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Kékicheff P, Heinrich B, Hemmerle A, Fontaine P, Lambour C, Beyer N, Favier D, Egele A, Emelyanenko KA, Modin E, Emelyanenko AM, Boinovich LB. Condensation or Desublimation: Nanolevel Structural Look on Two Frost Formation Pathways on Surfaces with Different Wettabilities. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15067-15083. [PMID: 38804165 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Processes of water condensation and desublimation on solid surfaces are ubiquitous in nature and essential for various industrial applications, which are crucial for their performance. Despite their significance, these processes are not well understood due to the lack of methods that can provide insight at the nanolevel into the very first stages of phase transitions. Taking advantage of synchrotron grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), two pathways of the frosting process from supersaturated vapors were studied in real time for substrates with different wettabilities ranging from highly hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. Within GIWAXS, a fully quantitative structural and orientational characterization of the undergoing phase transition reveals the information on degree of crystallinity of the new phase and determines the ordering at the surfaces and inside the films at the initial stages of water/ice nucleation from vapor onto the substrates. The diversity of frosting scenarios, including direct desublimation from the vapor and two-stage condensation-freezing processes, was observed by both GIWAXS and ESEM for different combinations of substrate wettability and vapor supersaturations. The classical nucleation theory straightforwardly predicts the pathway of the phase transition for hydrophobic and superhydrophobic substrates. The case of hydrophilic substrates is more intricate because the barriers in Gibbs free energy for nucleating both liquid and solid embryos are close to each other and comparable to thermal energy kBT. At that end, classical nucleation theory allows concluding a relation between contact angles for ice and water embryos on the basis of the observed frosting pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kékicheff
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin 91190, France
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UMR7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Arnaud Hemmerle
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin 91190, France
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin 91190, France
| | - Christophe Lambour
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Nicolas Beyer
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UMR7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Damien Favier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Antoine Egele
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, C.N.R.S., UPR22, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Kirill A Emelyanenko
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC Nanogune BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Alexandre M Emelyanenko
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Ludmila B Boinovich
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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2
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Uchida S, Fujiwara K, Shibahara M. Microscopic properties of forces from ice solidification interface acting on silica surfaces based on molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28241-28251. [PMID: 37830177 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02511j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the forces acting on a silica surface from an ice solidification interface was investigated to understand the solidification phenomenon and its impact on nanometer-scale structures using molecular dynamics simulations. The microscopic forces were determined by appropriately averaging the forces acting on the silica wall from the water molecules in time and space; the time evolutions of these microscopic forces during the solidification processes were investigated for three types of silica surfaces. The results indicate that the microscopic forces fluctuate more after the solidification interface makes contact with the wall surface. To visualize the changes in the microscopic forces and hydrogen bonds due to solidification, their differences compared to the liquid state were calculated. When the solidification interface is near the wall, the changes in these microscopic forces and hydrogen bonds due to solidification are correlated. This tendency is more significant for an amorphous wall and a wall with a structure than for a crystalline wall. The changes in the microscopic force depend on the water molecules that behave as acceptors when forming the hydrogen bonds with the wall and on the configuration of the silanol groups on the silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Uchida
- SCREEN Holdings Co., Ltd., 322 Furukawa-cho, Hazukashi, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8486, Japan.
| | - Kunio Fujiwara
- Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Li Y, Brevik I, Malyi OI, Boström M. Different pathways to anomalous stabilization of ice layers on methane hydrates. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:034801. [PMID: 37849091 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.034801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
We explore the Casimir-Lifshitz free-energy theory for surface freezing of methane gas hydrates near the freezing point of water. The theory enables us to explore different pathways, resulting in anomalous (stabilizing) ice layers on methane hydrate surfaces via energy minimization. Notably, we will contrast the gas hydrate material properties, under which thin ice films can form in water vapor, with those previously predicted to be required in the presence of liquid water. It is predicted that methane hydrates in water vapor near the freezing point of water nucleate ice films, instead of water films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - I Brevik
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - O I Malyi
- Centre of Excellence ENSEMBLE3 Sp. z o. o., Wolczynska Strasse 133, 01-919, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Boström
- Centre of Excellence ENSEMBLE3 Sp. z o. o., Wolczynska Strasse 133, 01-919, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Sun Q, Xiao D, Zhang W, Mao X. Quasi-water layer sandwiched between hexagonal ice and wall and its influences on the ice tensile stress. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13324-13333. [PMID: 36065833 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a quasi-water/premelting layer at the interface between wall and ice when the temperature (T) is below the melting point was extensively observed in experiments. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to analyze the underlying physics of the quasi-water layer and the effects of the layer on the ice tensile stress. The results indicate that each molecule and its four nearest neighbours in the quasi-water layer representing an equilibrium structure gradually form a tetrahedral ice-like arrangement from an unstructured liquid-like structure along the direction away from the wall. The average density of the quasi-water layer is equal to or higher than the bulk density of water at T ≥ 240 K or T ≤ 240 K respectively, and reaches 1.155 g cm-3 at T = 210 K, suggesting a structural correlation with the high-density liquid phase of water. Depending on the temperature and wall wettability, the thickness of the quasi-water layer (Hq) ranges from ∼2 Å to ∼25 Å. For prescribed hydrophilic walls, Hq increases monotonically with temperature, and is almost proportional to(Tm - T)-1/3, where Tm is the melting temperature of ice. Hq keeps an almost constant value (2 Å) as the temperature increases and rises sharply after passing a threshold temperature of T ≈ 250 K. In the joint effects of the wall wettability and quasi-water layer's thickness, the ice tensile stress decreasing monotonically at a larger temperature shows an upward trend and then reduces to almost a constant value as the wall changes from a hydrophobic to a hydrophilic one. The results reveal the potential development of anti-icing/de-icing techniques by heating the wall or modifying its surface to increase Hq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Sun
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Xuerui Mao
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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5
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Nguyen NN, Nguyen AV. "Nanoreactors" for Boosting Gas Hydrate Formation toward Energy Storage Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11504-11515. [PMID: 35939085 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen and methane can be molecularly incorporated in ice-like water structures up to mass fractions of 4.3% and 13.3%, respectively. The resulting solid structures, called gas hydrates, offer great potential for the efficient storage of hydrogen and natural gas. However, slow gas encapsulation by bulk water hinders this application. Porous structures have been shown to effectively promote gas hydrate formation and are a potential enabler for the development of hydrate-based gas storage technologies. Here, we offer an insightful perspective on using porous structures as nanoreactors for achieving fast gas hydrate formation for gas storage applications. We critically discuss and elucidate the working mechanisms of nanoreactors and identify the criteria for efficient nanoreactors. Based on the concepts founded, we propose a theoretical framework for designing next-generation porous materials for delivering better promoting effects on gas hydrate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc N Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anh V Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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6
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Luengo-Márquez J, Izquierdo-Ruiz F, MacDowell LG. Intermolecular forces at ice and water interfaces: premelting, surface freezing and regelation. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:044704. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using Lifshitz theory we assess the role of van der Waals forces at interfaces of ice and water. The results are combined with measured structural forces from computer simulations to develop a quantitative model of the surface free energy of premelting films. This input is employed within the framework of wetting theory and allows us to predict qualitatively the behavior of quasi-liquid layer thickness as a function of ambient conditions. Our results emphasize the significance of vapor pressure. The ice vapor interface is shown to exhibit only incomplete premelting, but the situation can shift to a state of complete surface melting above water saturation. The results obtained serve also to assess the role of subsurface freezing at the water-vapor interface, and we show that intermolecular forces favor subsurface ice nucleation only in conditions of water undersaturation. We show ice regelation at ambient pressure may be explained as a process of capillary freezing, without the need to invoke the action of bulk pressure melting. Our results for van der Waals forces are exploited in order to gauge dispersion interactions in empirical point charge models of water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis G. MacDowell
- Dpto. de Quimica Fisica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Spain
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7
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Emelyanenko KA, Emelyanenko AM, Boinovich LB. Review of the State of the Art in Studying Adhesion Phenomena at Interfaces of Solids with Solid and Liquid Aqueous Media. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x22030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Uchida S, Fujiwara K, Shibahara M. Structure of the Water Molecule Layer between Ice and Amorphous/Crystalline Surfaces Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9601-9609. [PMID: 34387078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the water layer between the ice interface and the hydroxylated amorphous/crystalline silica surfaces was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that the density profile in the direction perpendicular to the surface has two density peaks in the water layer at the ice-silica interface, which are affected by the silanol group density on the wall and the degree of supercooling in the system. In the two density peaks, the one facing the ice interface side has the same structure as the ice crystal, while the other density peak facing the silica surface has an icelike structure. In the solidification process, the ice and icelike structures in the layer progress more on the amorphous silica surface where the density of the silanol groups is low. The relationship between the ice crystallization and the thickness of the layer has been studied in detail; the lower the temperature, the more the ice crystallization progresses and the thinner the layer becomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Uchida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,R & D Department, SCREEN Holdings Co., Ltd., 322 Furukawa-cho, Hazukashi, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 612-8486, Japan
| | - Kunio Fujiwara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masahiko Shibahara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Wassermobilität in der grenzflächeninduzierten Schmelzschicht von Eis/Tonmineral‐Nanokompositen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Li H, Mars J, Lohstroh W, Koza MM, Butt H, Mezger M. Water Mobility in the Interfacial Liquid Layer of Ice/Clay Nanocomposites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7697-7702. [PMID: 33238050 PMCID: PMC8048683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
At solid/ice interfaces, a premelting layer is formed at temperatures below the melting point of bulk water. However, the structural and dynamic properties within the premelting layer have been a topic of intense debate. Herein, we determined the translational diffusion coefficient Dt of water in ice/clay nanocomposites serving as model systems for permafrost by quasi-elastic neutron scattering. Below the bulk melting point, a rapid decrease of Dt is found for charged hydrophilic vermiculite, uncharged hydrophilic kaolin, and more hydrophobic talc, reaching plateau values below -4 °C. At this temperature, Dt in the premelting layer is reduced up to a factor of two compared to supercooled bulk water. Adjacent to charged vermiculite the lowest water mobility was observed, followed by kaolin and the more hydrophobic talc. Results are explained by the intermolecular water interactions with different clay surfaces and interfacial segregation of the low-density liquid water (LDL) component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department of Physics at InterfacesMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Julian Mars
- Department of Physics at InterfacesMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Wiebke Lohstroh
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Michael Marek Koza
- Institut Laue-Langevin71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 2015638042GrenobleFrance
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Butt
- Department of Physics at InterfacesMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Markus Mezger
- Department of Physics at InterfacesMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department of Physics, Dynamics of Condensed SystemsUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 51090WienAustria
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11
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Water and Ice Adhesion to Solid Surfaces: Common and Specific, the Impact of Temperature and Surface Wettability. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ice adhesion plays a crucial role in the performance of materials under outdoor conditions, where the mitigation of snow and ice accumulation or spontaneous shedding of solid water precipitations are highly desirable. In this brief review we compare the adhesion of water and ice to different surfaces and consider the mechanisms of ice adhesion to solids basing on the surface forces analysis. The role of a premelted or quasi-liquid layer (QLL) in the ice adhesion is discussed with the emphasis on superhydrophobic surfaces, and the temperature dependence of ice adhesion strength is considered with an account of QLL. We also very briefly mention some recent methods for the measurement of ice adhesion strength to the icephobic engineering materials outlining the problems which remain to be experimentally solved.
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12
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Esteso V, Carretero-Palacios S, MacDowell LG, Fiedler J, Parsons DF, Spallek F, Míguez H, Persson C, Buhmann SY, Brevik I, Boström M. Premelting of ice adsorbed on a rock surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11362-11373. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Considering ice-premelting on a quartz rock surface (i.e. silica) we calculate the Lifshitz excess pressures in a four layer system with rock–ice–water–air.
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13
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Weiss H, Cheng HW, Mars J, Li H, Merola C, Renner FU, Honkimäki V, Valtiner M, Mezger M. Structure and Dynamics of Confined Liquids: Challenges and Perspectives for the X-ray Surface Forces Apparatus. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16679-16692. [PMID: 31614087 PMCID: PMC6933819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular-scale structure and dynamics of confined liquids has increasingly gained relevance for applications in nanotechnology. Thus, a detailed knowledge of the structure of confined liquids on molecular length scales is of great interest for fundamental and applied sciences. To study confined structures under dynamic conditions, we constructed an in situ X-ray surface forces apparatus (X-SFA). This novel device can create a precisely controlled slit-pore confinement down to dimensions on the 10 nm scale by using a cylinder-on-flat geometry for the first time. Complementary structural information can be obtained by simultaneous force measurements and X-ray scattering experiments. The in-plane structure of liquids parallel to the slit pore and density profiles perpendicular to the confining interfaces are studied by X-ray scattering and reflectivity. The normal load between the opposing interfaces can be modulated to study the structural dynamics of confined liquids. The confinement gap distance is tracked simultaneously with nanometer precision by analyzing optical interference fringes of equal chromatic order. Relaxation processes can be studied by driving the system out of equilibrium by shear stress or compression/decompression cycles of the slit pore. The capability of the new device is demonstrated on the liquid crystal 4'-octyl-4-cyano-biphenyl (8CB) in its smectic A (SmA) mesophase. Its molecular-scale structure and orientation confined in 100 nm to 1.7 μm slit pores was studied under static and dynamic nonequilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Weiss
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hsiu-Wei Cheng
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Vienna Institute of
Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Julian Mars
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hailong Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Merola
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Vienna Institute of
Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Frank Uwe Renner
- Institute
for Materials Research, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Veijo Honkimäki
- ESRF-European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Avenue des Martyrs 71, 38043 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Vienna Institute of
Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Mezger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Nagata Y, Hama T, Backus EHG, Mezger M, Bonn D, Bonn M, Sazaki G. The Surface of Ice under Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Conditions. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1006-1015. [PMID: 30925035 PMCID: PMC6727213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ice
premelt, often called the quasi-liquid layer (QLL), is
key for the lubrication of ice, gas uptake by ice, and growth of aerosols.
Despite its apparent importance, in-depth understanding of the ice
premelt from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale has not been
gained. By reviewing data obtained using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations,
sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, and laser confocal differential
interference contrast microscopy (LCM-DIM), we provide a unified view
of the experimentally observed variation in quasi-liquid (QL) states.
In particular, we disentangle three distinct types of QL states of
disordered layers, QL-droplet, and QL-film and discuss their nature. The topmost ice layer is energetically unstable, as the topmost
interfacial H2O molecules lose a hydrogen bonding partner,
generating a disordered layer at the ice–air interface. This
disordered layer is homogeneously distributed over the ice surface.
The nature of the disordered layer changes over a wide temperature
range from −90 °C to the bulk melting point. Combined
MD simulations and SFG measurements reveal that the topmost ice surface
starts to be disordered around −90 °C through a process
that the topmost water molecules with three hydrogen bonds convert
to a doubly hydrogen-bonded species. When the temperature is further
increased, the second layer starts to become disordered at around
−16 °C. This disordering occurs not in a gradual manner,
but in a bilayer-by-bilayer manner. When the temperature reaches
−2 °C, more complicated
structures, QL-droplet and QL-film, emerge on the top of the ice surface.
These QL-droplets and QL-films are inhomogeneously distributed, in
contrast to the disordered layer. We show that these QL-droplet and
QL-film emerge only under supersaturated/undersaturated vapor pressure
conditions, as partial and pseudopartial wetting states, respectively.
Experiments with precisely controlled pressure show that, near the
water vapor pressure at the vapor-ice equilibrium condition, no QL-droplet
and QL-film can be observed, implying that the QL-droplet and QL-film
emerge exclusively under nonequilibrium conditions, as opposed to
the disordered layers formed under equilibrium conditions. These
findings are connected with many phenomena related to the
ice surface. For example, we explain how the disordering of the topmost
ice surface governs the slipperiness of the ice surface, allowing
for ice skating. Further focus is on the gas uptake mechanism on the
ice surface. Finally, we note the unresolved questions and future
challenges regarding the ice premelt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mezger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gen Sazaki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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