1
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Sumrit P, Kamavichanurat S, Joopor W, Wattanathana W, Nakornkhet C, Hormnirun P. Aluminium complexes of phenoxy-azo ligands in the catalysis of rac-lactide polymerisation. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39091186 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Fourteen new phenoxy-azo aluminium complexes comprising two series, namely, dimethyl{phenoxy-azo}aluminium complexes 1a-7a and monomethyl{phenoxy-azo}aluminium complexes 1b-7b, were successfully synthesised and characterised. The molecular structure of complex 4a, determined using X-ray diffraction analysis, displayed a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The 1H NMR spectrum of complex 5b revealed fluxional behaviour caused by isomeric transformation that occurs in the solution at room temperature. The activation parameters determined by lineshape analysis of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra in toluene-d8 are as follows: ΔH‡ = 70.05 ± 1.19 kJ mol-1, ΔS‡ = 21.78 ± 3.58 J mol-1 K-1 and ΔG‡ (298 K) = 63.56 ± 0.11 kJ mol-1. All aluminium complexes are active initiators for the ring-opening polymerisation of rac-lactide, and the polymerisations proceeded in a controlled manner and were living. In comparison, the catalytic activity of the dimethyl{phenoxy-azo}aluminium complexes was insignificantly different from that of the corresponding monomethyl{phenoxy-azo}aluminium complexes. The steric factor of the ortho-phenoxy substituent was observed to exert a decelerating effect on the catalytic rate. Kinetic investigations revealed first-order dependency on both monomer and initiator concentrations. Comparative catalytic investigations conducted on phenoxy-azo aluminium and phenoxy-imine aluminium complexes revealed that the former complexes exhibited lower catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawut Sumrit
- Laboratory of Catalysts and Advanced Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sirawan Kamavichanurat
- Laboratory of Catalysts and Advanced Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wasan Joopor
- Laboratory of Catalysts and Advanced Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Worawat Wattanathana
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chutikan Nakornkhet
- Laboratory of Catalysts and Advanced Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pimpa Hormnirun
- Laboratory of Catalysts and Advanced Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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2
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Tiwari OS, Rawat V, Zhang H, Chibh S, Rencus-Lazar S, Diesendruck CE, Gazit E. Ring-opening polymerization of lactide catalyzed using metal-coordinated enzyme-like amino acid assemblies. J Pept Sci 2024:e3626. [PMID: 38810988 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA), a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, is widely used in diverse biomedical applications. However, the industry standard for converting lactide into PLA involves toxic tin (Sn)-based catalysts. To mitigate the use of these harmful catalysts, other environmentally benign metal-containing agents for efficient lactide polymerization have been studied, but these alternatives are hindered by complex synthesis processes, reactivity issues, and selectivity limitations. To overcome these shortcomings, we explored the catalytic activity of Cu-(Phe)2 and Zn-(Phe)2 metal-amino acid co-assemblies as potential catalysts of the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide into PLA. Catalytic activity of the assemblies was monitored at different temperatures and solvents using 1H-NMR spectroscopy to determine the catalytic parameters. Notably, Zn-(Phe)2 achieved >99% conversion of lactide to PLA within 12 h in toluene under reflux conditions and was found to have first-order kinetics, whereas Cu-(Phe)2 exhibited significantly lower catalytic activity. Following Zn-(Phe)2-mediated catalysis, the resulting PLA had an average molecular weight of 128 kDa and a dispersity index of 1.25 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. Taken together, our minimalistic approach expands the realm of metal-amino acid-based supramolecular catalytic nanomaterials useful in the ROP of lactide. This advancement shows promise for the future design of simplified biocatalysts in both industrial and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Shanker Tiwari
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hang Zhang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sonika Chibh
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Cardwell PA, Del Moro C, Murphy MP, Lapthorn AJ, Hartley RC. Human mitochondrial glutathione transferases: Kinetic parameters and accommodation of a mitochondria-targeting group in substrates. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 104:117712. [PMID: 38593670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases are key to the cellular detoxification of xenobiotics and products of oxidative damage. GSTs catalyse the reaction of glutathione (GSH) with electrophiles to form stable thioether adducts. GSTK1-1 is the main GST isoform in the mitochondrial matrix, but the GSTA1-1 and GSTA4-4 isoforms are also thought to be in the mitochondria with their distribution altering in transformed cells, thus potentially providing a cancer specific target. A mitochondria-targeted version of the GST substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), MitoCDNB, has been used to manipulate the mitochondrial GSH pool. To finesse this approach to target particular GST isoforms in the context of cancer, here we have determined the kcat/Km for the human isoforms of GSTK1-1, GSTA1-1 and GSTA4-4 with respect to GSH and CDNB. We show how the rate of the GST-catalysed reaction between GSH and CDNB analogues can be modified by both the electron withdrawing substituents, and by the position of the mitochondria-targeting triphenylphosphonium on the chlorobenzene ring to tune the activity of mitochondria-targeted substrates. These findings can now be exploited to selectively disrupt the mitochondrial GSH pools of cancer cells expressing particular GST isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Cardwell
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Carlo Del Moro
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Adrian J Lapthorn
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard C Hartley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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4
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Xia D, Li H, Li T, Ma H. Isoselective Polymerization of rac-Lactide by Magnesium Initiators Bearing Achiral Di(2-pyridyl)methyl Substituted Aminophenolate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37377247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of achiral di(2-pyridyl)methyl substituted aminophenols L1-6H (2-{N-R3-N-[di(2-pyridyl)methyl]aminomethyl}-4-R1-6-R2-C6H2OH: R1 = R2 = tBu, R3 = nBu (L1H), R3 = nhexyl (L2H), R3 = cyclohexyl (L3H); R1 = R2 = cumyl, R3 = nBu (L4H), R3 = nhexyl (L5H), R3 = cyclohexyl (L6H)) with {Mg[N(SiMe3)2]2}2 ([L1-6H]:[Mg] = 1:1) afforded a series of magnesium silylamido complexes 1-6. In the solid state, the magnesium center of 3, 4, and 6 is penta-coordinated by the tetradentate aminophenloate ligand and one silylamido ligand to form a seriously distorted square-pyramidal geometry as confirmed by X-ray crystallography diffraction analysis. VT 1H NMR and ROESY experiments further indicate that these magnesium complexes are also five-coordinated in solutions where the coordination of either of the two pyridyl pendants to the magnesium center is maintained. Complexes 1-6 are highly active toward the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide (rac-LA) at r.t. both in toluene and in tetrahydrofuran, capable of polymerizing 500 equiv of monomer to high conversions just within minutes. Among them, complex 3 exhibited the highest iso-stereoselectivity, affording moderately isotactic polylactide in toluene (Pm = 0.75). It is found that the isoselectivities and activities of these magnesium complexes toward the polymerization of rac-LA are closely associated with the substituents at the ortho-position of the phenoxide unit and on the skeleton nitrogen atom of the ligand. On the basis of NMR spectroscopic studies, the formation of isotactic PLAs with dominant stereoblock sequences was witnessed by using these magnesium complexes as initiators, and the inequivalent coordination of two pyridyl pendant arms in these magnesium complexes might be the source of exerting isoselective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Hehua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Tang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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5
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Burkart L, Eith A, Hoffmann A, Herres-Pawlis S. Open Loop Recycling - Guanidine Iron(II) Polymerization Catalyst for the Depolymerization of Polylactide. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201195. [PMID: 36577118 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A previously reported non-toxic guanidine-iron catalyst active in the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of polylactide (PLA) under industrially relevant conditions was evaluated for its activity in the alcoholysis and aminolysis of PLA under mild conditions. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined for the methanolysis of PLA with [FeCl2 (TMG5NMe2 asme)] (C1) using 1 H NMR spectroscopy. A comparison with the Zn analog of C1 showed that the metal center has a large impact on the activity for the alcoholysis. Further, the influence of different nucleophiles was tested broadening the scope of products from PLA waste. C1 is the first discrete metal catalyst reported to be active in the selective aminolysis of PLA. Catalyst recycling, scale-up experiments and solvent-free alcoholysis were conducted successfully strengthening the industrial relevance and highlighting aspects of green chemistry. Moreover, the selective depolymerization of PLA in polymer blends was successful. C1 is a promising catalyst for a circular (bio)plastics economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Burkart
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Eith
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Buchard A, Chuck CJ, Davidson MG, Gobius du Sart G, Jones MD, McCormick SN, Russell AD. A Highly Active and Selective Zirconium-Based Catalyst System for the Industrial Production of Poly(lactic acid). ACS Catal 2023; 13:2681-2695. [PMID: 36846823 PMCID: PMC9942235 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradable, aliphatic polyester poly(lactic acid), PLA, is a leading bio-based alternative to petrochemical-derived plastic materials across a range of applications. Widely reported in the available literature as a benchmark for PLA production via the bulk ring-opening polymerization of lactides is the use of divalent tin catalysts, and particularly tin(II) bis(2-ethylhexanoate). We present an alternative zirconium-based system that combines an inexpensive Group IV metal with the robustness, high activity, control, and designed compatibility with existing facilities and processes, that are required for industrial use. We have carried out a comprehensive kinetic study and applied a combined experimental and theoretical approach to understanding the mechanism by which the polymerization of lactide proceeds in the presence of this system. In the laboratory-scale (20 g) polymerization of recrystallized racemic d,l-lactide (rac-lactide), we have measured catalyst turnover frequencies up to at least 56,000 h-1, and confirmed the reported protocols' resistance toward undesirable epimerization, transesterification, and chain scission processes, deleterious to the properties of the polymer product. Further optimization and scale-up under industrial conditions have confirmed the relevance of the catalytic protocol to the commercial production of melt-polymerized PLA. We were able to undertake the efficient preparation of high-molecular-weight PLA on the 500-2000 g scale, via the selective and well-controlled polymerization of commercial polymer-grade l-lactide under challenging, industrially relevant conditions, and at metal concentrations as low as 8-12 ppm Zr by weight ([Zr] = 1.3 × 10-3 to 1.9 × 10-3 mol %). Under those conditions, a catalyst turnover number of at least 60,000 was attained, and the activity of the catalyst was comparable to that of tin(II) bis(2-ethylhexanoate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Buchard
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Christopher J. Chuck
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Matthew G. Davidson
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,
| | | | - Matthew D Jones
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Strachan N. McCormick
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.,
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7
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Vaillant-Coindard V, Théron B, Printz G, Chotard F, Balan C, Rousselin Y, Richard P, Tolbatov I, Fleurat-Lessard P, Bodio E, Malacea-Kabbara R, Bayardon J, Dagorne S, Le Gendre P. Phenoxy-Amidine Ligands: Toward Lactic Acid-Tolerant Catalysts for Lactide Ring-Opening Polymerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Vaillant-Coindard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Théron
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Gaël Printz
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR-CNRS 7177), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Chotard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Cédric Balan
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Yoann Rousselin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Richard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Iogann Tolbatov
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Ewen Bodio
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Raluca Malacea-Kabbara
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Bayardon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Samuel Dagorne
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR-CNRS 7177), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Le Gendre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
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8
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Hermann A, Becker T, Schäfer MA, Hoffmann A, Herres‐Pawlis S. Effective Ligand Design: Zinc Complexes with Guanidine Hydroquinoline Ligands for Fast Lactide Polymerization and Chemical Recycling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201075. [PMID: 35803895 PMCID: PMC9795895 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of two new guanidine hydroquinoline ligands served as basis for six new zinc guanidine complexes. Two of these complexes showed very high activity in the lactide polymerization under industrial conditions. The lactide polymerization was demonstrated in solution and melt conditions observing high activity and molar masses up to 90 000 g mol-1 . Density functional theory studies elucidated the high activity of the complexes associated with the influence of the ligand backbone and the use of triflate counterions. On the way towards a circular economy, polymerization and depolymerization go hand in hand. So far, guanidine complexes have only shown their good activity in the ring opening polymerization of esters, and guanidine complexes with pure N donors have not been tested in recycling processes. Herein, the excellent ability of zinc guanidine complexes to catalyze both polymerization and depolymerization was demonstrated. The two most promising zinc complexes efficiently mediated the methanolysis of polylactide into methyl lactate under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Hermann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Tabea Becker
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Martin A. Schäfer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
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9
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Glöckler E, Ghosh S, Schulz S. β-Diketiminate and β-Ketoiminate Metal Catalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2121837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Glöckler
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Swarup Ghosh
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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10
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Rittinghaus RD, Zenner J, Pich A, Kol M, Herres‐Pawlis S. Master of Chaos and Order: Opposite Microstructures of PCL‐
co
‐PGA‐
co
‐PLA Accessible by a Single Catalyst**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112853. [PMID: 34984790 PMCID: PMC9305917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One catalyst, two reaction set‐ups, three monomers and unlimited macromolecular microstructural designs: The iron guanidine complex [FeCl2(TMG5NMe2asme)] (1) polymerizes lactide faster than the industrially used Sn(Oct)2 and shows high activity towards glycolide and ϵ‐caprolactone. Its distinguished features enable the synthesis of both block and random‐like copolymers in the melt by a simple change of the polymerization set‐up. Sequential addition of monomers yields highly ordered block copolymers including the symmetrical PLA‐b‐PGA‐b‐PCL‐b‐PGA‐b‐PLA pentablock copolymers, while polymerizations of monomer mixtures feature enhanced transesterifications and pave the way to di‐ and terpolymers with highly dispersed repeating unit distributions. A robust catalyst active under industrially applicable conditions and producing copolymers with desired microstructures is a major step towards biocompatible polymers with tailor‐made properties as alternatives for traditional plastics on the way towards a sustainable, circular material flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Johannes Zenner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Moshe Kol
- The School of Chemistry Tel Aviv University Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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11
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Fuchs M, Walbeck M, Jagla E, Hoffmann A, Herres-Pawlis S. Guanidine Carboxy Zinc Complexes for the Chemical Recycling of Renewable Polyesters. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200029. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fuchs
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Marcel Walbeck
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Eveline Jagla
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- RWTH Aachen Fakultät 1, Institut für Anorganische Chemie Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen GERMANY
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12
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Rittinghaus RD, Zenner J, Pich A, Kol M, Herres‐Pawlis S. Kontrolle über Chaos und Ordnung: Gegensätzliche Mikrostrukturen von PCL‐
co
‐PGA‐
co
‐PLA durch einen einzigen Katalysator zugänglich**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Johannes Zenner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Moshe Kol
- The School of Chemistry Tel Aviv University Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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13
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English LE, Jones MD, Liptrot D. N‐Heterocyclic Phosphines as Precatalysts for the Highly Selective Degradation of Poly(lactic acid). ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Liptrot
- University of Bath Chemistry Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UNITED KINGDOM
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14
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Novák M, Turek J, Milasheuskaya Y, Růžičková Z, Podzimek Š, Jambor R. N-Donor stabilized tin(II) cations as efficient ROP catalysts for the synthesis of linear and star-shaped PLAs via the activated monomer mechanism. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16039-16052. [PMID: 34651625 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02658e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Iminopyridine ligands L1 (2-(CHN(C6H2-2,4,6-Ph3))C5H4N), L2 (2-(CHN(C6H2-2,4,6-tBu3))C5H4N) and L3 (1,2-(C5H4N-2-CHN)2CH2CH2) differing by the steric demand of the substituent on the imine CHN group and by the number of donating nitrogen atoms were utilized to initiate a Lewis base mediated ionization of SnCl2 in an effort to prepare ionic tin(II) species [L1-3 → SnCl][SnCl3]. The reaction of L1 and L2 with SnCl2 led to the formation of neutral adducts [L1 → SnCl2] (2) and [L2 → SnCl2] (3). The preparation of the desired ionic compounds was achieved by subsequent reactions of 2 and 3 with an equivalent of SnCl2 or GaCl3. In contrast, ligand L3 containing four donor nitrogen atoms showed the ability to ionize SnCl2 and also Sn(OTf)2, yielding [L3 → SnCl][SnCl3] (7) and [L3 → Sn(H2O)][OTf]2 (8). The study thus revealed that the reaction is dependent on the type of the ligand. The prepared complexes 4-8 together with the previously reported [{2-((CH3)CN(C6H3-2,6-iPr2))-6-CH3O-C5H3N}SnCl][SnCl3] (1) were tested as catalysts for the ROP of L-lactide, which could operate via an activated monomer mechanism. Finally, a DFT computational study was performed to evaluate the steric and electronic properties of the ionic tin(II) species 1 and 4-8 together with their ability to interact with the L-lactide monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Novák
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Turek
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yaraslava Milasheuskaya
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Podzimek
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic. .,Synpo, Ltd., S.K. Neumanna 1316, 53207 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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15
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Rittinghaus RD, Karabulut A, Hoffmann A, Herres‐Pawlis S. Nachtaktiv: Eisen‐Guanidin‐Komplex katalysiert ROP auf der schlafenden Seite der ATRP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Aylin Karabulut
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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16
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Rittinghaus RD, Karabulut A, Hoffmann A, Herres‐Pawlis S. Active in Sleep: Iron Guanidine Catalyst Performs ROP on Dormant Side of ATRP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21795-21800. [PMID: 34270162 PMCID: PMC8518923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Copolymers are the answer to property limitations of homopolymers. In order to use the full variety of monomers available, catalysts active in more than one polymerization mechanism are currently investigated. Iron guanidine catalysts have shown to be extraordinarily active in ROP of lactide and herein prove their versatility by also promoting ATRP of styrene. The presented iron complex is the first polymerizing lactide and styrene simultaneously to a defined block copolymer in a convenient one-pot synthesis. Both mechanisms work hand in hand with ROP using the dominantly present FeII species on the dormant side of the ATRP equilibrium. This orthogonal copolymerization by a benign iron catalyst opens up new pathways to biocompatible polymerization procedures broadening the scope of ATRP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D. Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Aylin Karabulut
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1a52074AachenGermany
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17
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Lackmann C, Brendt J, Seiler TB, Hermann A, Metz A, Schäfer PM, Herres-Pawlis S, Hollert H. The Green toxicology approach: Insight towards the eco-toxicologically safe development of benign catalysts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125889. [PMID: 34492827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Green toxicology is a novel approach increasingly applied for the development of materials and chemicals that are more benign to the environment and human health than their conventional counterparts. It includes predictive eco-toxicological assessments of chemicals during the early developmental process to exclude adverse effects. In the present study, two guanidine zinc catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide were investigated using eco-toxicological tools. Namely, the fish embryo toxicity assay for teratogenic effects, the ER (α) CALUX assay for endocrine activity and the Ames fluctuation assay for mutagenic potential were applied. Both complexes showed no endocrine activity, mutagenicity or acute aquatic toxicity, however a delayed hatch could be observed, therefore suggesting potential effects on a molecular level. This proof-of-concept study aims to assess the toxicity of guanidine zinc catalysts and is a first step towards the incorporation of toxicological assessments into chemical developmental processes to achieve a sustainable and safe production of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lackmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Brendt
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Hygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebiets, Rotthauser Str. 21, 45879 Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Alina Hermann
- Chair of Bioinorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Metz
- Chair of Bioinorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal M Schäfer
- Chair of Bioinorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Chair of Bioinorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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18
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Kröckert KW, Mannsperger JS, Rösener T, Hoffmann A, Herres‐Pawlis S. Increasing the Activity of Copper Guanidine Quinoline Catalysts: Substitution at the Quinoline Backbone Leads to Highly Active Complexes for ATRP. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Rösener
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1A 52074 Aachen
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1A 52074 Aachen
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1A 52074 Aachen
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19
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Hermann A, Hill S, Metz A, Heck J, Hoffmann A, Hartmann L, Herres-Pawlis S. Next Generation of Zinc Bisguanidine Polymerization Catalysts towards Highly Crystalline, Biodegradable Polyesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21778-21784. [PMID: 32954634 PMCID: PMC7814670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polylactide and polycaprolactone are both biodegradable polymers produced through metal-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization. For a truly sustainable lifecycle of these polymers it is essential to replace the industrially used cytotoxic catalyst tin(II) bis(2-ethylhexanoate) [Sn(Oct)2 ] with non-toxic alternatives. Here, we report the fastest known robust catalyst in the polymerization of lactide and ϵ-caprolactone. This zinc guanidine catalyst can polymerize non-purified technical rac-lactide and ϵ-caprolactone in the melt at different [M]/[I] ratios with fast rate constants, high molar masses, and high yields in a short time, leading to colorless, transparent polymer. Moreover, we report that polylactide and polycaprolactone produced by zinc-guanidine complexes have favorably high crystallinities. In fact, the obtained polylactide shows a more robust degradation profile than its Sn(Oct)2 -catalysed equivalent due to a higher degree of crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Hermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephen Hill
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela Metz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joshua Heck
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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20
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Hermann A, Hill S, Metz A, Heck J, Hoffmann A, Hartmann L, Herres‐Pawlis S. Mit der nächsten Generation von Zink‐Bisguanidin‐Polymerisationskatalysatoren zu hochkristallinen, biologisch abbaubaren Polyestern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Hermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Stephen Hill
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Angela Metz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Joshua Heck
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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21
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Schäfer PM, Herres-Pawlis S. Robust Guanidine Metal Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide under Industrially Relevant Conditions. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1044-1052. [PMID: 32449840 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing awareness of sustainability has led to enormous growth of the demand for bio-based and biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactide) (PLA). In industry, polymerization of lactide is currently carried out using tin catalysts (e. g., tin(II) ethyl hexanoate, Sn(Oct)2 ). Since the catalyst remains in the polymer, it can accumulate in the soil or in the human body after degradation and cause damage due to its toxicity. Therefore, a search for a suitable substitute for this catalyst has been going on for decades. Guanidine metal complexes prove to be excellent catalysts in the polymerization of lactide. They are not only convincing because of their activity and the synthesis of high molar mass polymers, but also show a high robustness against high temperatures, oxidation as well as residual protic impurities in the monomer. Herein, key zinc and iron guanidine complexes are discussed with respect to their apparent rate constant (kapp ) and rate constant of propagation (kp ), produced molar masses and the mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal M Schäfer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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22
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Ghosh S, Glöckler E, Wölper C, Tjaberings A, Gröschel AH, Schulz S. Heteroleptic β-Ketoiminate Magnesium Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Ghosh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstraße 7, S07 S03 C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Eduard Glöckler
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstraße 7, S07 S03 C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstraße 7, S07 S03 C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Tjaberings
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstraße 7, S07 S03 C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
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23
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Fuchs M, Schmitz S, Schäfer PM, Secker T, Metz A, Ksiazkiewicz AN, Pich A, Kögerler P, Monakhov KY, Herres-Pawlis S. Mononuclear zinc(II) Schiff base complexes as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Rittinghaus RD, Tremmel J, Růžička A, Conrads C, Albrecht P, Hoffmann A, Ksiazkiewicz AN, Pich A, Jambor R, Herres-Pawlis S. Undiscovered Potential: Ge Catalysts for Lactide Polymerization. Chemistry 2019; 26:212-221. [PMID: 31587400 PMCID: PMC6972987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is a high potential bioplastic that can replace oil-based plastics in a number of applications. To date, in spite of its known toxicity, a tin catalyst is used on industrial scale which should be replaced by a benign catalyst in the long run. Germanium is known to be unharmful while having similar properties as tin. Only few germylene catalysts are known so far and none has shown the potential for industrial application. We herein present Ge complexes in combination with zinc and copper, which show amazingly high polymerization activities for lactide in bulk at 150 °C. By systematical variation of the complex structure, proven by single-crystal XRD and DFT calculations, structure-property relationships are found regarding the polymerization activity. Even in the presence of zinc and copper, germanium acts as the active site for polymerizing probably through the coordination-insertion mechanism to high molar mass polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jakub Tremmel
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Conrads
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal Albrecht
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka N Ksiazkiewicz
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Schäfer PM, Dankhoff K, Rothemund M, Ksiazkiewicz AN, Pich A, Schobert R, Weber B, Herres‐Pawlis S. Towards New Robust Zn(II) Complexes for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide Under Industrially Relevant Conditions. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1020-1026. [PMID: 31384524 PMCID: PMC6664153 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of bio-based and biodegradable plastics is a hot topic in research due to growing environmental problems caused by omnipresent plastics. As a result, polylactide, which has been known for years, has seen a tremendous increase in industrial production. Nevertheless, the manufacturing process using the toxic catalyst Sn(Oct)2 is very critical. As an alternative, five zinc acetate complexes have been synthesized with Schiff base-like ligands that exhibit high activity in the ring-opening polymerization of non-purified lactide. The systems bear different side arms in the ligand scaffold. The influence of these substituents has been analyzed. For a detailed description of the catalytic activities, the rate constants k app and k p were determined using in-situ Raman spectroscopy at a temperature of 150 °C. The polymers produced have molar masses of up to 71 000 g mol-1 and are therefore suitable for a variety of applications. Toxicity measurements carried out for these complexes proved the nontoxicity of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal M. Schäfer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Katja Dankhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IVUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstr. 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Matthias Rothemund
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry IUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstr. 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Agnieszka N. Ksiazkiewicz
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V.Forckenbeckstr. 5052074AachenGermany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)Maastricht UniversityBrightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 226167 RDGeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V.Forckenbeckstr. 5052074AachenGermany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)Maastricht UniversityBrightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 226167 RDGeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry IUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstr. 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IVUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstr. 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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26
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Ghosh S, Schäfer PM, Dittrich D, Scheiper C, Steiniger P, Fink G, Ksiazkiewicz AN, Tjaberings A, Wölper C, Gröschel AH, Pich A, Herres‐Pawlis S, Schulz S. Heterolepic β-Ketoiminate Zinc Phenoxide Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Ring Opening Polymerization of Lactide. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:951-960. [PMID: 31338277 PMCID: PMC6625107 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc phenoxide complexes L1ZnOAr 1-4 (L1=Me2NC2H4NC(Me)CHC(Me)O) and L2ZnOAr 5-8 (L2=Me2NC3H6NC(Me)CHC(Me)O) with donor-functionalized β-ketoiminate ligands (L1/2) and OAr substituents (Ar=Ph 1, 5; 2,6-Me2-C6H3 2, 6; 3,5-Me2-C6H3 3, 7; 4-Bu-C6H4 4, 8) with tuneable electronic and steric properties were synthesized and characterized. 1-8 adopt binuclear structures in the solid state except for 5, while they are monomeric in CDCl3 solution. 1-8 are active catalysts for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA) in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature and the catalytic activity is controlled by the electronic and steric properties of the OAr substituent, yielding polymers with high average molecular weight (M n) and moderately controlled molecular weight distribution (MWDs). 1 and 5 showed a living polymerization character and kinetic studies on the ROP of L-LA with 1 and 5 proved first order dependencies on the monomer concentration. Homonuclear decoupled 1H-NMR analyses of polylactic acid (PLA) formed with rac-LA proved isotactic enrichment of the PLA microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Ghosh
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30D-45141Essen
| | - Pascal M. Schäfer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Dennis Dittrich
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30D-45141Essen
| | - Christoph Scheiper
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30D-45141Essen
| | - Phillip Steiniger
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30D-45141Essen
| | - Gerhard Fink
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Agnieszka N. Ksiazkiewicz
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V.Forckenbeckstraße 5042074AachenGermany
| | - Alexander Tjaberings
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) NanoEnergieTechnikZentrumCarl-Benz-Str. 19947057Duisburg
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30D-45141Essen
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) NanoEnergieTechnikZentrumCarl-Benz-Str. 19947057Duisburg
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V.Forckenbeckstraße 5042074AachenGermany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot CampusUrmonderbaan 226167RD GeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30D-45141Essen
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