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Gamboni G, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. The Chemical Bond at the Bottom of the Periodic Table: The Case of the Heavy Astatine and the Super-Heavy Tennessine. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400310. [PMID: 38708605 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we study the chemical bond in molecules containing heavy and super-heavy elements according to the current state-of-the-art bonding models. An Energy Decomposition Analysis in combination with Natural Orbital for Chemical Valence (EDA-NOCV) within the relativistic four-component Dirac-Kohn-Sham (DKS) framework is employed, which allows to successfully include the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effects on the chemical bond description. Simple halogen-bonded adducts ClX⋯L (X=At, Ts; L=NH3, Br-, H2O, CO) of astatine and tennessine have been selected to assess a trend on descending along a group, while modulating the ClX⋯L bond features through the different electronic nature of the ligand L. Interesting effects caused by SOC have been revealed: i) a huge increase of the ClTs dipole moment (which is almost twice as that of ClAt), ii) a lowering of the ClX⋯L bonding energy arising from different contributions to the ClX…L interaction energy strongly depending on the nature of L, iii) a quenching of one of the π back-donation components to the bond. In the ClTs(CO) adduct, the back-donation from ClTs to CO becomes the most important component. The analysis of the electronic structure of the ClX dimers allows for a clear interpretation of the SOC effects in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gamboni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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2
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Burgers PC, Zeneyedpour L, Luider TM, Holmes JL. Estimation of thermodynamic and physicochemical properties of the alkali astatides: On the bond strength of molecular astatine (At 2 ) and the hydration enthalpy of astatide (At - ). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5010. [PMID: 38488842 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The recent accurate and precise determination of the electron affinity (EA) of the astatine atom At0 warrants a re-investigation of the estimated thermodynamic properties of At0 and astatine containing molecules as this EA was found to be much lower (by 0.4 eV) than previous estimated values. In this contribution we estimate, from available data sources, the following thermodynamic and physicochemical properties of the alkali astatides (MAt, M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs): their solid and gaseous heats of formation, lattice and gas-phase binding enthalpies, sublimation energies and melting temperatures. Gas-phase charge-transfer dissociation energies for the alkali astatides (the energy requirement for M+ At- ➔ M0 + At0 ) have been obtained and are compared with those for the other alkali halides. Use of Born-Haber cycles together with the new AE (At0 ) value allows the re-evaluation of ΔHf (At0 )g (=56 ± 5 kJ/mol); it is concluded that (At2 )g is a weakly bonded species (bond strength <50 kJ/mol), significantly weaker bonded than previously estimated (116 kJ/mol) and much weaker bonded than I2 (148 kJ/mol), but in agreement with the finding from theory that spin-orbit coupling considerably reduces the bond strength in At2 . The hydration enthalpy (ΔHaq ) of At- is estimated to be -230 ± 2 kJ/mol (using ΔHaq [H+ ] = -1150.1 kJ/mol), in good agreement with molecular dynamics calculations. Arguments are presented that the largest alkali halide, CsAt, like the smallest, LiF, will be only sparingly soluble in water, following the generalization from hard/soft acid/base principles that "small likes small" and "large likes large."
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Burgers
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lona Zeneyedpour
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Luider
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L Holmes
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Yssartier T, Liu L, Pardoue S, Le Questel JY, Guérard F, Montavon G, Galland N. In vivo stability of 211At-radiopharmaceuticals: on the impact of halogen bond formation. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:223-233. [PMID: 38283213 PMCID: PMC10809332 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00579h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
211At, when coupled to a targeting agent, is one of the most promising radionuclides for therapeutic applications. The main labelling approach consists in the formation of astatoaryl compounds, which often show a lack of in vivo stability. The hypothesis that halogen bond (XB) interactions with protein functional groups initiate a deastatination mechanism is investigated through radiochemical experiments and DFT modelling. Several descriptors agree on the known mechanism of iodoaryl substrates dehalogenation by iodothyronine deiodinases, supporting the higher in vivo dehalogenation of N-succinimidyl 3-[211At]astatobenzoate (SAB) conjugates in comparison with their iodinated counterparts. The guanidinium group in 3-[211At]astato-4-guanidinomethylbenzoate (SAGMB) prevents the formation of At-mediated XBs with the selenocysteine active site in iodothyronine deiodinases. The initial step of At-aryl bond dissociation is inhibited, elucidating the better in vivo stability of SAGMB conjugates compared with those of SAB. The impact of astatine's ability to form XB interactions on radiopharmaceutical degradation may not be limited to the case of aryl radiolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Yssartier
- CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes Université F-44000 Nantes France
- CNRS, SUBATECH UMR 6457, IMT Atlantique F-44307 Nantes France
| | - Lu Liu
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg F-67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Sylvain Pardoue
- CNRS, SUBATECH UMR 6457, IMT Atlantique F-44307 Nantes France
| | | | - François Guérard
- Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, Université d'Angers F-44000 Nantes France
| | - Gilles Montavon
- CNRS, SUBATECH UMR 6457, IMT Atlantique F-44307 Nantes France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes Université F-44000 Nantes France
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4
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Castro AC, Cascella M, Perutz RN, Raynaud C, Eisenstein O. Solid-State 19F NMR Chemical Shift in Square-Planar Nickel-Fluoride Complexes Linked by Halogen Bonds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4835-4846. [PMID: 36920236 PMCID: PMC10052355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The halogen bond (XB) is a highly directional class of noncovalent interactions widely explored by experimental and computational studies. However, the NMR signature of the XB has attracted limited attention. The prediction and analysis of the solid-state NMR (SSNMR) chemical shift tensor provide useful strategies to better understand XB interactions. In this work, we employ a computational protocol for modeling and analyzing the 19F SSNMR chemical shifts previously measured in a family of square-planar trans NiII-L2-iodoaryl-fluoride (L = PEt3) complexes capable of forming self-complementary networks held by a NiF···I(C) halogen bond [Thangavadivale, V.; Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 3767-3781]. To understand how the 19F NMR resonances of the nickel-bonded fluoride are affected by the XB, we investigate the origin of the shielding in trans-[NiF(2,3,5,6-C6F4I)(PEt3)2], trans-[NiF(2,3,4,5-C6F4I)(PEt3)2], and trans-[NiF(C6F5)(PEt3)2] in the solid state, where a XB is present in the two former systems but not in the last. We perform the 19F NMR chemical shift calculations both in periodic and molecular models. The results show that the crystal packing has little influence on the NMR signatures of the XB, and the NMR can be modeled successfully with a pair of molecules interacting via the XB. Thus, the observed difference in chemical shift between solid-state and solution NMR can be essentially attributed to the XB interaction. The very high shielding of the fluoride and its driving contributor, the most shielded component of the chemical shift tensor, are well reproduced at the 2c-ZORA level. Analysis of the factors controlling the shielding shows how the highest occupied Ni/F orbitals shield the fluoride in the directions perpendicular to the Ni-F bond and specifically perpendicular to the coordination plane. This shielding arises from the magnetic coupling of the Ni(3d)/F(2p lone pair) orbitals with the vacant σNi-F* orbital, thereby rationalizing the very highly upfield (shielded) resonance of the component (δ33) along this direction. We show that these features are characteristic of square-planar nickel-fluoride complexes. The deshielding of the fluoride in the halogen-bonded systems is attributed to an increase in the energy gap between the occupied and vacant orbitals that are mostly responsible for the paramagnetic terms, notably along the most shielded direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril C Castro
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michele Cascella
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Odile Eisenstein
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway.,ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Burns JD, Tereshatov EE, Zhang B, Tabacaru GC, McIntosh LA, Schultz SJ, McCann LA, Harvey BM, Hannaman A, Lofton KN, Sorensen MQ, Vonder Haar AL, Hall MB, Yennello SJ. Complexation of Astatine(III) with Ketones: Roles of NO 3– Counterion and Exploration of Possible Binding Modes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12087-12096. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Evgeny E. Tereshatov
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gabriel C. Tabacaru
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lauren A. McIntosh
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Steven J. Schultz
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Laura A. McCann
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bryan M. Harvey
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andrew Hannaman
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kylie N. Lofton
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Maxwell Q. Sorensen
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Amy L. Vonder Haar
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Michael B. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sherry J. Yennello
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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6
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Tulsiyan KD, Jena S, Dutta J, Biswal HS. Hydrogen Bonding with Polonium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17185-17194. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01852g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) with heavier chalcogens such as polonium and tellurium is almost unexplored owing to their lower electronegativities, providing us an opportunity to delve into the uncharted territory of...
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Liu L, Rahali S, Maurice R, Gomez Pech C, Montavon G, Le Questel JY, Graton J, Champion J, Galland N. An expanded halogen bonding scale using astatine. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10855-10861. [PMID: 34447565 PMCID: PMC8372311 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-covalent interaction, halogen bonding is now acknowledged to be useful in all fields where the control of intermolecular recognition plays a pivotal role. Halogen-bond basicity scales allow quantification of the halogen bonding of referential donors with organic functional groups from a thermodynamic point of view. Herein we present the pK BAtI basicity scale to provide the community an overview of halogen-bond acceptor strength towards astatine, the most potent halogen-bond donor element. This experimental scale is erected on the basis of complexation constants measured between astatine monoiodide (AtI) and sixteen selected Lewis bases. It spans over 6 log units and culminates with a value of 5.69 ± 0.32 for N,N,N',N'-tetramethylthiourea. On this scale, the carbon π-bases are the weakest acceptors, the oxygen derivatives cover almost two-thirds of the scale, and sulphur bases exhibit the highest AtI basicity. Regarding the applications of 211At in targeted radionuclide therapy, stronger labelling of carrier agents could be envisaged on the basis of the pK BAtI scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- SUBATECH UMR 6457, CNRS, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes 4 Rue Alfred Kastler 44307 Nantes France
| | - Seyfeddine Rahali
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230 44000 Nantes France
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University Ar Rass Saudi Arabia
| | - Rémi Maurice
- SUBATECH UMR 6457, CNRS, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes 4 Rue Alfred Kastler 44307 Nantes France
| | - Cecilia Gomez Pech
- SUBATECH UMR 6457, CNRS, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes 4 Rue Alfred Kastler 44307 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230 44000 Nantes France
| | - Gilles Montavon
- SUBATECH UMR 6457, CNRS, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes 4 Rue Alfred Kastler 44307 Nantes France
| | | | - Jérôme Graton
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230 44000 Nantes France
| | - Julie Champion
- SUBATECH UMR 6457, CNRS, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes 4 Rue Alfred Kastler 44307 Nantes France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230 44000 Nantes France
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8
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Guérard F, Maingueneau C, Liu L, Eychenne R, Gestin JF, Montavon G, Galland N. Advances in the Chemistry of Astatine and Implications for the Development of Radiopharmaceuticals. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3264-3275. [PMID: 34350753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAstatine (At) is the rarest on Earth of all naturally occurring elements, situated below iodine in the periodic table. While only short-lived isotopes (t1/2 ≤ 8.1 h) are known, 211At is the object of growing attention due to its emission of high-energy alpha particles. Such radiation is highly efficient to eradicate disseminated tumors, provided that the radionuclide is attached to a cancer-targeting molecule. The interest in applications of 211At in nuclear medicine translates into the increasing number of cyclotrons able to produce it. Yet, many challenges related to the minute amounts of available astatine are to be overcome in order to characterize its physical and chemical properties. This point is of paramount importance to develop synthetic strategies and solve the labeling instability in current approaches that limits the use of 211At-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Despite its discovery in the 1940s, only the past decade has seen a significant rise in the understanding of astatine's basic chemical and radiochemical properties, thanks to the development of new analytical and computational tools.In this Account, we give a concise summary of recent advances in the determination of the physicochemical properties of astatine, putting in perspective the duality of this element which exhibits the characteristics both of a halogen and of a metal. Striking features were evidenced in the recent determination of its Pourbaix diagram such as the identification of stable cationic species, At+ and AtO+, contrasting with other halogens. Like metals, these species were shown to form complexes with anionic ligands and to exhibit a particular affinity for organic species bearing soft donor atoms. On the other hand, astatine shares many characteristics with other halogen elements. For instance, the At- species exists in water, but with the least range of EH-pH stability in the halogen series. Astatine can form molecular interactions through halogen bonding, and it was only recently identified as the strongest halogen-bond donor. This ability is nonetheless affected by relativistic effects, which translate to other peculiarities for this heavy element. For instance, the spin-orbit coupling boosts astatine's propensity to form charge-shift bonds, catching up with the behavior of the lightest halogens (fluorine, chlorine).All these new data have an impact on the development of radiolabeling strategies to turn 211At into radiopharmaceuticals. Inspired by the chemistry of iodine, the chemical approaches have sparsely evolved over the past decades and have long been limited to electrophilic halodemetalation reactions to form astatoaryl compounds. Conversely, recent developments have favored the use of the more stable At- species including the aromatic nucleophilic substitution with diaryliodonium salts or the copper-catalyzed halodeboronation of arylboron precursors. However, it is clear that new bonding modalities are necessary to improve the in vivo stability of 211At-labeled aryl compounds. The tools and data gathered over the past decade will contribute to instigate original strategies for overcoming the challenges offered by this enigmatic element. Alternatives to the C-At bond such as the B-At and the metal-At bonds are typical examples of exciting new axes of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Guérard
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Lu Liu
- IMT-Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - Nantes Campus, SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Romain Eychenne
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Arronax GIP, F-44817 Saint-Herblain, France
| | | | - Gilles Montavon
- IMT-Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - Nantes Campus, SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Astatine Facing Janus: Halogen Bonding vs. Charge-Shift Bonding. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154568. [PMID: 34361716 PMCID: PMC8347445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of halogen-bond interactions was scrutinized from the perspective of astatine, potentially the strongest halogen-bond donor atom. In addition to its remarkable electronic properties (e.g., its higher aromaticity compared to benzene), C6At6 can be involved as a halogen-bond donor and acceptor. Two-component relativistic calculations and quantum chemical topology analyses were performed on C6At6 and its complexes as well as on their iodinated analogues for comparative purposes. The relativistic spin–orbit interaction was used as a tool to disclose the bonding patterns and the mechanisms that contribute to halogen-bond interactions. Despite the stronger polarizability of astatine, halogen bonds formed by C6At6 can be comparable or weaker than those of C6I6. This unexpected finding comes from the charge-shift bonding character of the C–At bonds. Because charge-shift bonding is connected to the Pauli repulsion between the bonding σ electrons and the σ lone-pair of astatine, it weakens the astatine electrophilicity at its σ-hole (reducing the charge transfer contribution to halogen bonding). These two antinomic characters, charge-shift bonding and halogen bonding, can result in weaker At-mediated interactions than their iodinated counterparts.
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Burns JD, Tereshatov EE, Avila G, Glennon KJ, Hannaman A, Lofton KN, McCann LA, McCarthy MA, McIntosh LA, Schultz SJ, Tabacaru GC, Vonder Haar AL, Yennello SJ. Rapid recovery of At-211 by extraction chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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de Macedo LGM, Neves ER, de Oliveira Só YA, Gargano R. Relativistic four-component potential energy curves for the lowest 23 covalent states of molecular astatine (At 2). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 245:118869. [PMID: 32920438 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential energy curves (PECs) of all covalent states of Molecular Astatine (At2) have been investigated in this work within a four-component relativistic framework using the MOLFDIR program package. The ground state was determined using multireference configuration interaction with all single and double excitations including Davidson size-extensivity correction (MRCISD+Q) whereas the 22 excited states were treated by complete open shell configuration interaction (COSCI). Spectroscopic constants (Re,ωe,ωexe,ωeye, De,Be,αe,βe,Te) are presented for all states as well as vertical excitations obtained at COSCI, MRCISD and MRCISD+Q levels. In addition, it is also presented accurate extended Rydberg analytical form for the ground state X: (1)0g+.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Rafael Neves
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu (CCO/UFSJ) Divinópolis, MG, CEP 35501-296, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Gargano
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), P.O. Box 04455, Brasília, DF 70919-970, Brazil
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Sarr S, Graton J, Rahali S, Montavon G, Galland N. Delocalized relativistic effects, from the viewpoint of halogen bonding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4064-4074. [PMID: 33433548 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05840h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability of organic and inorganic compounds bearing both iodine and astatine atoms to form halogen-bond interactions is theoretically investigated. Upon inclusion of the relativistic spin-orbit interaction, the I-mediated halogen bonds are more affected than the At-mediated ones in many cases. This unusual outcome is disconnected from the behavior of iodine's electrons. The significant decrease of astatine electronegativity with the spin-orbit coupling triggers a redistribution of the electron density, which propagates relativistic effects toward the distant iodine atom. This mechanism can be controlled by introducing suitable substituents and, in particular, strengthened by taking advantage of electron-withdrawing inductive and mesomeric effects. Noticeable relativistic effects can actually be transferred to light atoms properties, e.g., the halogen-bond basicity of bridgehead carbon atoms doubled in propellane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serigne Sarr
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Jérôme Graton
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Seyfeddine Rahali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, 51921 Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Montavon
- IMT Atlantique, CNRS, SUBATECH UMR 6457, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000 Nantes, France.
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13
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Bassal F, Champion J, Pardoue S, Seydou M, Sabatié-Gogova A, Deniaud D, Questel JYL, Montavon G, Galland N. Questioning the Affinity of Electrophilic Astatine for Sulfur-containing Compounds: Unexpected Bindings Revealed. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13923-13932. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadel Bassal
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Julie Champion
- IMT Atlantique, CNRS, SUBATECH UMR 6457, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Pardoue
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- IMT Atlantique, CNRS, SUBATECH UMR 6457, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Mahamadou Seydou
- Université de Paris, CNRS, ITODYS UMR 7086, 15 rue J.A. de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - David Deniaud
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Gilles Montavon
- IMT Atlantique, CNRS, SUBATECH UMR 6457, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Leimbach D, Karls J, Guo Y, Ahmed R, Ballof J, Bengtsson L, Boix Pamies F, Borschevsky A, Chrysalidis K, Eliav E, Fedorov D, Fedosseev V, Forstner O, Galland N, Garcia Ruiz RF, Granados C, Heinke R, Johnston K, Koszorus A, Köster U, Kristiansson MK, Liu Y, Marsh B, Molkanov P, Pašteka LF, Ramos JP, Renault E, Reponen M, Ringvall-Moberg A, Rossel RE, Studer D, Vernon A, Warbinek J, Welander J, Wendt K, Wilkins S, Hanstorp D, Rothe S. The electron affinity of astatine. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3824. [PMID: 32733029 PMCID: PMC7393155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important properties influencing the chemical behavior of an element is the electron affinity (EA). Among the remaining elements with unknown EA is astatine, where one of its isotopes, 211At, is remarkably well suited for targeted radionuclide therapy of cancer. With the At- anion being involved in many aspects of current astatine labeling protocols, the knowledge of the electron affinity of this element is of prime importance. Here we report the measured value of the EA of astatine to be 2.41578(7) eV. This result is compared to state-of-the-art relativistic quantum mechanical calculations that incorporate both the Breit and the quantum electrodynamics (QED) corrections and the electron-electron correlation effects on the highest level that can be currently achieved for many-electron systems. The developed technique of laser-photodetachment spectroscopy of radioisotopes opens the path for future EA measurements of other radioelements such as polonium, and eventually super-heavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leimbach
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Julia Karls
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rizwan Ahmed
- National Centre for Physics (NCP), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jochen Ballof
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lars Bengtsson
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anastasia Borschevsky
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Chrysalidis
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ephraim Eliav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dmitry Fedorov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute - NRC KI, Gatchina, Russia
| | | | - Oliver Forstner
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Reinhard Heinke
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Agota Koszorus
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yuan Liu
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Pavel Molkanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute - NRC KI, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Lukáš F Pašteka
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry & Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Eric Renault
- CEISAM, Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
| | - Mikael Reponen
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Annie Ringvall-Moberg
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Dominik Studer
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adam Vernon
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jessica Warbinek
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakob Welander
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klaus Wendt
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Dag Hanstorp
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Burns JD, Tereshatov EE, McCarthy MA, McIntosh LA, Tabacaru GC, Yang X, Hall MB, Yennello SJ. Astatine partitioning between nitric acid and conventional solvents: indication of covalency in ketone complexation of AtO . Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9004-9007. [PMID: 32638758 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03804k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Astatine-211 has been produced at Texas A&M University on the K150 cyclotron, with a yield of 890 ± 80 MBq through the 209Bi(α,2n)211At reaction via an 8 h bombardment with a beam current of 4-8 μA and an α-particle beam energy of 28.8 MeV. The target was then dissolved in HNO3 and the extraction of 211At was investigated into a variety of organic solvents in 1-3 M HNO3. Extraction of 211At with distribution ratios as high as 11.3 ± 0.6, 12.3 ± 0.8, 42.2 ± 2.2, 69 ± 4, and 95 ± 6 were observed for diisopropyl ether, 1-decanol, 1-octanol, 3-octanone, and methyl isobutyl ketone, respectively, while the distribution ratios for 207Bi were ≤0.05 in all cases. The extraction of 211At into both methyl isobutyl ketone and 3-octanone showed a strong, linear dependence on the HNO3 initial aqueous concentration and better extraction than other solvents. DFT calculations show stronger binding between the carbonyl oxygen of the ketone and the At metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Burns
- Nuclear Engineering and Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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16
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Gomez Pech C, Haase PAB, Sergentu DC, Borschevsky A, Pilmé J, Galland N, Maurice R. Quantum chemical topology at the spin-orbit configuration interaction level: Application to astatine compounds. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:2055-2065. [PMID: 32618362 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report a methodology that allows the investigation of the consequences of the spin-orbit coupling by means of the QTAIM and ELF topological analyses performed on top of relativistic and multiconfigurational wave functions. In practice, it relies on the "state-specific" natural orbitals (NOs; expressed in a Cartesian Gaussian-type orbital basis) and their occupation numbers (ONs) for the quantum state of interest, arising from a spin-orbit configuration interaction calculation. The ground states of astatine diatomic molecules (AtX with X = AtF) and trihalide anions (IAtI- , BrAtBr- , and IAtBr- ) are studied, at exact two-component relativistic coupled cluster geometries, revealing unusual topological properties as well as a significant role of the spin-orbit coupling on these. In essence, the presented methodology can also be applied to the ground and/or excited states of any compound, with controlled validity up to including elements with active 5d, 6p, and/or 5f shells, and potential limitations starting with active 6d, 7p, and/or 6f shells bearing strong spin-orbit couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gomez Pech
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pi A B Haase
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Anastasia Borschevsky
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Pilmé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris, France
| | | | - Rémi Maurice
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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17
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Pilmé J. Quantum chemical topology from tight augmented core densities. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1616-1627. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pilmé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS; Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique; CC 137 - 4, place Jussieu F. 75252 PARIS CEDEX 05 France
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18
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Liu L, Guo N, Champion J, Graton J, Montavon G, Galland N, Maurice R. Towards a Stronger Halogen Bond Involving Astatine: Unexpected Adduct with Bu 3 PO Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonding. Chemistry 2020; 26:3713-3717. [PMID: 31881101 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The halogen bond is a powerful tool for the molecular design and pushing the limits of its strength is of major interest. Bearing the most potent halogen-bond donor atom, astatine monoiodide (AtI) was recently successfully probed [Nat. Chem. 2018, 10, 428-434]. In this work, we continue the exploration of adducts between AtI and Lewis bases with the tributylphosphine oxide (Bu3 PO) ligand, revealing the unexpected experimental occurrence of two distinct chemical species with 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometries. The 1:1 Bu3 PO⋅⋅⋅AtI complex is found to exhibit the strongest astatine-mediated halogen bond so far (with a formation constant of 10(4.24±0.35) ). Quantum chemical calculations unveil the intriguing nature of the 2:1 2Bu3 PO⋅⋅⋅AtI adduct, involving a halogen bond between AtI and one Bu3 PO molecular unit plus CH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds chelating the second Bu3 PO unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Ning Guo
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Julie Champion
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Jérôme Graton
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Gilles Montavon
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Rémi Maurice
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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19
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Rossi E, De Santis M, Sorbelli D, Storchi L, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Spin-orbit coupling is the key to unraveling intriguing features of the halogen bond involving astatine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1897-1910. [PMID: 31912075 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) on the halogen bond involving astatine has been investigated using state-of-the-art two- and four-component relativistic calculations. Adducts between Cl-X (X = Cl, Br, I and At) and ammonia have been selected to establish a trend on going down the periodic table. The SOC influence has been explored not only on the geometric and energetic features that can be used to characterize the halogen bond strength but also on the three main contributions to it that are the charge transfer, the "σ-hole" (i.e. the localized region with a net positive electrostatic potential at the halogen site) and the "polar flattening" (which is related to the effective shape of the halogen site). A surprisingly large increase of the Cl-At dipole moment, due to the inclusion of SOC, has been worked out using four-component CCSD(T) reference calculations, indicating that this bond is significantly more ionic than one may predict. Due to the SOC effect, which induces a peculiar charge accumulation on the At side in the Cl-At dimer, a weakening of the astatine-mediated halogen bond occurs arising from the (i) reduced amount of charge transfer, (ii) decrease of the polar flattening and (iii) lowering of the short-range Coulomb potential. The analysis of the electronic structure of the Cl-At moiety allows for a rationalization of the SOC effects on all the considered features of the halogen bond, including an unprecedented unsymmetrical charge back-donation from Cl-At to ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Matteo De Santis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Loriano Storchi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy. and Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. D'Annunzio, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy. and Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy. and CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy. and Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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20
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Sarr S, Graton J, Montavon G, Pilmé J, Galland N. On the Interplay between Charge-Shift Bonding and Halogen Bonding. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:240-250. [PMID: 31793159 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nature of halogen-bond interactions has been analysed from the perspective of the astatine element, which is potentially the strongest halogen-bond donor. Relativistic quantum calculations on complexes formed between halide anions and a series of Y3 C-X (Y=F to X, X=I, At) halogen-bond donors disclosed unexpected trends, e. g., At3 C-At revealing a weaker donating ability than I3 C-I despite a stronger polarizability. All the observed peculiarities have their origin in a specific component of C-Y bonds: the charge-shift bonding. Descriptors of the Quantum Chemical Topology show that the halogen-bond strength can be quantitatively anticipated from the magnitude of charge-shift bonding operating in Y3 C-X. The charge-shift mechanism weakens the ability of the halogen atom X to engage in halogen bonds. This outcome provides rationales for outlier halogen-bond complexes, which are at variance with the consensus that the halogen-bond strength scales with the polarizability of the halogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serigne Sarr
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Graton
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Montavon
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457 IMT Atlantique, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Pilmé
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR CNRS 7616, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
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21
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Zhou F, Liu Y, Wang Z, Lu T, Yang Q, Liu Y, Zheng B. A new type of halogen bond involving multivalent astatine: an ab initio study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:15310-15318. [PMID: 31241070 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02406a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical studies on the dimers formed by CO with the halides of multivalent astatine as a Lewis-acid center are carried out to examine the typical characteristics of supervalent halogen bonds. Calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level reveal that the multiple nucleophilic sites of multivalent halide monomers can promote the formation of various types of halogen bonds, among which the most stable ones are At-halogen bond complexes with multivalent astatine as a Lewis acid center, followed by the π-halogen bond dimers, and the weakest ones are the X-halogen bonds. Compared with multivalent Cl-, Br-, and I-centers, At, as the heaviest halogen, exhibits the highest halogen-bond donating ability. We found that the electrostatic term and the dispersion term play an important role in the overall attractive interaction energy, and the smallest attraction term for all complexes is the polarization term (ΔEpol). Moreover, the tri and pentavalent halides analyzed here possess very "flexible" tautomerism in which the transformation occurs during the formation of the dimers. AIM theory and NBO analysis are also employed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China. and Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China and Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China. and Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Zhaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China. and Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qingyuan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Baishu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
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