1
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Celeste A, Tuccillo M, Menon AS, Brant W, Brandell D, Pellegrini V, Brescia R, Silvestri L, Brutti S. On the Elusive Crystallography of Lithium-Rich Layered Oxides: Novel Structural Models. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301466. [PMID: 38164821 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-rich layered oxides (LRLOs) are one of the most attractive families among future positive electrode materials for the so-called fourth generation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Their electrochemical performance is enabled by the unique ambiguous crystal structure that is still not well understood despite decades of research. In the literature, a clear structural model able to describe their crystallographic features is missing thereby hindering a clear rationalization of the interplay between synthesis, structure, and functional properties. Here, the structure of a specific LRLO, Li1.28 Mn0.54 Ni0.13 Co0.02 Al0.03 O2 , using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction (ND), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), is analyzed. A systematic approach is applied to model diffraction patterns of Li1.28 Mn0.54 Ni0.13 Co0.02 Al0.03 O2 by using the Rietveld refinement method considering the R3 ¯ $\bar{3}$ m and C2/m unit cells as the prototype structures. Here, the relative ability of a variety of structural models is compared to match the experimental diffraction pattern evaluating the impact of defects and supercells derived from the R3 ¯ $\bar{3}$ m structure. To summarize, two possible models able to reconcile the description of experimental data are proposed here for the structure of Li1.28 Mn0.54 Ni0.13 Co0.02 Al0.03 O2 : namely a monoclinic C2/m defective lattice (prototype Li2 MnO3 ) and a monoclinic defective supercell derived from the rhombohedral R3 ¯ $\bar{3}$ m unit cell (prototype LiCoO2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcangelo Celeste
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, p. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa, 16146, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- Dipartimento di Tecnologie Energetiche e Fonti Rinnovabili, ENEA C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Tuccillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, p. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
- Dipartimento di Tecnologie Energetiche e Fonti Rinnovabili, ENEA C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Ashok S Menon
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
- WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - William Brant
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | | | - Rosaria Brescia
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Laura Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Tecnologie Energetiche e Fonti Rinnovabili, ENEA C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Sergio Brutti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, p. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
- ISC-CNR OUS Sapienza, Via dei Tarquini, Rome, 00185, Italy
- GISEL-Centro di Riferimento Nazionale per i Sistemi di Accumulo Elettrochimico di Energia INSTM, via G. Giusti, Florence, 50121, Italy
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2
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Wang B, Zhuo Z, Li H, Liu S, Zhao S, Zhang X, Liu J, Xiao D, Yang W, Yu H. Stacking Faults Inducing Oxygen Anion Activities in Li 2 MnO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207904. [PMID: 36944045 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Controllable anionic redox for a transformational increase in the energy density is the pursuit of next generation Li-ion battery cathode materials. Its activation mechanism is coupled with the local coordination environment around O, which posts experimental challenges for control. Here, the tuning capability of anionic redox is shown by varying O local environment via experimentally controlling the density of stacking faults in Li2 MnO3 , the parent compound of Li-rich oxides. By combining computational analysis and spectroscopic study, it is quantitatively revealed that more stacking faults can trigger smaller LiOLi bond angles and larger LiO bond distance in local Li-rich environments and subsequently activate oxygen redox reactivity, which in turn enhances the reactivity of Mn upon the following reduction process. This study highlights the critical role of local structure environment in tuning the anionic reactivity, which provides guidance in designing high-capacity layered cathodes by appropriately adjusting stacking faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Wang
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Zengqing Zhuo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Haifeng Li
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jue Liu
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Haijun Yu
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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3
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Mishra M, Taiwo GS, Yao KPC. Impact of Synthesis Chelation on the Crystallography and Capacity of Li-Rich Li 1.2Ni 0.13Mn 0.54Fe 0.13O 2 Cathode Particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36912808 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The quest for removal of cobalt from battery materials has intensified in the face of intensifying demand for batteries. Cobalt-free lithium-rich Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Fe0.13O2 (LNMFO) is synthesized under variation of chelating agent ratio and pH using the sol-gel method. Systematic search of the chelation and pH space found that the extractable capacity of the synthesized LNMFO is most clearly correlated to the ratio of chelating agent to transition metal oxide; a ratio of transition metal to citric acid of 2:1 achieves greater capacity at the expense of relative capacity retention. Charge-discharge cycling, dQ/dV analysis, XRD, and Raman at different charging potentials are used to quantify the different degrees of activation of the Li2MnO3 phase in the LNMFO powders synthesized under different chelation ratios. SEM and HRTEM analysis are employed to understand the effect of particle size and crystallography on the activation of Li2MnO3 phase in the composite particles. An unprecedented use of the marching cube algorithm to evaluate atomic scale tortuosity of crystallographic planes in HRTEM revealed that subtle undulations in the planes in addition to stacking faults correlate to the extracted capacity and stability of the various LNMFO synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mritunjay Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
| | - Gbenga S Taiwo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
| | - Koffi P C Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
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4
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Poppe R, Vandemeulebroucke D, Neder RB, Hadermann J. Quantitative analysis of diffuse electron scattering in the lithium-ion battery cathode material Li 1.2Ni 0.13Mn 0.54Co 0.13O 2. IUCRJ 2022; 9:695-704. [PMID: 36071802 PMCID: PMC9438490 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522007746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to perfectly periodic crystals, materials with short-range order produce diffraction patterns that contain both Bragg reflections and diffuse scattering. To understand the influence of short-range order on material properties, current research focuses increasingly on the analysis of diffuse scattering. This article verifies the possibility to refine the short-range order parameters in submicrometre-sized crystals from diffuse scattering in single-crystal electron diffraction data. The approach was demonstrated on Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2, which is a state-of-the-art cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The intensity distribution of the 1D diffuse scattering in the electron diffraction patterns of Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 depends on the number of stacking faults and twins in the crystal. A model of the disorder in Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 was developed and both the stacking fault probability and the percentage of the different twins in the crystal were refined using an evolutionary algorithm in DISCUS. The approach was applied on reciprocal space sections reconstructed from 3D electron diffraction data since they exhibit less dynamical effects compared with in-zone electron diffraction patterns. A good agreement was achieved between the calculated and the experimental intensity distribution of the diffuse scattering. The short-range order parameters in submicrometre-sized crystals can thus successfully be refined from the diffuse scattering in single-crystal electron diffraction data using an evolutionary algorithm in DISCUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Poppe
- University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp B-2020, Belgium
| | | | - Reinhard B. Neder
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joke Hadermann
- University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp B-2020, Belgium
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5
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Sebti E, Evans HA, Chen H, Richardson PM, White KM, Giovine R, Koirala KP, Xu Y, Gonzalez-Correa E, Wang C, Brown CM, Cheetham AK, Canepa P, Clément RJ. Stacking Faults Assist Lithium-Ion Conduction in a Halide-Based Superionic Conductor. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5795-5811. [PMID: 35325534 PMCID: PMC8991002 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of urgently needed, energy dense solid-state batteries for electric vehicle and portable electronics applications, halide solid electrolytes offer a promising path forward with exceptional compatibility against high-voltage oxide electrodes, tunable ionic conductivities, and facile processing. For this family of compounds, synthesis protocols strongly affect cation site disorder and modulate Li+ mobility. In this work, we reveal the presence of a high concentration of stacking faults in the superionic conductor Li3YCl6 and demonstrate a method of controlling its Li+ conductivity by tuning the defect concentration with synthesis and heat treatments at select temperatures. Leveraging complementary insights from variable temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, density functional theory, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we identify the nature of planar defects and the role of nonstoichiometry in lowering Li+ migration barriers and increasing Li site connectivity in mechanochemically synthesized Li3YCl6. We harness paramagnetic relaxation enhancement to enable 89Y solid-state NMR and directly contrast the Y cation site disorder resulting from different preparation methods, demonstrating a potent tool for other researchers studying Y-containing compositions. With heat treatments at temperatures as low as 333 K (60 °C), we decrease the concentration of planar defects, demonstrating a simple method for tuning the Li+ conductivity. Findings from this work are expected to be generalizable to other halide solid electrolyte candidates and provide an improved understanding of defect-enabled Li+ conduction in this class of Li-ion conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Sebti
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hayden A. Evans
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Hengning Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Peter M. Richardson
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kelly M. White
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry Department, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raynald Giovine
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Krishna Prasad Koirala
- Physical
and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yaobin Xu
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Eliovardo Gonzalez-Correa
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Craig M. Brown
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Anthony K. Cheetham
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Pieremanuele Canepa
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Raphaële J. Clément
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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6
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Menon AS, Khalil S, Ojwang DO, Edström K, Gomez CP, Brant WR. Synthesis-structure relationships in Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides: phase evolution, superstructure ordering and stacking faults. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4435-4446. [PMID: 35226039 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides are promising positive electrode materials for future Li-ion batteries. The presence of crystallographic features such as cation-mixing and stacking faults in these compounds make them highly susceptible to synthesis-induced structural changes. Consequently, significant variations exist in the reported structure of these compounds that complicate the understanding of how the crystallographic structure influences its properties. This work investigates the synthesis-structure relations for three widely investigated Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides: Li2MnO3, Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 and Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2. For each compound, the average structure is compared between two synthetic routes of differing degrees of precursor mixing and four annealing protocols. Furthermore, thermodynamic and synthesis-specific kinetic factors governing the equilibrium crystallography of each composition are considered. It was found that the structures of these compounds are thermodynamically metastable under the synthesis conditions employed. In addition to a driving force to reduce stacking faults in the structure, these compositions also exhibited a tendency to undergo structural transformations to more stable phases under more intense annealing conditions. Increasing the compositional complexity introduced a kinetic barrier to structural ordering, making Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 and Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 generally more faulted relative to Li2MnO3. Additionally, domains with different degrees of faulting were found to co-exist in the compounds. This study offers insight into the highly synthesis-dependent subtle structural complexities present in these compounds and complements the substantial efforts that have been undertaken to understand and optimise its electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok S Menon
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Said Khalil
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dickson O Ojwang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Edström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Cesar Pay Gomez
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - William R Brant
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Serrano-Sevillano J, Oró-Solé J, Gázquez J, Frontera C, Black AP, Casas-Cabanas M, Palacín MR. Assessing the local structure and quantifying defects in Ca 4Fe 9O 17 combining STEM and FAULTS. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01951e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Defects in crystalline structures play a vital role in their properties, so their proper characterization is essential to understanding and improving the behaviour of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Serrano-Sevillano
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa de Energías Alternativas (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, España
- Alistore-European Research Institute, CNRS, Amiens, 80000, France
| | - Judith Oró-Solé
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Gázquez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ashley P. Black
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Casas-Cabanas
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa de Energías Alternativas (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, España
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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8
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Berthelot R, Serrano-Sevillano J, Fraisse B, Fauth F, Weill F, Laurencin D, Casas-Cabanas M, Carlier D, Rousse G, Doublet ML. Stacking Versatility in Alkali-Mixed Honeycomb Layered NaKNi 2TeO 6. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14310-14317. [PMID: 34472850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between P2-type honeycomb layered oxides Na2Ni2TeO6 and K2Ni2TeO6 enables the formation of NaKNi2TeO6. The compound is characterized by X-ray diffraction and 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the structure is discussed through density functional theory calculations. In addition to the honeycomb Ni/Te cationic ordering, NaKNi2TeO6 exhibits a unique example of alternation of sodium and potassium layers instead of a random alkali-mixed occupancy. Stacking fault simulations underline the impact of the successive position of the Ni/Te honeycomb layers and validate the presence of multiple stacking sequences within the powder material, in proportions that evolve with the synthesis conditions. In a broader context, this work contributes to a better understanding of the alkali-mixed layered compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Berthelot
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS, Amiens 80000, France
| | - Jon Serrano-Sevillano
- CIC energiGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, C/Albert Einstein 48, Miñano, Álava 01510, Spain.,Bordeaux INP, ICMCB UMR5026, Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac F-33600 France.,Alistore-European Research Institute, CNRS, Amiens 80000, France
| | - Bernard Fraisse
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - François Fauth
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | - François Weill
- Bordeaux INP, ICMCB UMR5026, Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac F-33600 France
| | | | - Montse Casas-Cabanas
- CIC energiGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, C/Albert Einstein 48, Miñano, Álava 01510, Spain.,Alistore-European Research Institute, CNRS, Amiens 80000, France.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Dany Carlier
- Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS, Amiens 80000, France.,Bordeaux INP, ICMCB UMR5026, Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac F-33600 France.,Alistore-European Research Institute, CNRS, Amiens 80000, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Rousse
- Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS, Amiens 80000, France.,Chimie du Solide et Energie, UMR8260, Collége de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75231, France.,Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marie-Liesse Doublet
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS, Amiens 80000, France
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9
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Serrano-Sevillano J, Casas-Cabanas M, Saracibar A. Impact of Stacking Faults and Li Substitution in Li xMnO 3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) Structural Transformations upon Delithiation. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7474-7481. [PMID: 34339195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-rich layered oxides appear in most roadmaps as next generation Li-ion cathode materials owing to their superior capacity. Within this family, Li2MnO3 represents the archetype material and is often taken as model compound to better understand the complex structural modifications occurring in the first charging cycle. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to understand the impact of stacking faults in the structural transformations occurring in Li2MnO3 upon delithiation, which are found to hinder the phase transformations leading to structural degradation. The formation energies of both ideal and defective LixMnO3 compositions and the analysis of the encountered ground states have been used to rationalize the predicted differences in terms of structural evolution. From the understanding of the origin in the O1 phase transformation, Mg substitution is proposed as alternative strategy to improve the structural stability in this family of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Serrano-Sevillano
- CIC energiGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, C/Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain
- Physical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Basque Country University, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Montse Casas-Cabanas
- CIC energiGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, C/Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Amaia Saracibar
- Physical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Basque Country University, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
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10
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Zhang S, Wang J, Lei T, Li X, Liu Y, Guo F, Wang J, Zhang W, Dang F, Seifert H, Sun L, Du Y. First-principles study of Mn antisite defect in Li 2MnO 3. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:415201. [PMID: 34293727 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac16f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-rich layered Li2MnO3is regarded as a new generation cathode material for lithium-ion batteries because of its high energy density. Due to the different preparation methods and technological parameters, there are a lot of intrinsic defects in Li2MnO3. One frequently observed defect in experiments is Mn antisite defect (MnLi). In this work, we study the energetics and electronic properties involving MnLiin Li2MnO3through first-principles calculations. We find that MnLican reduce the formation energy of Li vacancies around it, but increase that of O vacancies, indicating that MnLicould suppress the release of O around it and facilitate capacity retention. Both O and Mn near the MnLican participate in charge compensation in the delithiation process. Furthermore, the effect of MnLion the migration of Li and Mn is investigated. All possible migration paths are considered and it is found that MnLimakes the diffusion energy barrier of Li increased, but the diffusion energy barriers of Mn from transition metal layer to Li layer are decreased, especially for the migration of the defect Mn. The insight into the defect properties of MnLimakes further contribution to understand the relationship between intrinsic defects and electrochemical properties of Li2MnO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, 410083 Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, 410083 Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, 410083 Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, 410083 Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, 410083 Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyu Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials Genome Engineering, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410114 Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, 250061 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, 250061 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Dang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, 250061 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hans Seifert
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Lixian Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 541004 Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, 410083 Changsha, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhuo H, Zhang A, Huang X, Wang J, Zhuang W. Anionic redox behaviors of layered Li-rich oxide cathodes. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-rich and manganese-based cathodes deliver extraordinary specific capacity with a unique anion redox, and the structural changes during the reaction from the anion keep it reversible and are accompanied by irreversible oxygen loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Zhuo
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd, Beijing 100088, China
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing 100088, China
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Anbang Zhang
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd, Beijing 100088, China
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing 100088, China
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd, Beijing 100088, China
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing 100088, China
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Weidong Zhuang
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recovery and Extraction of Rare and Precious Metals, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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12
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Abakumov AM, Fedotov SS, Antipov EV, Tarascon JM. Solid state chemistry for developing better metal-ion batteries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4976. [PMID: 33009387 PMCID: PMC7532470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-ion batteries are key enablers in today’s transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy for a better planet with ingeniously designed materials being the technology driver. A central question remains how to wisely manipulate atoms to build attractive structural frameworks of better electrodes and electrolytes for the next generation of batteries. This review explains the underlying chemical principles and discusses progresses made in the rational design of electrodes/solid electrolytes by thoroughly exploiting the interplay between composition, crystal structure and electrochemical properties. We highlight the crucial role of advanced diffraction, imaging and spectroscopic characterization techniques coupled with solid state chemistry approaches for improving functionality of battery materials opening emergent directions for further studies. The development of high performing metal-ion batteries require guidelines to build improved electrodes and electrolytes. Here, the authors review the current state-of-the-art in the rational design of battery materials by exploiting the interplay between composition, crystal structure and electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem M Abakumov
- Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia, 121205.
| | - Stanislav S Fedotov
- Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia, 121205
| | - Evgeny V Antipov
- Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia, 121205.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Jean-Marie Tarascon
- Chimie du Solide-Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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13
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Menon AS, Ojwang DO, Willhammar T, Peterson VK, Edström K, Gomez CP, Brant WR. Influence of Synthesis Routes on the Crystallography, Morphology, and Electrochemistry of Li 2MnO 3. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5939-5950. [PMID: 31913594 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the potential of delivering reversible capacities of up to 300 mAh/g, Li-rich transition-metal oxides hold great promise as cathode materials for future Li-ion batteries. However, a cohesive synthesis-structure-electrochemistry relationship is still lacking for these materials, which impedes progress in the field. This work investigates how and why different synthesis routes, specifically solid-state and modified Pechini sol-gel methods, affect the properties of Li2MnO3, a compositionally simple member of this material system. Through a comprehensive investigation of the synthesis mechanism along with crystallographic, morphological, and electrochemical characterization, the effects of different synthesis routes were found to predominantly influence the degree of stacking faults and particle morphology. That is, the modified Pechini method produced isotropic spherical particles with approximately 57% faulting and the solid-state samples possessed heterogeneous morphology with approximately 43% faulting probability. Inevitably, these differences lead to variations in electrochemical performance. This study accentuates the importance of understanding how synthesis affects the electrochemistry of these materials, which is critical considering the crystallographic and electrochemical complexities of the class of materials more generally. The methodology employed here is extendable to studying synthesis-property relationships of other compositionally complex Li-rich layered oxide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok S Menon
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Dickson O Ojwang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Tom Willhammar
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Vanessa K Peterson
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Faculty of Engineering , University of Wollongong , 2522 Wollongong , Australia
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Locked Bag 2001 , Kirrawee DC , New South Wales 2232 , Australia
| | - Kristina Edström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Cesar Pay Gomez
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - William R Brant
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala , Sweden
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14
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Gao M, Yun F, Zhao J, Li W, Lian F, Zhuang W, Lu S. Improved cycling properties of a Li-rich and Mn-based Li 1.38Ni 0.25Mn 0.75O 2.38 porous microspherical cathode material via micromorphological control. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The as-prepared LMNO-850 with 100–200 nm spherical-like shape primary particles exhibits superior cycling performance even at high discharge rate. The capacity fading in the first 50 cycles may be caused by interfacial side-reactions between electrode and electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
- P. R. China
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
| | - Fengling Yun
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
- P. R. China
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
| | - Jinling Zhao
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
- P. R. China
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
| | - Wenjin Li
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
- P. R. China
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
| | - Fang Lian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Weidong Zhuang
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
- P. R. China
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
| | - Shigang Lu
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
- P. R. China
- National Power Battery Innovation Centre, GRINM Group Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100088
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15
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Bangwal AS, Jha PK, Dubey PK, Singh MK, Sinha ASK, Sathe V, Jha PA, Singh P. Porous and highly conducting cathode material PrBaCo 2O 6-δ: bulk and surface studies of synthesis anomalies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14701-14712. [PMID: 31218309 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The paradigm that chemical synthesis reduces the sintering temperature as compared to solid state synthesis seems to be violated in the case of the PrBaCo2O6-δ double perovskite. The sintering temperatures for pure phase samples synthesized through the solid state route (P-SSR) and the auto-combustion route (P-ACR) were found to be 1050 and 1150 °C, respectively. The porous microstructure of P-SSR is suitable for SOFC cathode materials while that of P-ACR is pore free. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman and scanning tunneling microscopy studies reveal that there is crystal growth on a smooth surface with a preferred orientation. Our results show that this anomalous synthesis behaviour is due to anisotropic surface nucleation growth. Thermodynamically, the higher decomposition temperature in the chemical route is due to stronger electron-phonon coupling and the higher value of change in entropy. The variation in the Co-O-Co bond angle reveals Jahn-Teller vibrational anisotropy in the-b plane leading to the anisotropic synthesis behaviour. This anisotropy is the reason for the violation of the paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S Bangwal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varansi-221005, India.
| | - Pardeep K Jha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varansi-221005, India.
| | - Pawan K Dubey
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varansi-221005, India.
| | - Manish K Singh
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varansi-221005, India
| | - A S K Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varansi-221005, India
| | - Vasant Sathe
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore-452017, India
| | - Priyanka A Jha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varansi-221005, India.
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varansi-221005, India.
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16
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Serrano-Sevillano J, Carlier D, Saracibar A, Lopez del Amo JM, Casas-Cabanas M. DFT-Assisted Solid-State NMR Characterization of Defects in Li2MnO3. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8347-8356. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Serrano-Sevillano
- CIC energiGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, C/Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava Spain
- Physical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Basque Country University, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava Spain
| | - Dany Carlier
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB UMR5026, Université Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Amaia Saracibar
- Physical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Basque Country University, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava Spain
| | | | - Montse Casas-Cabanas
- CIC energiGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, C/Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava Spain
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17
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Verrelli R, Black AP, Frontera C, Oró-Solé J, Arroyo-de Dompablo ME, Fuertes A, Palacín MR. On the Study of Ca and Mg Deintercalation from Ternary Tantalum Nitrides. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8943-8952. [PMID: 31459982 PMCID: PMC6648860 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Layered CaTaN2 and MgTa2N3 and cubic Mg2Ta2N4 were prepared by direct solid state reaction from the binary nitrides Ta3N5 and A3N2 (A: Mg, Ca). CaTaN2 showed a slight Ca deficiency (0.11 moles per formula), and a monoclinic distortion from previously reported R3̅m symmetry, with space group C2/m and cell parameters a = 5.4011(2), b = 3.1434(1), c = 5.9464(2) Å and β = 107.91(3)°. Ca2+ and Mg2+ deintercalation was investigated in the three compounds both chemically and electrochemically. No significant Mg2+ extraction could be inferred for MgTa2N3 and Mg2Ta2N4, neither after reaction with NO2BF4 nor after electrochemical oxidation at 100 °C in alkyl carbonate electrolytes. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of chemically oxidized Ca0.89TaN2 indicates a decrease of the Ca content to 0.34 concomitant to the disappearance of the monoclinic distortion and expansion of the interlayer space from 5.658 to 5.762 Å, space group R3̅m and cell parameters a = 3.1103(1) and c = 17.287(1) Å. Deintercalation in this compound was also achieved electrochemically at 100 °C. Results of density functional theory calculations seem to indicate that reaction mechanisms for CaTaN2 oxidation additional and/or alternative to deintercalation are taking place, which is likely related to the loss of crystallinity observed upon oxidation and the irreversibility of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Verrelli
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI
European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Ashley Philip Black
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI
European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Oró-Solé
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Fuertes
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M. Rosa Palacín
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE-ERI
European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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18
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Coulombic self-ordering upon charging a large-capacity layered cathode material for rechargeable batteries. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2185. [PMID: 31097700 PMCID: PMC6522540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium- and sodium-rich layered transition-metal oxides have recently been attracting significant interest because of their large capacity achieved by additional oxygen-redox reactions. However, layered transition-metal oxides exhibit structural degradation such as cation migration, layer exfoliation or cracks upon deep charge, which is a major obstacle to achieve higher energy-density batteries. Here we demonstrate a self-repairing phenomenon of stacking faults upon desodiation from an oxygen-redox layered oxide Na2RuO3, realizing much better reversibility of the electrode reaction. The phase transformations upon charging A2MO3 (A: alkali metal) can be dominated by three-dimensional Coulombic attractive interactions driven by the existence of ordered alkali-metal vacancies, leading to counterintuitive self-repairing of stacking faults and progressive ordering upon charging. The cooperatively ordered vacancy in lithium-/sodium-rich layered transition-metal oxides is shown to play an essential role, not only in generating the electro-active nonbonding 2p orbital of neighbouring oxygen but also in stabilizing the phase transformation for highly reversible oxygen-redox reactions. Here the authors report the evolution of stacking faults in Na2RuO3 showing that there is progressive cation ordering upon charging and notably the stacking faults can disappear. This behavior is driven by cooperative Coulombic interactions and can contribute to stabilizing the phase transformations.
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