1
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Ke Z, Azam M, Ali S, Zubair M, Cao Y, Khan AA, Hassan A, Xue W. Role of Functional Groups in Tuning Luminescence Signature of Solution-Processed Graphene Quantum Dots: Experimental and Theoretical Insights. Molecules 2024; 29:2790. [PMID: 38930855 PMCID: PMC11206256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zero-dimensional graphene quantum dots (GQDs) present unique optoelectronic properties in the large-spectrum range from UV to visible. However, the origin of luminescence in GQDs is still a debatable question. Therefore, the present work investigates the features of trap-mediated and edge-state-functionalized group-associated luminescence enhancement of GQDs. The attached functional groups' involvement in the upsurge of photoluminescence has been discussed theoretically as well as experimentally. In addition, the role of the aromatic ring, the functional group attached, and their positions of attachment to the aromatic ring to tune the emission wavelength and Raman modes have been elucidated theoretically as well as experimentally. We found that in the case of the -OH group attached outside of the aromatic ring, the long-range π hybridization dominates, which suggests that the emission from this model can be dictated by long-range π hybridization. In particular, we found that oxygen-containing functional groups attached outside of the aromatic ring are the main source of the luminescence signature in GQDs. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) indicates that the -OH functional group attached outside of the aromatic ring perfectly matched with our experimental results, as the experimental bandgap (2.407 eV) is comparable with the theoretical simulated bandgap (2.399 eV) of the -OH group attached outside of the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Ke
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- National Key Laboratory of Electronic Films and Integrated Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shujat Ali
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yu Cao
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | | | - Ali Hassan
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Xue
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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2
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El Haddad Y, Ouarrad H, Drissi LB. Insights into the optoelectronic behaviour of heteroatom doped diamond-shaped graphene quantum dots. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12639-12649. [PMID: 38638818 PMCID: PMC11025525 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00603h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study we aim to manipulate the optoelectronic and photoluminescence properties of diamond-shaped graphene quantum dots (DSGQDs) in order to make them suitable for solar cells and photovoltaic devices. Using DFT and performing many-body effects studies, we investigate the impact of N, B, O, P and S heteroatom doping on DSGQDs in three different positions, namely the zigzag edge, the armchair corner and the surface, in order to identify the most appropriate and promising configurations. All the doped GQDs are found to be chemically stable making it possible to realize them experimentally. Additionally, the obtained results show that substitution with heteroatoms has a remarkable effect on the electronic energy gap, noticeably decreasing it. Doping also has a significant effect on the optical response by shifting the absorption peaks towards the visible energy range. The excitonic behaviour has revealed that these nanostructures are potential candidates for photovoltaic devices. One can deduce that doping DSGQDs with heteroatoms is useful and promising for the targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine El Haddad
- LPHE, Modeling and Simulations, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco
- CPM - Centre of Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco
| | - Hala Ouarrad
- LPHE, Modeling and Simulations, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco
- CPM - Centre of Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco
| | - Lalla Btissam Drissi
- LPHE, Modeling and Simulations, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco
- CPM - Centre of Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco
- College of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Hassan II Academy of Sciences and Technology Rabat Morocco
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3
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Scott JM, Dale SG, McBroom J, Gould T, Li Q. Size Isn't Everything: Geometric Tuning in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Its Implications for Carbon Nanodots. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2003-2014. [PMID: 38470339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent developments in light-emitting carbon nanodots and molecular organic semiconductors have seen renewed interest in the properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a family. The networks of delocalized π electrons in sp2-hybridized carbon grant PAHs light-emissive properties right across the visible spectrum. However, the mechanistic understanding of their emission energy has been limited due to the ground state-focused methods of determination. This computational chemistry work, therefore, seeks to validate existing rules and elucidate new features and characteristics of PAHs that influence their emissions. Predictions based on (time-dependent) density functional theory account for the full 3-dimensional electronic structure of ground and excited states and reveal that twisting and near-degeneracies strongly influence emission spectra and may therefore be used to tune the color of PAHs and, hence, carbon nanodots. We particularly note that the influence of twisting goes beyond torsional destabilization of the ground-state and geometric relaxation of the excited state, with a third contribution associated with the electric transition dipole. Symmetries and peri-condensation may also have an effect, but this could not be statistically confirmed. In pursuing this goal, we demonstrate that with minimal changes to molecular size, the entire visible spectrum may be spanned by geometric modification alone; we have also provided a first estimate of emission energy for 35 molecules currently lacking published emission spectra as well as clear guidelines for when more sophisticated computational techniques are required to predict the properties of PAHs accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Scott
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Stephen G Dale
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- The Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - James McBroom
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Tim Gould
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Qin Li
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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4
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Jain P, Rajput RS, Kumar S, Sharma A, Jain A, Bora BJ, Sharma P, Kumar R, Shahid M, Rajhi AA, Alsubih M, Shah MA, Bhowmik A. Recent Advances in Graphene-Enabled Materials for Photovoltaic Applications: A Comprehensive Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12403-12425. [PMID: 38524428 PMCID: PMC10955600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Graphene's two-dimensional structural arrangement has sparked a revolutionary transformation in the domain of conductive transparent devices, presenting a unique opportunity in the renewable energy sector. This comprehensive Review critically evaluates the most recent advances in graphene production and its employment in solar cells, focusing on dye-sensitized, organic, and perovskite devices for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) designs. This comprehensive investigation discovered the following captivating results: graphene integration resulted in a notable 20.3% improvement in energy conversion rates in graphene-perovskite photovoltaic cells. In comparison, BHJ cells saw a laudable 10% boost. Notably, graphene's 2D internal architecture emerges as a protector for photovoltaic devices, guaranteeing long-term stability against various environmental challenges. It acts as a transportation facilitator and charge extractor to the electrodes in photovoltaic cells. Additionally, this Review investigates current research highlighting the role of graphene derivatives and their products in solar PV systems, illuminating the way forward. The study elaborates on the complexities, challenges, and promising prospects underlying the use of graphene, revealing its reflective implications for the future of solar photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Jain
- Deptartment
of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute
of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462033, India
| | - R. S. Rajput
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462033, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462033, India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Department
of Physics and Electronics, Rani Durgavati
Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482001, India
| | - Akshay Jain
- Energy
Institute Bengaluru, A Centre of Rajiv Gandhi
Institute of Petroleum Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562157, India
| | - Bhaskor Jyoti Bora
- Energy
Institute Bengaluru, A Centre of Rajiv Gandhi
Institute of Petroleum Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562157, India
| | - Prabhakar Sharma
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Skill and
Entrepreneurship University, Delhi 110089, India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department
of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab 141006, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Galgotias College
of Engineering and Technology, 1, Knowledge Park, Phase II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Ali A. Rajhi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alsubih
- Civil
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- Department
of Economics, Kebri Dehar University, Kebri Dehar 250, Ethiopia
- Centre
of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara
University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India
- Division
of Research and Development, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India
| | - Abhijit Bhowmik
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Dream Institute
of Technology, Kolkata 700104, India
- Chitkara
Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara
University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India
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5
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Liang F, Liu Y, Sun J, Liu C, Deng C, Seidi F, Sun R, Xiao H. Facile preparation, optical mechanism elaboration, and bio-imaging application of fluorescent cellulose nanocrystals with tunable emission wavelength. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128648. [PMID: 38061518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Interfacing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with fluorescent materials provides more possibilities for constructing of sensory/imaging platforms in biomedical applications. In this work, by harnessing the efficient extraction accompanied modification of CNCs and adjustable optical properties of carbon dots (CDs), we report the constructions and emission wavelength tuning of fluorescent CNCs (F-CNCs) composed of CNC nano-scaffolds and CDs. The as-prepared CNCs are densely decorated with citric acid (CA), which plays the role of carbon source for the in-situ synthesis of CDs on CNCs. For the F-CNCs carrying blue, green, and red emissive CDs, ethylenediamine (EDA), urea, and thiourea are the N or N/S sources. Fingerprints of chemical groups, morphological characters, and redox activities are resolved to elaborate the optical mechanisms of CDs with varying emission colors. The emission wavelength is adjusted by either changing the particle size or introducing new emission centers. Both are primarily achieved via precursor engineering. The F-CNCs reveal quantum yields (QYs) >22 % and negligible fluorescence quenching (< 6 %) upon continuous excitation as long as 24 h. Benefited from their cell membrane penetration capability, the F-CNCs with different emission wavelengths were challenged for multiplexed cytoplasm imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, China.
| | - Jianglei Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Canada
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6
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Liu X, Sun B. One-Pot Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots and Their Applications in Bioimaging and Detecting Copper Ions in Living Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27333-27343. [PMID: 37546585 PMCID: PMC10399175 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Two natural carbon sources, glutamic acid and tyrosine, were used to fabricate strong green emission nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) with the one-pot pyrolysis method. The morphology of the prepared GQDs has been characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, showing a well-displayed crystalline structure with a lattice spacing of 0.262 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface functional groups and elemental composition, suggesting that the N-GQDs have active carboxylic and amino functional groups. Meanwhile, photoluminescence and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy were used to evaluate the optical properties of GQDs; the prepared N-GQDs show an excitation-dependent fluorescence behavior with a maximum excitation/emission wavelength at 460/522 nm, respectively. N-GQDs showed good photostability and the fluorescence intensity quenched about 10% after irradiating 2800 s in the experiment of time kinetic analysis. The MTT assay was utilized to assess the viability of N-GQDs; good biocompatibility with a relatively high quantum yield of 12% demonstrated the potential for serving as bioimaging agents. Besides, the selectivity study on metal ions indicates that the N-GQDs could be used in Cu2+ detection. The linear range is from 0.1 to 10 μM with a limit of detection of 0.06 μM. Overall, these proposed N-GQDs with one-pot synthesis showed their promising potential in cell imaging and Cu2+ monitoring applications involved in the biological environment.
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7
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Özönder Ş, Ünlü C, Güleryüz C, Trabzon L. Doped Graphene Quantum Dots UV-vis Absorption Spectrum: A High-Throughput TDDFT Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2112-2118. [PMID: 36687068 PMCID: PMC9850463 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the excited states of 63 different graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in square shape with side lengths of 1, 1.5, and 2 nm. We investigate the systematics and trends in the UV-vis absorption spectra of these GQDs, which are doped with elements B, N, O, S, and P at dopant percentages of 1.5%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. The results show how the peaks in the UV and visible parts of the spectrum as well as the total absorption evolve in the chemical parameter space along the coordinates of size, dopant type, and dopant percentage. The absorption spectra calculated here can be used to obtain particular GQD mixture proportions that would yield a desired absorption profile such as flat absorption across the whole visible spectrum or one that is locally peaked around a chosen wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şener Özönder
- Institute
for Data Science & Artificial Intelligence, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Caner Ünlü
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Cihat Güleryüz
- Department
of Physics, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
- Department
of Opticianry, Altınbaş University, Istanbul 34217, Turkey
| | - Levent Trabzon
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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8
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Rani P, Dalal R, Srivastava S, Tankeshwar K. Tuning the properties of graphene quantum dots by passivation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26232-26240. [PMID: 36278955 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03990g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and optical properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) of size less than 10 nm are different from those of graphene sheets due to quantum confinement effects. For analyzing their use in optoelectronic applications, it is very crucial to optimally tune the bandgap and engineer the controlling parameters. In the present work, a systematic investigation of the band gap of hexagonal GQDs has been carried out by examining their HOMO and LUMO energies. Passivation of dangling bonds of these GQDs has been carried out with the help of electron-withdrawing substituents in order to tune the band gap and engineer their optical properties such as absorption and emission spectra by carrying out the simulation with Density Functional Theory formalism using Gaussian 09 software. Carrying out passivation with electronegative element fluorine (F) effectively decreases the band gap of these QDs resulting in a redshift in the absorption spectra. The HOMO and LUMO topographical surfaces have been used to understand the absorption spectra. These surfaces show some σ-bond characteristics along with π-bond properties on passivating GQDs with the F-atom which further results in alteration of their energies and a corresponding decrease in their band gap. Here, the absorption is found to be dependent on the size of GQDs and the type of passivating atoms (H or F). The results thus obtained are found to be in good consonance with those reported in the literature engaging different methods. The present analysis may prove to be useful in improving the working of solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rani
- Department of Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, India.
| | - Ranjeet Dalal
- Department of Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, India.
| | - Sunita Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
| | - Kumar Tankeshwar
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
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9
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Lisa John V, P M F, K P C, T P V. Carbon dots derived from frankincense soot for ratiometric and colorimetric detection of lead (II). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:495706. [PMID: 36049475 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac8e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dots from frankincense soot. Carbon dots prepared from frankincense (FI-CDs) have narrow size distribution with an average size of 1.80 nm. FI-CDs emit intense blue fluorescence without additional surface functionalization or modification. A negative surface charge was observed for FI-CDs, indicating the abundance of epoxy, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl functionalities that accounts for their stability. A theoretical investigation of the FI-CDs attached to oxygen-rich functional groups is incorporated in this study. The characteristics of FI-CDs signify arm-chair orientation, which is confirmed by comparing the indirect bandgap of FI-CDs with the bandgap obtained from Tauc plots. Also, we demonstrate that the FI-CDs are promising fluoroprobes for the ratiometric detection of Pb2+ions (detection limit of 0.12μM). The addition of Pb2+to FI-CD solution quenched the fluorescence intensity, which is observable under illumination by UV light LED chips. We demonstrate a smartphone-assisted quantification of the fluorescence intensity change providing an efficient strategy for the colorimetric sensing of Pb2+in real-life samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Lisa John
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Fasila P M
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Syed College, Taliparamba, Kannur, Kerala 670142, India
| | - Chaithra K P
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Vinod T P
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
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10
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Vandana M, Devendrappa H, Padova PD, Hegde G. Polymer Nanocomposite Graphene Quantum Dots for High-Efficiency Ultraviolet Photodetector. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3175. [PMID: 36144964 PMCID: PMC9502816 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Influence on photocurrent sensitivity of hydrothermally synthesized electrochemically active graphene quantum dots on conjugated polymer utilized for a novel single-layer device has been performed. Fabrications of high-performance ultraviolet photodetector by depositing the polypyrrole-graphene quantum dots (PPy-GQDs) active layer of the ITO electrode were exposed to an Ultraviolet (UV) source with 265 and 355 nm wavelengths for about 200 s, and we examined the time-dependent photoresponse. The excellent performance of GQDs was exploited as a light absorber, acting as an electron donor to improve the carrier concentration. PGC4 exhibits high photoresponsivity up to the 2.33 µA/W at 6 V bias and the photocurrent changes from 2.9 to 18 µA. The electrochemical measurement was studied using an electrochemical workstation. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results show that the hysteresis loop is optically tunable with a UV light source with 265 and 355 nm at 0.1 to 0.5 V/s. The photocurrent response in PPy-GQDs devices may be applicable to optoelectronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molahalli Vandana
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India
- Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD), CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India
| | | | - Paola De Padova
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-ISM, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi Frascati 40, 00044 Rome, Italy
| | - Gurumurthy Hegde
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India
- Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD), CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India
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11
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Mocci F, de Villiers Engelbrecht L, Olla C, Cappai A, Casula MF, Melis C, Stagi L, Laaksonen A, Carbonaro CM. Carbon Nanodots from an In Silico Perspective. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13709-13799. [PMID: 35948072 PMCID: PMC9413235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are the latest and most shining rising stars among photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials. These carbon-based surface-passivated nanostructures compete with other related PL materials, including traditional semiconductor quantum dots and organic dyes, with a long list of benefits and emerging applications. Advantages of CNDs include tunable inherent optical properties and high photostability, rich possibilities for surface functionalization and doping, dispersibility, low toxicity, and viable synthesis (top-down and bottom-up) from organic materials. CNDs can be applied to biomedicine including imaging and sensing, drug-delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis but also to energy harvesting in solar cells and as LEDs. More applications are reported continuously, making this already a research field of its own. Understanding of the properties of CNDs requires one to go to the levels of electrons, atoms, molecules, and nanostructures at different scales using modern molecular modeling and to correlate it tightly with experiments. This review highlights different in silico techniques and studies, from quantum chemistry to the mesoscale, with particular reference to carbon nanodots, carbonaceous nanoparticles whose structural and photophysical properties are not fully elucidated. The role of experimental investigation is also presented. Hereby, we hope to encourage the reader to investigate CNDs and to apply virtual chemistry to obtain further insights needed to customize these amazing systems for novel prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,
| | | | - Chiara Olla
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Cappai
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- Department
of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, IT 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Melis
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,State Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China,Centre
of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, PetruPoni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania,Division
of Energy Science, Energy Engineering, Luleå
University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden,
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12
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Saisree S, Nair JSA, Sandhya KY. Variant solvothermal synthesis of N-GQD for colour tuning emissions and naked eye reversible shade tweaking pH sensing ability. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Suresh RR, Kulandaisamy AJ, Nesakumar N, Nagarajan S, Lee JH, Rayappan JBB. Graphene Quantum Dots – Hydrothermal Green Synthesis, Material Characterization and Prospects for Cervical Cancer Diagnosis Applications: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavv Raghavender Suresh
- Department of Bioengineering School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- Department of Bioengineering School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Saisubramanian Nagarajan
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 South Korea
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
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14
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Kumar VB, Porat Z, Gedanken A. Synthesis of Doped/Hybrid Carbon Dots and Their Biomedical Application. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060898. [PMID: 35335711 PMCID: PMC8951121 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a novel type of carbon-based nanomaterial that has gained considerable attention for their unique optical properties, including tunable fluorescence, stability against photobleaching and photoblinking, and strong fluorescence, which is attributed to a large number of organic functional groups (amino groups, hydroxyl, ketonic, ester, and carboxyl groups, etc.). In addition, they also demonstrate high stability and electron mobility. This article reviews the topic of doped CDs with organic and inorganic atoms and molecules. Such doping leads to their functionalization to obtain desired physical and chemical properties for biomedical applications. We have mainly highlighted modification techniques, including doping, polymer capping, surface functionalization, nanocomposite and core-shell structures, which are aimed at their applications to the biomedical field, such as bioimaging, bio-sensor applications, neuron tissue engineering, drug delivery and cancer therapy. Finally, we discuss the key challenges to be addressed, the future directions of research, and the possibilities of a complete hybrid format of CD-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Bhooshan Kumar
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: (V.B.K.); (Z.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Ze’ev Porat
- Division of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Beer-Sheva 8419001, Israel
- Unit of Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Correspondence: (V.B.K.); (Z.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Correspondence: (V.B.K.); (Z.P.); (A.G.)
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15
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Shen L, Zhou S, Huang F, Zhou H, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhou S. Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots synthesized by femtosecond laser ablation in liquid from laser induced graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:115602. [PMID: 34874289 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized by femtosecond laser ablation in liquid using laser induced graphene as the carbon source. Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were successfully synthesized by adding ammonia water to the graphene suspension. The GQDs/N-GQDs structure consist of a graphitic core with oxygen and nitrogen functionalities with particle size less than 10 nm, as demonstrated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier infrared spectrometer spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The absorption peak, PL spectrum, and quantum yield of the N-GQDs were significantly enhanced compared with the undoped GQDs. Further, the possible mechanism of synthesis GQDs was discussed. Furthermore, the N-GQDs were used as a fluorescent probe for detection of Fe3+ions. The N-GQDs may extend the application of graphene-based materials to bioimaging, sensor, and photoelectronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Sikun Zhou
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Shutong Wang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouhuan Zhou
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kamali SR, Chen CN, Agrawal DC, Wei TH. Sulfur-doped carbon dots synthesis under microwave irradiation as turn-off fluorescent sensor for Cr(III). J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study synthesized a facile and high sensitive fluorescent probe based on sulfur-doped carbon dots (S-CDs) using a one-step microwave irradiation method. The probe exhibited a strong blue emission and a high quantum yield (QY) of 36.40%. In the detection, the presence of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) strongly quenched the PL intensity of S-CDs by the inner filter effect (IFE) quenching mechanism of Cr(III) on the S-CDs. The S-CDs exhibited good sensitivity to turn-off Cr(III) detection with a linear range concentration of 0–45 μM and a detection limit of 0.17 μM. Furthermore, the proposed method has been successfully applied for Cr(III) detection in natural water samples with the 93.68–106.20% recoveries.
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17
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Yu J, Yong X, Tang Z, Yang B, Lu S. Theoretical Understanding of Structure-Property Relationships in Luminescence of Carbon Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7671-7687. [PMID: 34351771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have excellent luminescence characteristics, such as good light stability, high quantum yield (QY), long phosphorescence lifetime, and a wide emission wavelength range, resulting in CDs' great success in optical applications. Understanding the structure-property relationships in CDs is essential for their use in optoelectronic applications. However, because of the complex nature of CD structures and synthesis processes, understanding the luminescence mechanism and structure-property relationships of CDs is a big challenge. This Perspective reviews the theoretical efforts toward the understanding of structure-property relationships and discusses the challenges that need to be overcome in future development of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Yu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Yong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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18
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Sohal N, Maity B, Basu S. Recent advances in heteroatom-doped graphene quantum dots for sensing applications. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25586-25615. [PMID: 35478909 PMCID: PMC9037181 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04248c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are carbon-based fluorescent nanomaterials having various applications due to attractive properties. But the low photoluminescence (PL) yield and monochromatic PL behavior of GQDs put limitations on their real-time applications. Therefore, heteroatom doping of GQDs is recognized as the best approach to modify the optical as well as electronic properties of GQDs by modifying their chemical composition and electronic structure. In this review, the new strategies for preparing the heteroatom (N, B, S, P) doped GQDs by using different precursors and methods are discussed in detail. The particle size, emission wavelength, PL emissive color, and quantum yield of recently developed heteroatom doped GQDs are reported in this article. The investigation of structure, crystalline nature, and composition of heteroatom doped GQDs by various characterization techniques such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are also described. The recent progress on the impact of mono or co-doping of heteroatoms on PL behavior, and optical, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and electrochemical properties of GQDs is also surveyed. Further, heteroatom doped GQDs with attractive properties used in sensing of various metal ions, biomolecules, small organic molecules, etc. by using various techniques with different limits of detection are also summarized. This review provides progressive trends in the development of heteroatom doped GQDs and their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sohal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
| | - Banibrata Maity
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 India
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19
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Ali Z, Basharat M, Wu Z. A Review on the Morphologically Controlled Synthesis of Polyphosphazenes for Electrochemical Applications. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ali
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 P.R. China
| | - Majid Basharat
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 P.R. China
| | - Zhanpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 P.R. China
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20
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A Review on Recent Advancements of Graphene and Graphene-Related Materials in Biological Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is the most outstanding material among the new nanostructured carbonaceous species discovered and produced. Graphene’s astonishing properties (i.e., electronic conductivity, mechanical robustness, large surface area) have led to a deep change in the material science field. In this review, after a brief overview of the main characteristics of graphene and related materials, we present an extensive overview of the most recent achievements in biological uses of graphene and related materials.
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21
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Al-Otaibi JS, Almuqrin AH, Sheena Mary Y, Shyma Mary Y. Utilization of O/S-doped graphene nanoclusters for ultrasensitive detection of flurane derivatives-DFT investigations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5320-5327. [PMID: 33410367 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1870155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanocluster based drug delivery systems are very useful in modern medical treatment and interaction mechanism of desflurane (DES), isoflurane ISO), sevoflurane (SEV) over carboxyl substituted graphene-doped with O and S atoms were investigated in the present study. Different electronic and chemical properties of adsorbed desflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane with nanoclusters are analyzed. To track the drugs, SERS is used as an efficient method and drug's detection was analyzed using SERS. DES's energy over GQD-S is greater than that over GQD-O nanocluster and for ISO and SEV, adsorption energies over the O/S nanoclusters are same. The title drugs work on the reactives sites and got adsorbed. For ISO, there is an increase in fluorine atom charges and for DES and SEV, the fluorine atom charge decreases due to adsorption in both O/S nanoclusters. Changes in chemical descriptors are identified for the sensing property of drug-nanoclusters.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamelah S Al-Otaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljawhara H Almuqrin
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Y Sheena Mary
- Researcher, Thushara, Neethinagar, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Y Shyma Mary
- Researcher, Thushara, Neethinagar, Kollam, Kerala, India
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22
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Mary YS, Mary YS. Utilization of doped/undoped graphene quantum dots for ultrasensitive detection of duphaston, a SERS platform. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 244:118865. [PMID: 32889339 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently nanocluster based drug delivery systems have become the most skillful to study. Interaction mechanism of duphaston (DPH) over graphene (G), carboxyl substituted graphene (COG) and doped COG-X (X = O/S/N/B) were investigated. We studied different spectroscopic properties of adsorbed DPH with nanoclusters. To study effect adsorption of DPH with nanoclusters, the adsorption energies were measured. To track DPH, surface enhanced Raman scattering is used since it is an efficient approach to vibrational spectroscopy. The DPH detection was investigated using GQDs SERS property. For the adsorption of DPH with COG-B nanocluster maximum energy interaction is determined. DPH works on the electrophilic site of nanoclusters as donor of electrons and adsorbs. Charge transfer is higher for to COG-B nanocluster than for other nanoclusters. Variations in chemical descriptors are also noted to understand sensing property of DPH molecule-nanoclusters. The analysis of different properties demonstrates enhancement effect which makes it significant in detecting DPH in other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sheena Mary
- Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College (Autonomous), Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Y Shyma Mary
- Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College (Autonomous), Kollam, Kerala, India
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23
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Sohal N, Bhatia SK, Basu S, Maity B. Nanomolar level detection of metal ions by improving the monodispersity and stability of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent and stable nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots used as nanosensor for the selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+ ions at nanomolar range based on the dynamic quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sohal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Simran Kaur Bhatia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Banibrata Maity
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
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24
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Permatasari FA, Nakul F, Mayangsari TR, Aimon AH, Nuryadin BW, Bisri SZ, Ogi T, Iskandar F. Solid-state nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles with tunable emission prepared by a microwave-assisted method. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39917-39923. [PMID: 35494130 PMCID: PMC9044554 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunable emissive solid-state carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been successfully synthesized by a facile synthesis through microwave irradiation. Modulating microwave interaction with the sample to generate abrupt localized heating is a long-term challenge to tailor the photoluminescence properties of CNPs. This study systematically revealed that the sample temperature through microwave irradiation plays a crucial role in controlling the photoluminescence properties over other reaction conditions, such as irradiation time and microwave duty cycle. When the sample temperature reached 155 °C in less than three minutes, the CNP sample exhibited a green-yellowish emission with the highest quantum yield (QY) of 14.6%. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) study revealed that the tunable photoluminescence properties of the CNPs can possibly be ascribed to their nitrogen concentrations, which were dictated by the sample temperature during irradiation. This study opens up a promising route for the well-controlled synthesis of luminescent CNPs through microwave irradiation. Tunable emissive solid-state carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been successfully synthesized by a facile synthesis through microwave irradiation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Aulia Permatasari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Jalan Ahmad Yani, Batam, Riau 29461, Indonesia
| | - Fitriyanti Nakul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Batam, Indonesia
| | | | - Akfiny Hasdi Aimon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Jalan Ahmad Yani, Batam, Riau 29461, Indonesia
| | - Bebeh Wahid Nuryadin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Jl. A. H. Nasution 105, Bandung, Indonesia 40614
| | | | - Takashi Ogi
- Chemical Engineering Program, Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ferry Iskandar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Jalan Ahmad Yani, Batam, Riau 29461, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia 40132
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25
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Yang M, Lian Z, Si C, Li B. Revealing the role of nitrogen dopants in tuning the electronic and optical properties of graphene quantum dots via a TD-DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:28230-28237. [PMID: 33295343 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been suggested to have a wide range of applications due to their unique electronic and optical properties. Moreover, heteroatom doping has become a viable way to fine-tune the properties of GQDs. However, the working principle of the doping strategy is still not conclusive. In this study, the effects of size, configuration of the nitrogen dopant, and N/C ratio on the electronic and optical properties of GQDs have been carefully examined. First, the variation of the adsorption wavelength of pristine GQDs was evaluated for which a linear relation is established against different diameters. Moreover, it is found that both the configuration and content of nitrogen dopants have a significant impact on the adsorption wavelength and band gap of GQDs. In particular, different nitrogen species could have exactly opposite effects on the adsorption behavior. The origin of the nitrogen doping effect is calibrated from orbital localization, charge analysis, natural transition orbitals, and atomic contribution towards excitation. It is noted that nitrogen doping can simultaneously reduce both light adsorption energy and emission energy compared with the pristine one. This study provides an insightful explanation for the electronic and optical properties of GQDs and consolidates the theory base of the doping strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Langer M, Paloncýová M, Medved' M, Otyepka M. Molecular Fluorophores Self-Organize into C-Dot Seeds and Incorporate into C-Dot Structures. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8252-8258. [PMID: 32805121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various molecular fluorophores have been identified to be present during carbon-dot (C-dot) syntheses. However, the organization of such fluorophores in C-dots is still unknown. We study the self-assembly of 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo-[1,2-α]-pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA), a molecular fluorophore present during the synthesis of C-dots from citric acid and ethylenediamine. Both forms of IPCA (neutral and anionic) show a tendency to self-assemble into stacked systems, forming seeds of C-dots during their synthesis. IPCA also interacts with graphitic C-dot building blocks, fragments easily, and incorporates into their structures via π-π stacking. Both IPCA forms are able to create adlayers internally stabilized by an extensive hydrogen bonding network, with an arrangement of layers similar to that in ordinary graphitic C-dots. The results show the tendency of molecular fluorophores to form organized stacked seeds of C-dots and incorporate into C-dot structures. Such noncovalent structures can be further covalently interlinked via the carbonization process during C-dot growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Langer
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Paloncýová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medved'
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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27
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Basak T, Basak T. Theoretical investigation of electronic and optical properties of nitrogen doped triangular shaped graphene quantum dots. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:445301. [PMID: 32585650 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and optical properties of graphene quantum dots can be significantly tailored by doping it with heteroatoms, thus extending its potential applications. In this work, we have employed time-dependent density functional theory to systematically explore the effect of introduction of nitrogen atoms in varying concentration at pyridinic and graphitic configuration in armchair and zigzag-edged triangular shaped graphene quantum dots (TQDs) of different sizes. Our results indicate that the electronic band-gap in these N-doped systems can be effectively tuned by varying the configuration as well as concentration of dopants and nature of edge-termination. The variation of electronic band-gap is critically determined by the localized/delocalized nature of molecular orbitals and presence of additional energy levels due to dopant nitrogen atoms. However, the significance of these extra energy levels in modulating the optical properties (appearance of characteristic N-dopant absorption peaks) becomes conspicuous only for specific configuration and concentration of nitrogen atoms. In addition, our studies have attributed the strong dependence of blue/red-shift of absorption spectra and variation in the peak profile to position as well as concentration of dopant atoms and edge-termination pattern. Further, it is observed that the effect of increasing size of TQDs on the strength of most intense absorption peak of pyridinic N-doped TQDs is remarkably different from graphitic N-doped systems. This selective manipulation of optical properties in TQDs due to different N-doping pattern can open up new frontiers for rational design of novel optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tista Basak
- Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering, NMIMS University, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Tushima Basak
- Department of Physics, Mithibai College, Mumbai 400056, India
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28
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Sharma V, Som NN, Pillai SB, Jha PK. Utilization of doped GQDs for ultrasensitive detection of catastrophic melamine: A new SERS platform. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 224:117352. [PMID: 31344580 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The detection and filtration of melamine in food products has become an emergence due to its harmful effect on humans. In present work, we have investigated the binding mechanism of melamine over carboxyl group edge-functionalized graphene quantum dots doped with oxygen and sulphur atoms (O-GQD and S-GQD). In order to monitor melamine, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is adopted which is an effective vibrational spectroscopic approach. Electronic and vibrational properties were analysed by means of well adapted density functional theory (DFT). The calculated adsorption energy of melamine over O-GQD and S-GQD is -1.18 and -0.15 eV respectively. The characteristic peak of melamine at 688 cm-1 is in good agreement with previously reported experimental work and enhances by 348.4% in SERS spectra of Mel-O-GQD and 48% in SERS spectra of Mel-S-GQD. We have calculated the chemical enhancement factor (EF) for melamine over O-GQD and S-GQD and found the enhancement of 4.51 and 1.48 which is greater than melamine‑silver complexes. Our theoretical studies on SERS of melamine over O-GQD and S-GQD suggest that oxygen is a better candidate for SERS. Our work demonstrates that the graphene quantum dots are remarkable platforms for the detection of melamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Sharma
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Narayan N Som
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Sharad Babu Pillai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Prafulla K Jha
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India.
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Srivastava R. Interactions, electronic and optical properties of nanographene–peptide complexes: a theoretical study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38654-38662. [PMID: 35517564 PMCID: PMC9057264 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the interaction of planar phenylalanine (phe), tryptophan (try), tyrosine (tyr); amide asparagine (asn) and glutamine (gln); arginine (arg) side-chains, charged histidine (his-c) and charged lysine (lys-c) side-chains on a nanographene (g) surface by Density Functional theory (DFT) and Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT). The occupied number of states by the system at each energy level and relative contribution of a particular atom/orbital has been studied by Density of States (DOS) and Partial Density of States (PDOS) respectively. Atom-in Molecules (AIM) analysis and non-covalent interaction (NCI) PLOT are used to study the interactions in these complexes. The absorption spectra and HOMO–LUMO (HL) gaps are quantitatively analysed to study the correlation between the optical properties of the studied complexes. The HL gap of peptides is larger than the HL gap of graphene–peptide complexes, indicating strong interactions. All the peptides interact from the above the nanographene surfaces. garg, glys-c, gtry and gtyr complexes have smaller bond distance as compared to gasn, ggln, ghis-c and gphe complexes. AIM analysis and (NCI) PLOT showed noncovalent interactions for these complexes. TDDFT calculations indicated the applicability of these complexes as biosensors. We studied interactions of planar phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine; amide asparagine and glutamine; arginine side-chains, charged histidine and charged lysine side-chains on a nanographene surface by density functional theory and time dependent density functional theory.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Srivastava
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Hyderabad
- India
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Kadian S, Manik G, Ashish K, Singh M, Chauhan RP. Effect of sulfur doping on fluorescence and quantum yield of graphene quantum dots: an experimental and theoretical investigation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:435704. [PMID: 31342919 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are one of the most promising luminescent carbon derived nanomaterials decorated with multiple useful functional groups and remarkable optoelectronic properties. Heteroatom doping of hexagonal carbon sheet of GQDs is an effective strategy to tailor their properties to meet desired application. In this work, sulfur doped GQDs (S-GQDs) were synthesized by simply pyrolyzing citric acid (CA) as a source of carbon and 3-Mercaptopropionic acid as a source of sulfur dopant. The optimal reaction conditions (ratio of the carbon to dopant source, temperature and time of reaction) were obtained while investigating their effect on the quantum yield and fluorescence properties of GQDs and, are hereby, reported for the first time. The as-synthesized S-GQDs were extensively characterized by different analytical techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis Spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) and x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. S-GQDs were found uniform in size (∼4 nm) and spherical in shape with strong blue fluorescence. Further, for in-depth analysis of experimental results and underlying phenomena, theoretical studies based on density functional theory were performed for chemical structure optimization, possible sites of doping and density of states calculation. The synthesized S-GQDs exhibited excellent solubility in water, a stronger fluorescence and desirably higher quantum yield (57.44%) as compared to that of previously reported undoped GQDs. These successfully demonstrated unique and improved properties of S-GQDs present them as a potential candidate for biomedical, optical, electrical and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kadian
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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31
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Monroe JD, Belekov E, Er AO, Smith ME. Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy Properties of Sulfur-Doped Graphene Quantum Dot and Methylene Blue Preparations in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Culture. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1473-1481. [PMID: 31230353 DOI: 10.1111/php.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a field with many applications including chemotherapy. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) exhibit a variety of unique properties and can be used in PDT to generate singlet oxygen that destroys pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells. The PDT agent, methylene blue (MB), like GQDs, has been successfully exploited to destroy bacteria and cancer cells by increasing reactive oxygen species generation. Recently, combinations of GQDs and MB have been shown to destroy pathogenic bacteria via increased singlet oxygen generation. Here, we performed a spectrophotometric assay to detect and measure the uptake of GQDs, MB and several GQD-MB combinations in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Then, we used a cell counting method to evaluate the cytotoxicity of GQDs, MB and a 1:1 GQD:MB preparation. Singlet oxygen generation in cells was then detected and measured using singlet oxygen sensor green. The dye, H2 DCFDA, was used to measure reactive oxygen species production. We found that GQD and MB uptake into MCF-7 cells occurred, but that MB, followed by 1:1 GQD:MB, caused superior cytotoxicity and singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species generation. Our results suggest that methylene blue's effect against MCF-7 cells is not potentiated by GQDs, either in light or dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D Monroe
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY
| | - Ermek Belekov
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY
| | - Ali Oguz Er
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY
| | - Michael E Smith
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY
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Yan Y, Gong J, Chen J, Zeng Z, Huang W, Pu K, Liu J, Chen P. Recent Advances on Graphene Quantum Dots: From Chemistry and Physics to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808283. [PMID: 30828898 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) that are flat 0D nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest because of their exceptional chemicophysical properties and novel applications in energy conversion and storage, electro/photo/chemical catalysis, flexible devices, sensing, display, imaging, and theranostics. The significant advances in the recent years are summarized with comparative and balanced discussion. The differences between GQDs and other nanomaterials, including their nanocarbon cousins, are emphasized, and the unique advantages of GQDs for specific applications are highlighted. The current challenges and outlook of this growing field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Yan
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jun Gong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jiyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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Xiang C, Li A, Yang S, Lan Z, Xie W, Tang Y, Xu H, Wang Z, Gu H. Enhanced hydrogen storage performance of graphene nanoflakes doped with Cr atoms: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25690-25696. [PMID: 35530093 PMCID: PMC9070027 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen storage performances of novel graphene nanoflakes doped with Cr atoms were systematically investigated using first-principles density functional theory. The calculated results showed that one Cr atom could be successfully doped into the graphene nanoflake with a binding energy of −4.402 eV. Different from the H2 molecule moving away from the pristine graphene nanoflake surface, the built Cr-doped graphene nanoflake exhibited a high affinity to the H2 molecule with a chemical adsorption energy of −0.574 eV. Moreover, the adsorptions of two to five H2 molecules on the Cr-doped graphene nanoflake were studied as well. It was found that there were a maximum of three H2 molecules stored on the graphene nanoflake doped with one Cr atom. Also, the further calculations showed that the numbers of the stored H2 molecules were effectively improved to be six (or nine) when the graphene nanoflakes were doped with two (or three) Cr atoms. This research reveals that the graphene nanoflake doped with Cr atom could be a promising material to store H2 molecules and its H2 storage performance could be effectively enhanced through modifying the number of doped Cr atoms. Our study reveals that the H2 storage performance of a graphene nanoflake based material could be significantly enhanced through doping with Cr atoms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Xiang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- P. R. China
| | - Ao Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- P. R. China
| | - Shulin Yang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Lan
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- P. R. China
| | - Yiming Tang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- P. R. China
| | - Huoxi Xu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Faculty of Physics and Electronic Sciences
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
| | - Haoshuang Gu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- P. R. China
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