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Wang S, Gai L, Chen Y, Ji X, Lu H, Guo Z. Mitochondria-targeted BODIPY dyes for small molecule recognition, bio-imaging and photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3976-4019. [PMID: 38450547 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for a diverse array of biological functions. There is increasing research focus on developing efficient tools for mitochondria-targeted detection and treatment. BODIPY dyes, known for their structural versatility and excellent spectroscopic properties, are being actively explored in this context. Numerous studies have focused on developing innovative BODIPYs that utilize optical signals for imaging mitochondria. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the progress made in this field, aiming to investigate mitochondria-related biological events. It covers key factors such as design strategies, spectroscopic properties, and cytotoxicity, as well as mechanism to facilitate their future application in organelle imaging and targeted therapy. This work is anticipated to provide valuable insights for guiding future development and facilitating further investigation into mitochondria-related biological sensing and phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Lizhi Gai
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hua Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Das N, Bora B, Upadhyay A, Das D, Bera A, Goswami TK. Cu(II) flavonoids as potential photochemotherapeutic agents. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3316-3329. [PMID: 38260975 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids, naturally derived polyphenolic compounds, have received significant attention due to their remarkable biochemical properties that offer substantial health benefits to humans. In this work, a series of six Cu(II) flavonoid complexes of the formulation [Cu(L1)(L2)](ClO4) where L1 is 3-hydroxy flavone (HF1, 1 and 4), 4-fluoro-3-hydroxy flavone (HF2, 2 and 5), and 2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxy flavone (HF3, 3 and 6); L2 is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1-3) and 2-(anthracen-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (aip, 4-6) were successfully synthesized, fully characterized and also evaluated for their in vitro photo-triggered cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure of complex 2 shows square pyramidal geometry around the Cu(II) center. The complexes 1-6 showed quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetric responses for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple at ∼-0.230 V with a very large ΔEp value of ∼350-480 mV against the Ag/AgCl reference electrode in DMF-0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) at a scan rate of 50 mV s-1. The complexes were found to have considerable binding propensity for human serum albumin (HSA) and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA). The complexes displayed remarkable dose-dependent photocytotoxicity in visible light (400-700 nm) in both A549 (human lung cancer) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines while remaining significantly less toxic in darkness. They were found to be much less toxic to HPL1D (immortalized human peripheral lung epithelial) normal cells compared to A549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Upon exposure to visible light, they generate reactive oxygen species, which are thought to be the main contributors to the death of cancer cells. In the presence of visible light, the complexes predominantly elicit an apoptotic mode of cell death. Complex 6 preferentially localizes in the mitochondria of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namisha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
| | - Bidisha Bora
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Dhananjay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Tridib K Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
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Dechsri K, Suwanchawalit C, Patrojanasophon P, Opanasopit P, Pengnam S, Charoenying T, Taesotikul T. Photodynamic Antibacterial Therapy of Gallic Acid-Derived Carbon-Based Nanoparticles (GACNPs): Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrogel Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:254. [PMID: 38399308 PMCID: PMC10891664 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanoparticles (CNPs) have gained recognition because of their good biocompatibility, easy preparation, and excellent phototherapy properties. In biomedicine applications, CNPs are widely applied as photodynamic agents for antibacterial purposes. Photodynamic therapy has been considered a candidate for antibacterial agents because of its noninvasiveness and minimal side effects, especially in the improvement in antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, compared with conventional antibiotic medicines. Here, we developed CNPs from an active polyhydroxy phenolic compound, namely, gallic acid, which has abundant hydroxyl groups that can yield photodynamic effects. Gallic acid CNPs (GACNPs) were rapidly fabricated via a microwave-assisted technique at 200 °C for 20 min. GACNPs revealed notable antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of GACNPs in S. aureus and E. coli were equal at approximately 0.29 mg/mL and considerably lower than those in gallic acid solution. Furthermore, the GACNP-loaded hydrogel patches demonstrated an attractive photodynamic effect against S. aureus, and it was superior to that of Ag hydrofiber®, a commercial material. Therefore, the photodynamic properties of GACNPs can be potentially used in the development of antibacterial hydrogels for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koranat Dechsri
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (K.D.); (P.P.); (P.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Cheewita Suwanchawalit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand;
| | - Prasopchai Patrojanasophon
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (K.D.); (P.P.); (P.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Praneet Opanasopit
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (K.D.); (P.P.); (P.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Supusson Pengnam
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (K.D.); (P.P.); (P.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Thapakorn Charoenying
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (K.D.); (P.P.); (P.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Theerada Taesotikul
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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Chen Y, Ke Z, Yuan L, Liang M, Zhang S. Hydrazylpyridine salicylaldehyde-copper(II)-1,10-phenanthroline complexes as potential anticancer agents: synthesis, characterization and anticancer evaluation. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12318-12331. [PMID: 37591821 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01750h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized and analyzed nine unique copper(II) hydrazylpyridine salicylaldehyde and 1,10-phenanthroline complexes, [Cu(L1a)(phen)] (Cugdupt1), [Cu(L2a)(phen)]·(CH3CN) (Cugdupt2), [Cu(L3a)(phen)] (Cugdupt3), [Cu(L4a)(phen)]·(CH3CN) (Cugdupt4), [Cu(L5a)(phen)] (Cugdupt5), [Cu(L6a)(phen)] (Cugdupt6), [Cu(L7a)(phen)] (Cugdupt7) [Cu(L8a)(phen)] (Cugdupt8) and [Cu(L9a)(phen)]·0.5(H2O) (Cugdupt9). We were motivated by the intriguing properties of the coupled ligands of hydrazylpyridine, salicylaldehyde, and 1,10-phenanthroline. The MTT assay demonstrated that Cugdupt1-Cugdupt9 have higher anticancer activity than L1H2-L9H2, phen and cisplatin on A549/DDP cancer cells (A549cis). Cugdupt1-Cugdupt9 were superior to cisplatin with IC50 values of 1.6-100.0 fold on A549cis cells (IC50(Cugdupt1-Cugdupt9) = 0.5-30.5 μM, IC50(cisplatin) = 61.5 ± 1.0 μM). However, Cugdupt1-Cugdupt9 had lower cytotoxicity toward the HL-7702 normal cells. Cugdupt1 and Cugdupt8 can induce reduction of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I/IV (MRCC-I/IV), mitophagy pathways, and eventually protein regulation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion in A549cis cells. The findings indicated that Cugdupt1 and Cugdupt8 caused cell death via both ATP diminution and mitophagy pathways. Finally, Cugdupt8 demonstrated high efficacy and no obvious cytotoxicity in A549 tumor-bearing mice. This study thus helps evaluate the potential of the hydrazylpyridine salicylaldehyde-copper(II)-1,10-phenanthroline compounds for cisplatin-resistant tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P. R. China
| | - Zhilin Ke
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Yuan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
| | - Meixiang Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P. R. China
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Oxoperoxovanadium Complexes of Hetero Ligands: X-Ray Crystal Structure, Density Functional Theory, and Investigations on DNA/BSA Interactions, Cytotoxic, and Molecular Docking Studies. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:8696420. [PMID: 36034769 PMCID: PMC9402336 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8696420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxoperoxovanadium (V) complexes [VO (O)2 (nf) (bp)] (1) and [VO (O)2 (ox) (bp)] (2) based on 5-nitro-2-furoic acid (nf), oxine (ox) and 2, 2′ bipyridine (bp) bidentate ligands have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV-visible, mass, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The structure of complex 2 shows distorted pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry, as confirmed by a single-crystal XRD diffraction study. The interactions of complexes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) are investigated using UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. It has been observed that CT-DNA interacts with complexes through groove binding mode and the binding constants for complexes 1 and 2 are 8.7 × 103 M−1 and 8.6 × 103 M−1, respectively, and BSA quenching constants for complexes 1 and 2 are 0.0628 × 106 M−1 and 0.0163 × 106 M−1, respectively. The ability of complexes to cleave DNA is investigated using the gel electrophoresis method with pBR322 plasmid DNA. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of the complexes is evaluated against the HeLa cell line using an MTT assay. The complexes are subjected to density functional theory calculations to gain insight into their molecular geometries and are in accordance with the results of docking studies. Furthermore, based on molecular docking studies, the intermolecular interactions responsible for the stronger binding affinities between metal complexes and DNA are discussed.
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Luminescent and Photofunctional Transition Metal Complexes: From Molecular Design to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14420-14440. [PMID: 35925792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been emerging interest in the exploitation of the photophysical and photochemical properties of transition metal complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Perspective, we highlight the major recent advances in the development of luminescent and photofunctional transition metal complexes, in particular, those of rhenium(I), ruthenium(II), osmium(II), iridium(III), and platinum(II), as bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutic agents, with a focus on the molecular design strategies that harness and modulate the interesting photophysical and photochemical behavior of the complexes. We also discuss the current challenges and future outlook of transition metal complexes for both fundamental research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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7
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Gourdon L, Cariou K, Gasser G. Phototherapeutic anticancer strategies with first-row transition metal complexes: a critical review. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1167-1195. [PMID: 35048929 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) are therapeutic techniques based on a photosensitizer (PS) and light. These techniques allow the spatial and temporal control of the activation of drugs with light. Transition metal complexes are attractive compounds as photoactivatable prodrugs since their excited states can be appropriately designed by subtle modifications of the ligands, the metal centre, or the oxidation state. However, most metal-based PSs contain heavy metals such as Ru, Os, Ir, Pt or Au, which are expensive and non-earth-abundant, contrary to first-row transition metals. In this context, the exploration of the photochemical properties of complexes based on first-row transition metals appears to be extremely promising. This did encourage several groups to develop promising PSs based on these metals. This review presents up-to-date state-of-the-art information on first-row-transition metal complexes, from titanium to zinc in regard to their application as PSs for phototherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gourdon
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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Xue SS, Pan Y, Pan W, Liu S, Li N, Tang B. Bioimaging agents based on redox-active transition metal complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9468-9484. [PMID: 36091899 PMCID: PMC9400682 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02587f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting the fluctuation and distribution of various bioactive species in biological systems is of great importance in determining diseases at their early stages. Metal complex-based probes have attracted considerable attention in bioimaging applications owing to their unique advantages, such as high luminescence, good photostability, large Stokes shifts, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility. In this review, we summarized the development of redox-active transition metal complex-based probes in recent five years with the metal ions of iron, manganese, and copper, which play essential roles in life and can avoid the introduction of exogenous metals into biological systems. The designing principles that afford these complexes with optical or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging properties are elucidated. The applications of the complexes for bioimaging applications of different bioactive species are demonstrated. The current challenges and potential future directions of these probes for applications in biological systems are also discussed. This review summarizes transition metal complexes as bioimaging agents in optical and magnetic resonance imaging.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Xue
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Yingbo Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Shujie Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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Novel luminescent benzopyranothiophene- and BODIPY-derived aroylhydrazonic ligands and their dicopper(II) complexes: syntheses, antiproliferative activity and cellular uptake studies. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:675-688. [PMID: 34417682 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two novel unsymmetrical binucleating aroylhydrazonic ligands and four dicopper(II) complexes carrying fluorescent benzopyranothiophene (BPT) or boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) entities were synthesized and fully characterized. Complex 1, derived from the BPT-containing ligand H3L1, had its crystal structure elucidated through X-ray diffraction measurements. The absorption and fluorescence profiles of all the compounds obtained were discussed. Additionally, the stability of the ligands and complexes was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy in DMSO and biologically relevant media. All the compounds showed moderate to high cytotoxicity towards the triple negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. BPT derivatives were the most cytotoxic, specially H3L1, reaching an IC50 value up to the nanomolar range. Finally, fluorescence microscopy imaging studies employing mitochondria- and nucleus-staining dyes showed that the BODIPY-carrying ligand H3L2 was highly cell permeant and suggested that the compound preferentially accumulates in the mitochondria.
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Bera A, Gautam S, Raza MK, Kondaiah P, Chakravarty AR. Oxoplatin-B, a cisplatin-based platinum(IV) complex with photoactive BODIPY for mitochondria specific "chemo-PDT" activity. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 223:111526. [PMID: 34246120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxoplatin-B, a platinum(IV) complex [Pt(NH3)2Cl2(L1)(OH)] (1) of 4-methylbenzoic acid (HL1) functionalized with 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) was prepared, characterized and its antitumor activity studied. [Pt(NH3)2Cl2(L2)(OH)] (2) of 4-methylbenzoic acid (HL2) was studied as a control. Complex 1 showed an absorption band at 500 nm (ɛ = 4.34 × 104 M-1 cm-1) and an emission band at 515 nm (λex = 488 nm, ΦF = 0.64) in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide/Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (pH = 7.2). Visible light-induced (400-700 nm) generation of singlet oxygen was evidenced from 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran titration study. Complex 1 showed photo-induced cytotoxicity in visible light (400-700 nm, 10 J cm-2) against human breast cancer (MCF-7), cervical cancer (HeLa) and lung cancer (A549) cells (IC50: 1.1-3.8 μM) while being less toxic in normal cells. Confocal imaging showed mitochondrial localization with additional evidence from platinum content from isolated mitochondria and 5,5,6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3' tetraethylbenzimi-dazoylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) assay. Cellular apoptosis was observed from Annexin-V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)/propidium iodide assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Srishti Gautam
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Akhil R Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Bhattacharyya A, Jameei A, Karande AA, Chakravarty AR. BODIPY-attached zinc(II) complexes of curcumin drug for visible light assisted photo-sensitization, cellular imaging and targeted PDT. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113438. [PMID: 33915370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) based photosensitizers as porphyrinoids and curcumin as natural product possess exciting photophysical features suitable for theranostic applications, namely, imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Limited aqueous solubility and insufficient physiological stability, however, reduce their efficacy significantly. We have designed a novel strategy to deliver these two unusable cytotoxins simultaneously in cancer cells and herein, report the synthesis, characterization and imaging-assisted photocytotoxicity of three zinc(II) complexes containing N3-donor dipicolylamine (dpa) ligands (L1-3) and O,O-donor curcumin (Hcur) viz. [Zn(L1)(cur)]Cl (1), [Zn(L2)(cur)]Cl (2) and [Zn(L3)(cur)]Cl (3), where L2 and L3 have pendant fluorescent BODIPY and non-emissive di-iodo-BODIPY moieties. Metal chelation imparted remarkable biological stability (pH ∼7.4) to the respective ligands and induces significant aqueous solubility. These ternary complexes could act as replacements of the existing metalloporphyrin-based PDT photosensitizers as their visible-light photosensitizing ability is reinforced by the dual presence of blue light absorbing curcumin and green light harvesting BODIPY units. Complex 2 having emissive BODIPY unit L2 and curcumin, showed mitochondria selective localization in HeLa, MCF-7 cancer cells and complex 3, the di-iodinated analogue of complex 2, exhibited type-I/II PDT activity via inducing apoptosis through mitochondrial membrane disruption in cancer cells while being significantly nontoxic in dark and to the healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Aida Jameei
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Anjali A Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Akhil R Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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12
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Wu S, Ma X, Wang Y, Zhou J, Li X, Wang X. A novel fluorescent BODIPY-based probe for detection of Cu 2+ and H 2S based on displacement approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119330. [PMID: 33378736 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new BODIPY-based fluorescent probe (BC-DPA) was prepared by a simple method for Cu2+ detection in aqueous media and living cells. BC-DPA displayed excellent selectivity toward Cu2+via fluorescence "turn-off" mode when a mononuclear Cu(Ⅱ) complex is formed. The corresponding BC-DPA-Cu(Ⅱ) complex, whose structure was characterized by X-ray crystallography, has Cu(Ⅱ) in a distorted octahedral geometry. On the basis of the displacement approach, the fluorescence of BC-DPA-Cu2+ was recovered in the presence of S2-, which allowed the system to act as a sensitive "turn-on" sensor for hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, BC-DPA exhibited noticeable permeability and low cytotoxicity, making it a useful tool to detect Cu2+ in biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China
| | - Yujing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Large Instruments Sharing Service Centre, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Xianghua Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China.
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13
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Usman M, Khan RA, Khan MR, Abul Farah M, BinSharfan II, Alharbi W, Shaik JP, Parine NR, Alsalme A, Tabassum S. A novel biocompatible formate bridged 1D-Cu(ii) coordination polymer induces apoptosis selectively in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2253-2267. [PMID: 33506238 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03782f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Copper compounds are promising candidates for next-generation metal anticancer drugs. Therefore, we synthesized and characterized a formate bridged 1D coordination polymer [Cu(L)(HCOO)2]n, (L = 2-methoxy-6-methyl-3-((quinolin-8-ylimino)methyl)chroman-4-ol), PCU1, wherein the Cu(ii) center adopts a square pyramidal coordination environment with adjacent CuCu distances of 5.28 Å. Primarily, in vitro DNA interaction studies revealed a metallopolymer which possesses high DNA binding propensity and cleaves DNA via the oxidative pathway. We further analysed its potential on cancerous cells MCF-7, HeLa, A549, and two non-tumorigenic cells HEK293 and HBE. The selective cytotoxicity potential of PCU1 against A549 cells driven us to examine the mechanistic pathways comprehensively by carrying out various assays viz, cell cycle arrest, Annexin V-FTIC/PI assay, autophagy, intercellular localization, mitochondrial membrane potential 'MMP', antiproliferative assay, and gene expression of TGF-β and MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India.
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14
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Bhattacharyya A, Jameei A, Saha R, Garai A, Karande AA, Chakravarty AR. BODIPY-linked cis-dichlorido zinc(ii) conjugates: the strategic design of organelle-specific next-generation theranostic photosensitizers. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:103-115. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cis-dichlorido Zn(ii)–BODIPY-based smart theranostic photosensitizers, as alternatives to Zn-porphyrins/phthalocyanines, show mitochondrion-targeted and imaging guided type-II photodynamic therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Aida Jameei
- Department of Biochemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Rupak Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Aditya Garai
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Anjali A. Karande
- Department of Biochemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Akhil R. Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
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15
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Ohshita J, Yamaji K, Adachi Y. Synthesis of spiro(dipyridinogermole)(dithienogermole)-copper complexes. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Mahanta CS, Aparna S, Das SK, Jena BB, Swain BR, Patri M, Dash BP, Satapathy R. Star‐Shaped Phenylene BODIPY: Synthesis, Properties and Biocompatibility Assessment Using Zebrafish. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Aparna
- Department of ZoologyRavenshaw University Cuttack Odisha 753003 India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Centre for BiotechnologySiksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar Odisha 751030 India
| | | | | | - Manorama Patri
- Department of ZoologyRavenshaw University Cuttack Odisha 753003 India
| | - Barada P. Dash
- Department of ChemistrySiksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar Odisha 751030 India
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17
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Wang J, Gong Q, Wang L, Hao E, Jiao L. The main strategies for tuning BODIPY fluorophores into photosensitizers. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of target malignant tumors via the generation of highly reactive singlet oxygen species. PDT treatment of cancer/tumor tissues greatly relies on the development of suitable stable, highly specific and efficient photosensitizers. BODIPY (Boron dipyrromethene) derivatives, as a class of well-developed, versatile fluorescent dyes, has emerged as a new class of PDT agents over the past decade. Many elegant strategies have been developed to enhance the singlet oxygen generation efficiency and the cancer/tumor cell selectivity of BODIPY-based photosensitizers to improve the therapeutic outcomes as well as to minimize the side effects. Many of the currently reported BODIPY-based photosensitizers are valuable dual imaging and therapeutic agents, which can efficiently generate singlet oxygen for PDT and emit fluorescence for in vivo imaging. Although the currently approved PDT agents used for clinical trials do not feature BODIPYs, this situation is expected to change. In this review, we provide an overview of the various strategies that have been used to improve the singlet oxygen generation efficiency for tuning BODIPY fluorophores into photosensitizers and dual imaging/therapeutic agents. Their photophysical properties and photocytotoxic activity including the absorption/emission wavelengths, the singlet oxygen generation efficiency ([Formula: see text] and the half maximal inhibitory concentration [Formula: see text] of these currently reported photosensitizers are summarized. We believe these newly developed BODIPY-based photosensitizers will broaden current concepts of strategies for PDT agent design, and promise to make an important contribution to the diagnosis and therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
- Department of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qingbao Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Long Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
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18
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Li X, Li B, Jin X, Dong F, Li H. A new Cu(II) coordination polymer with helical double chains: crystal structure, molecular docking, and protective activity on coronary heart disease by reducing oxidative stress. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1729980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Li
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoyi Li
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowan Jin
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengquan Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Karaman O, Almammadov T, Emre Gedik M, Gunaydin G, Kolemen S, Gunbas G. Mitochondria-Targeting Selenophene-Modified BODIPY-Based Photosensitizers for the Treatment of Hypoxic Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1879-1886. [PMID: 31663667 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two red-absorbing, water-soluble and mitochondria (MT)-targeting selenophene-substituted BODIPY-based photosensitizers (PSs) were realized (BOD-Se, BOD-Se-I), and their potential as photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents were evaluated. BOD-Se-I showed higher 1 O2 generation yield thanks to the enhanced heavy-atom effect, and this derivative was further tested in detail in cell culture studies under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. BOD-Se-I not only effectively functioned under hypoxic conditions, but also showed highly selective photocytotoxicity towards cancer cells. The selectivity is believed to arise from differences in mitochondrial membrane potentials of healthy and cancerous cells. To the best of our knowledge, this marks the first example of a MT-targeted BODIPY PS that functions under hypoxic conditions. Remarkably, thanks to the design strategy, all these properties where realized by a compound that was synthesized in only five steps with 32 % overall yield. Hence, this material holds great promise for the realization of next-generation PDT drugs for the treatment of hypoxic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Karaman
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - M Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Department of Chemistry, Koc University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koc University (KU), Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Gunbas
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Gu S, Yu P, Hu J, Liu Y, Li Z, Qian Y, Wang Y, Gou Y, Yang F. Mitochondria-localizing N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone copper complexes with good cytotoxicity and high antimetastatic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:654-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Pathak S, Ghosh MK, Mandal M, Mandal V, Bhattacharyya A, Ghorai TK. Synthesis of a new acetate bridged Cu(ii) building block generated 1D polymer and studies on structural, magnetic, antibacterial and anticancer properties. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel 1D polymer of formula [Cu3(Py)6(μ-CH3COO)4(I3)2]n having asymmetric unit {[Cu0.75(CH3COO)1(Py)1.5]·(I3)0.5}n and S = 1/2 shows bacterial growth inhibition and ROS mediated chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mithun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indira Gandhi National Tribal University
- Amarkantak
- India
| | - Manab Mandal
- Department of Botany
- University of GourBanga
- Mokdumpur
- Malda
- India
| | | | - Arnab Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- India
| | - Tanmay K. Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry
- University of GourBanga
- Malda
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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22
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Zhu J, Zou J, Zhang J, Sun Y, Dong X, Zhang Q. An anthracene functionalized BODIPY derivative with singlet oxygen storage ability for photothermal and continuous photodynamic synergistic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) generated from the photosensitization process within tumor tissues during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is self-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211800
- China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing
| | - Jianhua Zou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211800
- China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211800
- China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211800
- China
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23
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Banaspati A, Das D, Choudhury CJ, Bhattacharyya A, Goswami TK. Photocytotoxic copper(II) complexes of N-salicylyl-l-tryptophan and phenanthroline bases. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 191:60-68. [PMID: 30468943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Four ternary copper(II) complexes of N-salicylyl-l-Tryptophan (Sal-TrpH) and phenanthroline bases of general formula [Cu(Sal-Trp)(L)], where L is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 2), dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz, 3) and 2-(anthracen-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (aip, 4), were synthesized and fully characterized. The complexes were evaluated for their affinity for biomolecules and photocytotoxic activities. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of complex 1 revealed that it has a square pyramidal CuN3O2 core with the phenolate oxygen of salicylaldehyde occupying the axial coordination site in the solid state. Complexes 1-4 displayed the Cu(II)-Cu(I) redox couples at ~-0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode in DMF-0.1 M [Bun4N](ClO4). A Cu(II)-based weak d-d band ~650 nm and a moderately strong ligand to metal charge transfer band at ~430 nm were observed in DMF-Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2) (1:4 v/v). The complexes are efficient binders to calf thymus DNA and model proteins such as bovine serum albumin and lysozyme. They cleave supercoiled plasmid DNA efficiently when exposed to 446 and 660 nm laser radiation. They are cytotoxic to HeLa (human cervical cancer) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cells showing significant enhancement of cytotoxicity upon photo-excitation with low energy visible light. The complexes are found to kill cancer cells through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as confirmed by DCFDA (2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate) assay. The apoptotic cell death induced by complex 4 was confirmed by Annexin V-Fluorescein isothiocyanate-Propidium iodide assay. Confocal microscopic images using 4 showed its primary cytosolic localization in the HeLa and MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Banaspati
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | - Dhananjay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | | | - Arnab Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Tridib K Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
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