellent optoelectronic properties, making them suitable for photovoltaic and light-emitting applications. Here, we report for the first time the Raman spectra and photoluminescent (PL) properties of recently discovered three-dimensional aziridinium lead halide perovskites (AZPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I), as well as assignment of vibrational modes. We also report diffuse reflection data, which revealed an extended absorption of light of AZPbX3 compared to the MA and FA counterparts and are beneficial for solar cell application. We demonstrated that this behavior is correlated with the size of the organic cation, i.e., the energy band gap of the cubic lead halide perovskites decreases with the increasing size of the organic cation. All compounds show intense PL, which weakens on heating and shifts toward higher energies. This PL is red shifted compared to the FA and MA counterparts. An analysis of the PL data revealed the small exciton binding energy of AZPbX3 compounds (29-56 meV). Overall, the properties of AZPbX3 are very similar to those of the well-known MAPbX3 and FAPbX3 perovskites, indicating that the aziridinium analogues are also attractive materials for light-emitting and solar cell applications.
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9
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Mazurin M, Shelestova A, Tsvetkov D, Sereda V, Ivanov I, Malyshkin D, Zuev A. Thermochemical Study of CH 3NH 3Pb(Cl 1-xBr x) 3 Solid Solutions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7675. [PMID: 36363267 PMCID: PMC9657867 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite halides, and, in particular, their mixed halide solid solutions, belong to a broad class of materials which appear promising for a wide range of potential applications in various optoelectronic devices. However, these materials are notorious for their stability issues, including their sensitivity to atmospheric oxygen and moisture as well as phase separation under illumination. The thermodynamic properties, such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of mixing, of perovskite halide solid solutions are strongly required to shed some light on their stability. Herein, we report the results of an experimental thermochemical study of the CH3NH3Pb(Cl1-xBrx)3 mixed halides by solution calorimetry. Combining these results with molecular dynamics simulation revealed the complex and irregular shape of the compositional dependence of the mixing enthalpy to be the result of a complex interplay between the local lattice strain, hydrogen bonds, and energetics of these solid solutions.
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10
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Liu C, Chen H, Lin P, Hu H, Meng Q, Xu L, Wang P, Wu X, Cui C. Optimized photoelectric characteristics of MAPbCl 3and MAPbBr 3composite perovskite single crystal heterojunction photodetector. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:405703. [PMID: 35896095 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac84bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MAPbBr3single crystal (SC) thin layer was successfully grown on MAPbCl3SC substrate to form perovskite SC heterojunction. Planar structure electrodes are deposited by thermal evaporation on the surfaces of MAPbCl3, MAPbBr3, and SCs heterojunction, respectively to evaluate their photoelectric performance. The SC heterojunction device exhibits excellent unidirectional conductivity in the voltage-current curves. Meanwhile, the current-time curves prove that SC heterojunction devices can effectively utilize the advantages of MAPbCl3and MAPbBr3, possessing relatively low dark current (∼300 nA), which is comparable to the dark current of MAPbCl3, but very high photocurrent (∼3500 nA), which is equivalent to the photocurrent of MAPbBr3. Rather than the photocurrent overshot and decay occurring at the exposure of light illumination in the MAPbBr3device, the photocurrent is extremely stable without overshot and decay in the SC heterojunction device. The light-to-dark ratio of the SC heterojunction device is twice that of MAPbCl3device and three times that of MAPbBr3device. Furthermore, the detectivity of the heterojunction device reaches as high as∼7×1011 Jones, an order of magnitude higher than MAPbCl3and MAPbBr3. The excellent characteristics of SC heterojunction further expand the practical application prospect of perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihua Hu
- Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingbo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Cui
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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11
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Corzo D, Wang T, Gedda M, Yengel E, Khan JI, Li R, Niazi MR, Huang Z, Kim T, Baran D, Sun D, Laquai F, Anthopoulos TD, Amassian A. A Universal Cosolvent Evaporation Strategy Enables Direct Printing of Perovskite Single Crystals for Optoelectronic Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109862. [PMID: 35007377 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed metal halide perovskite (MHP) single crystals (SCs) are in high demand for a growing number of printed electronic applications due to their superior optoelectronic properties compared to polycrystalline thin films. There is an urgent need to make SC fabrication facile, scalable, and compatible with the printed electronic manufacturing infrastructure. Here, a universal cosolvent evaporation (CSE) strategy is presented by which perovskite SCs and arrays are produced directly on substrates via printing and coating methods within minutes at room temperature from drying droplets. The CSE strategy successfully guides the supersaturation via controlled drying of droplets to suppress all crystallization pathways but one, and is shown to produce SCs of a wide variety of 3D, 2D, and mixed-cation/halide perovskites with consistency. This approach works with commonly used precursors and solvents, making it universal. Importantly, the SC consumes the precursor in the droplet, which enables the large-scale fabrication of SC arrays with minimal residue. Direct on-chip fabrication of 3D and 2D perovskite photodetector devices with outstanding performance is demonstrated. The approach shows that any MHP SC can now be manufactured on substrates using precision printing and scalable, high-throughput coating methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Corzo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tonghui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Murali Gedda
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Yengel
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jafar I Khan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Niazi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhengjie Huang
- Department of Physics, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Derya Baran
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dali Sun
- Department of Physics, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aram Amassian
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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12
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Tan CS. Transition Metal Ions in Methylammonium Chloride Perovskites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1412-1419. [PMID: 35036802 PMCID: PMC8756579 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic perovskite materials have become star materials for future wide band gap optoelectronics due to their excellent optical and electrical properties. However, the lead ions inside perovskites have become a crucial environmental issue in the commercialization of wide band gap perovskite devices . This research tries to find the structure and properties of lead-free perovskite materials by screening Sn2+ and transition-metal ions to replace Pb2+ within the methylammonium (MA)-based chloride perovskite and find out a new two-dimensional structure of MA-based transition-metal ion chlorides. Overall, MAZnCl3 may be a potential ultraviolet-C luminescent material with a stable two-dimensional structure with a wide band gap of 5.64 eV, which is suitable for ultraviolet-C luminescence applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih Shan Tan
- Institute of Electronics, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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13
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Ptak M, Sieradzki A, Šimėnas M, Maczka M. Molecular spectroscopy of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites and related compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Zhang C, Liu X, Chen J, Lin J. Solution and
Solid‐Phase
Growth of Bulk Halide Perovskite Single Crystals. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
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15
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Sektiono MWA, Permatasari FA, Aimon AH, Iskandar F. Rapid growth of the CH 3NH 3PbCl 3 single crystal by microwave irradiation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1360-1366. [PMID: 35424102 PMCID: PMC8693545 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a rapid growth of the CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystal through microwave irradiation. A systematic evaluation of the structural and optical properties of the obtained single crystal was also conducted. 1 minute is the optimum microwave irradiation time that generated a large single crystal of dimension (5 × 5 × 2.5) mm3. The obtained crystal exhibits broad absorption in UV range and near-visible light luminescence under UV excitation with an optical bandgap around 2.8 eV. A fast and simple synthesis method of CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystal with these outstanding properties could be potentially applied for any optoelectronic application with scale-up production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moch Wisnu Arif Sektiono
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung 40132 Indonesia
- PSDKU Kediri-Politeknik Negeri Malang Kediri 64114 Indonesia
| | - Fitri Aulia Permatasari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung 40132 Indonesia
| | - Akfiny Hasdi Aimon
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung 40132 Indonesia
| | - Ferry Iskandar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung 40132 Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology Bandung 40132 Indonesia
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16
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Bari M, Wu H, Bokov AA, Ali RF, Tailor HN, Gates BD, Ye ZG. Room-temperature synthesis, growth mechanisms and opto-electronic properties of organic–inorganic halide perovskite CH 3NH 3PbX 3 (X = I, Br, and Cl) single crystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01690j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth of MAPbX3 (X = I, Br, and Cl) single crystals by room temperature crystallization (RTC) method, and the crystallization pathway illustrated by the solubility curve of MAPbCl3 in DMSO, compared with inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bari
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
- Department of Applied Physics
| | - Alexei A. Bokov
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Rana Faryad Ali
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Hamel N. Tailor
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Byron D. Gates
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Zuo-Guang Ye
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nanoengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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18
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Nandi P, Pandey SK, Giri C, Singh V, Petaccia L, Manju U, Mahanti SD, Topwal D. Probing the Electronic Structure of Hybrid Perovskites in the Orientationally Disordered Cubic Phase. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5719-5727. [PMID: 32609525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites are projected as new generation photovoltaic and optoelectronic materials with improved efficiencies. However, their electronic structure so far remains poorly understood, particularly in the orientationally disordered cubic phase. We performed electronic structure investigations using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on two prototypical samples (MAPbBr3 and MAPbCl3) in their cubic phase, and the results are compared with the calculations within two theoretical models where MA+ is orientationally (1) disordered (MA+ ion is replaced by spherically symmetric Cs+ ion) and (2) ordered (MA oriented along (100) direction) but keeping the symmetry of the unit cell cubic. Degeneracy of the valence bands and behavior of constant energy contours are consistent with model 1, which supports strongly the disordered nature of the orientation of the MA+ ions in the cubic phase. Band structure calculations also reveal that spin-orbit coupling induced Rashba splitting is suppressed by the orientational disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronoy Nandi
- Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - S K Pandey
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chandan Giri
- Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
| | - Vijay Singh
- CEA, LITEN, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - L Petaccia
- ElettraSincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - U Manju
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Subhendra D Mahanti
- Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - D Topwal
- Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
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19
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Wu S, Zhu Y, Gao H, Xiao Y, Xia J, Zhou P, Ouyang D, Li Z, Chen Z, Tang Z, Li HF. Super-Necking Crystal Growth and Structural and Magnetic Properties of SrTb 2O 4 Single Crystals. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16584-16594. [PMID: 32685824 PMCID: PMC7364594 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on single-crystal growths of the SrTb2O4 compound by a super-necking technique with a laser-floating-zone furnace and study the stoichiometry, growth mode, and structural and magnetic properties by scanning electronic microscopy, neutron Laue, X-ray powder diffraction, and the physical property measurement system. We optimized the growth parameters, mainly the growth speed, atmosphere, and the addition of a Tb4O7 raw material. Neutron Laue diffraction displays the characteristic feature of a single crystal. Our study reveals an atomic ratio of Sr:Tb = 0.97(2):2.00(1) and a possible layer by layer crystal growth mode. Our X-ray powder diffraction study determines the crystal structure, lattice constants, and atomic positions. The paramagnetic (PM) Curie-Weiss (CW) temperature θCW = 5.00(4) K, and the effective PM moment M mea eff = 10.97(1) μB per Tb3+ ion. The data of magnetization versus temperature can be divided into three regimes, showing a coexistence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions. This probably leads to the magnetic frustration in the SrTb2O4 compound. The magnetization at 2 K and 14 T originates from both the Tb1 and Tb2 sites and is strongly frustrated with an expected saturation field at ∼41.5 T, displaying an intricate phase diagram with three ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wu
- Joint
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied
Physics and Materials Engineering, University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yinghao Zhu
- Joint
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied
Physics and Materials Engineering, University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Haoshi Gao
- Joint
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied
Physics and Materials Engineering, University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yinguo Xiao
- School
of Advanced Materials, Peking University,
Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junchao Xia
- Joint
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied
Physics and Materials Engineering, University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Joint
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied
Physics and Materials Engineering, University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Guangdong
Provincial Engineering Research Center of Crystal and Laser Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Department
of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhenqiang Chen
- Guangdong
Provincial Engineering Research Center of Crystal and Laser Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Department
of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zikang Tang
- Joint
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied
Physics and Materials Engineering, University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Hai-Feng Li
- Joint
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied
Physics and Materials Engineering, University
of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
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