1
|
Verma R, Sharma G, Polshettiwar V. The paradox of thermal vs. non-thermal effects in plasmonic photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7974. [PMID: 39266509 PMCID: PMC11393361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The debate surrounding the roles of thermal and non-thermal pathways in plasmonic catalysis has captured the attention of researchers and sparked vibrant discussions within the scientific community. In this review, we embark on a thorough exploration of this intriguing discourse, starting from fundamental principles and culminating in a detailed understanding of the divergent viewpoints. We probe into the core of the debate by elucidating the behavior of excited charge carriers in illuminated plasmonic nanostructures, which serves as the foundation for the two opposing schools of thought. We present the key arguments and evidence put forth by proponents of both the non-thermal and thermal pathways, providing a perspective on their respective positions. Beyond the theoretical divide, we discussed the evolving methodologies used to unravel these mechanisms. We discuss the use of Arrhenius equations and their variations, shedding light on the ensuing debates about their applicability. Our review emphasizes the significance of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), investigating its role in collective charge oscillations and the decay dynamics that influence catalytic processes. We also talked about the nuances of activation energy, exploring its relationship with the nonlinearity of temperature and light intensity dependence on reaction rates. Additionally, we address the intricacies of catalyst surface temperature measurements and their implications in understanding light-triggered reaction dynamics. The review further discusses wavelength-dependent reaction rates, kinetic isotope effects, and competitive electron transfer reactions, offering an all-inclusive view of the field. This review not only maps the current landscape of plasmonic photocatalysis but also facilitates future explorations and innovations to unlock the full potential of plasmon-mediated catalysis, where synergistic approaches could lead to different vistas in chemical transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Verma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Vivek Polshettiwar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sekar P, Bericat-Vadell R, Patehebieke Y, Broqvist P, Wallentin CJ, Görlin M, Sá J. Decoupling Plasmonic Hot Carrier from Thermal Catalysis via Electrode Engineering. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8619-8625. [PMID: 38973705 PMCID: PMC11261604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Increased attention has been directed toward generating nonequilibrium hot carriers resulting from the decay of collective electronic oscillations on metal known as surface plasmons. Despite numerous experimental endeavors, demonstrating hot carrier-mediated photocatalysis without a heating contribution has proven challenging, particularly for single electron transfer reactions where the thermal contribution is generally detrimental. An innovative engineering solution is proposed to enable single electron transfer reactions with plasmonics. It consists of a photoelectrode designed as an energy filter and photocatalysis performed with light function modulation instead of continuously. The photoelectrode, consisting of FTO/TiO2 amorphous (10 nm)/Au nanoparticles, with TiO2 acting as a step-shape energy filter to enhance hot electron extraction and charge-separated state lifetime. The extracted hot electrons were directed toward the counter electrode, while the hot holes performed a single electron transfer oxidation reaction. Light modulation prevented local heat accumulation, effectively decoupling hot carrier catalysis from the thermal contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pandiaraj Sekar
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Robert Bericat-Vadell
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Yeersen Patehebieke
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Kemivägen
10, Gothenburg 412 58, Sweden
| | - Peter Broqvist
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Structural Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Wallentin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Kemivägen
10, Gothenburg 412 58, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Görlin
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Structural Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Jacinto Sá
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry Division, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fusco Z, Koenig D, Smith SC, Beck FJ. Ab initio investigation of hot electron transfer in CO 2 plasmonic photocatalysis in the presence of hydroxyl adsorbate. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1030-1041. [PMID: 38623705 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00046c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Photoreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) on plasmonic structures is of great interest in photocatalysis to aid selectivity. While species commonly found in reaction environments and associated intermediates can steer the reaction down different pathways by altering the potential energy landscape of the system, they are often not addressed when designing efficient plasmonic catalysts. Here, we perform an atomistic study of the effect of the hydroxyl group (OH) on CO2 activation and hot electron generation and transfer using first-principles calculations. We show that the presence of OH is essential in breaking the linear symmetry of CO2, which leads to a charge redistribution and a decrease in the OCO angle to 134°, thereby activating CO2. Analysis of the partial density of states (pDOS) demonstrates that the OH group mediates the orbital hybridization between Au and CO2 resulting in more accessible states, thus facilitating charge transfer. By employing time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), we quantify the fraction of hot electrons directly generated into hybridized molecular states at resonance, demonstrating a broader energy distribution and an 11% increase in charge-transfer in the presence of OH groups. We further show that the spectral overlap between excitation energy and plasmon resonance plays a critical role in efficiently modulating electron transfer processes. These findings contribute to the mechanistic understanding of plasmon-mediated reactions and demonstrate the importance of co-adsorbed species in tailoring the electron transfer processes, opening new avenues for enhancing selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zelio Fusco
- Renewable Fuel Group, School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Dirk Koenig
- Integrated Materials Design Lab, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sean C Smith
- Integrated Materials Design Lab, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Fiona Jean Beck
- Renewable Fuel Group, School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dey A, Silveira VR, Vadell RB, Lindblad A, Lindblad R, Shtender V, Görlin M, Sá J. Exploiting hot electrons from a plasmon nanohybrid system for the photoelectroreduction of CO 2. Commun Chem 2024; 7:59. [PMID: 38509134 PMCID: PMC10954701 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic materials convert light into hot carriers and heat to mediate catalytic transformation. The participation of hot carriers (photocatalysis) remains a subject of vigorous debate, often argued on the basis that carriers have ultrashort lifetime incompatible with drive photochemical processes. This study utilises plasmon hot electrons directly in the photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO via a Ppasmonic nanohybrid. Through the deliberate construction of a plasmonic nanohybrid system comprising NiO/Au/ReI(phen-NH2)(CO)3Cl (phen-NH2 = 1,10-Phenanthrolin-5-amine) that is unstable above 580 K; it was possible to demonstrate hot electrons are the main culprit in CO2 reduction. The engagement of hot electrons in the catalytic process is derived from many approaches that cover the processes in real-time, from ultrafast charge generation and separation to catalysis occurring on the minute scale. Unbiased in situ FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the stepwise reduction of the catalytic system. This, coupled with the low thermal stability of the ReI(phen-NH2)(CO)3Cl complex, explicitly establishes plasmonic hot carriers as the primary contributors to the process. Therefore, mediating catalytic reactions by plasmon hot carriers is feasible and holds promise for further exploration. Plasmonic nanohybrid systems can leverage plasmon's unique photophysics and capabilities because they expedite the carrier's lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Dey
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitor R Silveira
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Bericat Vadell
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lindblad
- Department of Physics, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Department of Physics, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitalii Shtender
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, 75103, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Görlin
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Structural Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacinto Sá
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khitous A, Noel L, Molinaro C, Vidal L, Grée S, Soppera O. Sol-Gel TiO 2 Thin Film on Au Nanoparticles for Heterogeneous Plasmonic Photocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10856-10866. [PMID: 38364302 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
A new, simple method for preparing substrates for photocatalytic applications under visible light is presented. It is based on the preparation of a dense array of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by thermal dewetting of a thin gold film followed by spin-coating of a thin TiO2 film prepared by sol-gel chemistry. The photocatalytic properties of these nanocomposite films are studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) following the N-demethylation reaction of methylene blue as a model reaction. This approach shows that the semiconducting layer on the AuNPs can significantly increase the efficiency of the photoinduced reaction. The SERS study also illustrates the influence of parameters such as TiO2 thickness and position (on or under the AuNPs). Ultimately, this study emphasizes that the primary mechanism behind the N-demethylation reaction is both the increase in extinction and the improved electron transfer facilitated by the semiconducting layer. On the other hand, exclusive reliance on photothermal effects is ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Khitous
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Laurent Noel
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Céline Molinaro
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Loïc Vidal
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Simon Grée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Olivier Soppera
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Mulhouse F-68100, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fojt J, Rossi TP, Kumar PV, Erhart P. Tailoring Hot-Carrier Distributions of Plasmonic Nanostructures through Surface Alloying. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6398-6405. [PMID: 38363179 PMCID: PMC10906084 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Alloyed metal nanoparticles are a promising platform for plasmonically enabled hot-carrier generation, which can be used to drive photochemical reactions. Although the non-plasmonic component in these systems has been investigated for its potential to enhance catalytic activity, its capacity to affect the photochemical process favorably has been underexplored by comparison. Here, we study the impact of surface alloy species and concentration on hot-carrier generation in Ag nanoparticles. By first-principles simulations, we photoexcite the localized surface plasmon, allow it to dephase, and calculate spatially and energetically resolved hot-carrier distributions. We show that the presence of non-noble species in the topmost surface layer drastically enhances hot-hole generation at the surface at the expense of hot-hole generation in the bulk, due to the additional d-type states that are introduced to the surface. The energy of the generated holes can be tuned by choice of the alloyant, with systematic trends across the d-band block. Already low surface alloy concentrations have a large impact, with a saturation of the enhancement effect typically close to 75% of a monolayer. Hot-electron generation at the surface is hindered slightly by alloying, but here a judicious choice of the alloy composition allows one to strike a balance between hot electrons and holes. Our work underscores the promise of utilizing multicomponent nanoparticles to achieve enhanced control over plasmonic catalysis and provides guidelines for how hot-carrier distributions can be tailored by designing the electronic structure of the surface through alloying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fojt
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tuomas P. Rossi
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Priyank V. Kumar
- School
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dey A, Mendalz A, Wach A, Vadell RB, Silveira VR, Leidinger PM, Huthwelker T, Shtender V, Novotny Z, Artiglia L, Sá J. Hydrogen evolution with hot electrons on a plasmonic-molecular catalyst hybrid system. Nat Commun 2024; 15:445. [PMID: 38200016 PMCID: PMC10781775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic systems convert light into electrical charges and heat, mediating catalytic transformations. However, there is ongoing controversy regarding the involvement of hot carriers in the catalytic process. In this study, we demonstrate the direct utilisation of plasmon hot electrons in the hydrogen evolution reaction with visible light. We intentionally assemble a plasmonic nanohybrid system comprising NiO/Au/[Co(1,10-Phenanthrolin-5-amine)2(H2O)2], which is unstable at water thermolysis temperatures. This assembly limits the plasmon thermal contribution while ensuring that hot carriers are the primary contributors to the catalytic process. By combining photoelectrocatalysis with advanced in situ spectroscopies, we can substantiate a reaction mechanism in which plasmon-induced hot electrons play a crucial role. These plasmonic hot electrons are directed into phenanthroline ligands, facilitating the rapid, concerted proton-electron transfer steps essential for hydrogen generation. The catalytic response to light modulation aligns with the distinctive profile of a hot carrier-mediated process, featuring a positive, though non-essential, heat contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Dey
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amal Mendalz
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Wach
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Bericat Vadell
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitor R Silveira
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Vitalii Shtender
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, division of Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, 75103, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zbynek Novotny
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jacinto Sá
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weight BM, Li X, Zhang Y. Theory and modeling of light-matter interactions in chemistry: current and future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31554-31577. [PMID: 37842818 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction not only plays an instrumental role in characterizing materials' properties via various spectroscopic techniques but also provides a general strategy to manipulate material properties via the design of novel nanostructures. This perspective summarizes recent theoretical advances in modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry, mainly focusing on plasmon and polariton chemistry. The former utilizes the highly localized photon, plasmonic hot electrons, and local heat to drive chemical reactions. In contrast, polariton chemistry modifies the potential energy curvatures of bare electronic systems, and hence their chemistry, via forming light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons. The perspective starts with the basic background of light-matter interactions, molecular quantum electrodynamics theory, and the challenges of modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry. Then, the recent advances in modeling plasmon and polariton chemistry are described, and future directions toward multiscale simulations of light-matter interaction-mediated chemistry are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ibrayev NK, Seliverstova EV, Valiev RR, Kanapina AE, Ishchenko AA, Kulinich AV, Kurten T, Sundholm D. Influence of plasmons on the luminescence properties of solvatochromic merocyanine dyes with different solvatochromism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22851-22861. [PMID: 37584652 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a system consisting of a highly dipolar merocyanine dye and a silver nanoparticle (NP) was studied experimentally and theoretically. A theoretical model for estimating the fluorescence quantum yield (φfl) using quantum chemical calculations of intramolecular and intermolecular electronic transition rate constants was developed. Calculations show that the main deactivation channels of the lowest excited singlet state of the studied merocyanines are internal conversion (kIC(S1 → S0)) and fluorescence (kr(S1 → S0)). The intersystem-crossing transition has a low probability due to the large energy difference between the singlet and triplet levels. In the presence of plasmonic NPs, the fluorescence quantum yield is increased by a factor of two according to both experiment and computations. The calculated values of φfl, when considering changes in kr(S1 → S0) and the energy-transfer rate constant (ktransfer) from the dye to the NP was also twice as large at distances of 6-8 nm between the NP and the dye molecule. We also found that the LSPR effect can be increased or decreased depending on the value of the dielectric constant (εm) of the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niyazbek Kh Ibrayev
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Evgeniya V Seliverstova
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel E Kanapina
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Theo Kurten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sivan Y, Un IW, Kalyan I, Lin KQ, Lupton JM, Bange S. Crossover from Nonthermal to Thermal Photoluminescence from Metals Excited by Ultrashort Light Pulses. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37289597 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence from metal nanostructures following intense ultrashort illumination is a fundamental aspect of light-matter interactions. Surprisingly, many of its basic characteristics are under ongoing debate. Here, we resolve many of these debates by providing a comprehensive theoretical framework that describes this phenomenon and support it by an experimental confirmation. Specifically, we identify aspects of the emission that are characteristic to either nonthermal or thermal emission, in particular, differences in the spectral and electric field dependence of these two contributions to the emission. Overall, nonthermal emission is characteristic of the early stages of light emission, while the later stages show thermal characteristics. The former dominate only for moderately high illumination intensities for which the electron temperature reached after thermalization remains close to room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Imon Kalyan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Kai-Qiang Lin
- Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh S, Verma R, Kaul N, Sa J, Punjal A, Prabhu S, Polshettiwar V. Surface plasmon-enhanced photo-driven CO 2 hydrogenation by hydroxy-terminated nickel nitride nanosheets. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2551. [PMID: 37137916 PMCID: PMC10156734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of visible light-active plasmonic catalysts are often limited to Au, Ag, Cu, Al, etc., which have considerations in terms of costs, accessibility, and instability. Here, we show hydroxy-terminated nickel nitride (Ni3N) nanosheets as an alternative to these metals. The Ni3N nanosheets catalyze CO2 hydrogenation with a high CO production rate (1212 mmol g-1 h-1) and selectivity (99%) using visible light. Reaction rate shows super-linear power law dependence on the light intensity, while quantum efficiencies increase with an increase in light intensity and reaction temperature. The transient absorption experiments reveal that the hydroxyl groups increase the number of hot electrons available for photocatalysis. The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy shows that the CO2 hydrogenation proceeds via the direct dissociation pathway. The excellent photocatalytic performance of these Ni3N nanosheets (without co-catalysts or sacrificial agents) is suggestive of the use of metal nitrides instead of conventional plasmonic metal nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saideep Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Rishi Verma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Nidhi Kaul
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacinto Sa
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ajinkya Punjal
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shriganesh Prabhu
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vivek Polshettiwar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vanzan M, Gil G, Castaldo D, Nordlander P, Corni S. Energy Transfer to Molecular Adsorbates by Transient Hot Electron Spillover. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2719-2725. [PMID: 37010208 PMCID: PMC10103299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hot electron (HE) photocatalysis is one of the most intriguing fields of nanoscience, with a clear potential for technological impact. Despite much effort, the mechanisms of HE photocatalysis are not fully understood. Here we investigate a mechanism based on transient electron spillover on a molecule and subsequent energy release into vibrational modes. We use state-of-the-art real-time Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (rt-TDDFT), simulating the dynamics of a HE moving within linear chains of Ag or Au atoms, on which CO, N2, or H2O are adsorbed. We estimate the energy a HE can release into adsorbate vibrational modes and show that certain modes are selectively activated. The energy transfer strongly depends on the adsorbate, the metal, and the HE energy. Considering a cumulative effect from multiple HEs, we estimate this mechanism can transfer tenths of an eV to molecular vibrations and could play an important role in HE photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Vanzan
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriel Gil
- Instituto
de Cibernetica, Matematica y Física, Calle E esq 15 Vedado, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Davide Castaldo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stefano Corni
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Nanoscience, via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Plasmonic photocatalysis: mechanism, applications and perspectives. CHINESE JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
|
14
|
Han P, Mao X, Jin Y, Sarina S, Jia J, Waclawik ER, Du A, Bottle SE, Zhao J, Zhu H. Plasmonic Silver-Nanoparticle-Catalysed Hydrogen Abstraction from the C(sp 3 )-H Bond of the Benzylic C α atom for Cleavage of Alkyl Aryl Ether Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215201. [PMID: 36450692 PMCID: PMC10108273 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of the C(sp3 )-H bond is an important process in organic synthesis, where efficiently activating a specific C(sp3 )-H bond without causing side reactions remains one of chemistry's great challenges. Here we report that illuminated plasmonic silver metal nanoparticles (NPs) can abstract hydrogen from the C(sp3 )-H bond of the Cα atom of an alkyl aryl ether β-O-4 linkage. The intense electromagnetic near-field generated at the illuminated plasmonic NPs promotes chemisorption of the β-O-4 compound and the transfer of photo-generated hot electrons from the NPs to the adsorbed molecules leads to hydrogen abstraction and direct cleavage of the unreactive ether Cβ -O bond under moderate reaction conditions (≈90 °C). The plasmon-driven process has certain exceptional features: enabling hydrogen abstraction from a specific C(sp3 )-H bond, along with precise scission of the targeted C-O bond to form aromatic compounds containing unsaturated, substituted groups in excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia
| | - Yichao Jin
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia
| | - Sarina Sarina
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- School of Chemical and Material ScienceShanxi Normal UniversityLinfen041000P. R. China
| | - Eric R. Waclawik
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia
| | - Steven E. Bottle
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia
| | - Jin‐Cai Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Huai‐Yong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4001Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ou W, Fan Y, Shen J, Xu Y, Huang D, Zhou B, Lo TW, Li S, Li YY, Lei D, Lu J. Plasmoelectric Potential in Plasmon-Mediated Electrochemistry. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8397-8405. [PMID: 36190454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-mediated chemical reactions have attracted intensive research interest as a means of achieving desirable reaction yields and selectivity. The energetic charge carriers and elevated local temperature induced by the nonradiative decay of surface plasmons are thought to be responsible for improving reaction outcomes. This study reports that the plasmoelectric potential is another key contributor in plasmon-mediated electrochemistry. Additionally, we disclose a convenient and reliable method for quantifying the specific contributions of the plasmoelectric potential, hot electrons, and photothermal heating to the electroreduction of oxygen at the plasmonic Ag electrode, revealing that the plasmoelectric potential is the dominating nonthermal factor under short-wavelength illumination and moderate electrode bias. This work elucidates novel mechanistic understandings of plasmon-mediated electrochemistry, facilitating high-performance plasmonic electrocatalyst design optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Ou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong Shenzen, Shenzhen518057, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yulong Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Junda Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong Shenzen, Shenzhen518057, China
| | - Yunkun Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dongqing Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong Shenzen, Shenzhen518057, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz Wing Lo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shengliang Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Yang Li
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong Shenzen, Shenzhen518057, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Lu
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong Shenzen, Shenzhen518057, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Plasmonic phenomena in molecular junctions: principles and applications. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:681-704. [PMID: 37117494 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular junctions are building blocks for constructing future nanoelectronic devices that enable the investigation of a broad range of electronic transport properties within nanoscale regions. Crossing both the nanoscopic and mesoscopic length scales, plasmonics lies at the intersection of the macroscopic photonics and nanoelectronics, owing to their capability of confining light to dimensions far below the diffraction limit. Research activities on plasmonic phenomena in molecular electronics started around 2010, and feedback between plasmons and molecular junctions has increased over the past years. These efforts can provide new insights into the near-field interaction and the corresponding tunability in properties, as well as resultant plasmon-based molecular devices. This Review presents the latest advancements of plasmonic resonances in molecular junctions and details the progress in plasmon excitation and plasmon coupling. We also highlight emerging experimental approaches to unravel the mechanisms behind the various types of light-matter interactions at molecular length scales, where quantum effects come into play. Finally, we discuss the potential of these plasmonic-electronic hybrid systems across various future applications, including sensing, photocatalysis, molecular trapping and active control of molecular switches.
Collapse
|
17
|
Un IW, Dubi Y, Sivan Y. Photothermal nonlinearity in plasmon-assisted photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5022-5032. [PMID: 35289817 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07822d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the intricate relationship between illumination and temperature in metallic nano-particles is crucial for elucidating the role of illumination in various physical processes which rely on plasmonic enhancement but are also sensitive to temperature. Recent studies have shown that the temperature rise in optically thick ensembles of metal nanoparticles under intense illumination is dominated by the thermal conductivity of the host, rather than by the optical properties of the metal or the host. Here, we show that the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of the host dominates the nonlinear photothermal response of these systems. In particular, this dependence typically causes the temperature rise to become strongly sublinear, reaching even several tens of percent. We then show that this effect can explain experimental observations in several recent plasmon-assisted photocatalysis experiments. Under certain conditions, we show that thermal emission may also contribute to photothermal nonlinearity. This shows that any claim for the dominance of non-thermal electrons in plasmon-assisted photocatalysis must account first for this photothermal nonlinear mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dubi Y, Un IW, Sivan Y. Distinguishing Thermal from Nonthermal ("Hot") Carriers in Illuminated Molecular Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2127-2133. [PMID: 35075905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The search for the signature of nonthermal (so-called "hot") electrons in illuminated plasmonic nanostructures requires detailed understanding of the nonequilibrium electron distribution under illumination, as well as a careful design of the experimental system employed to distinguish nonthermal electrons from thermal ones. Here, we provide a theory for using plasmonic molecular junctions to achieve this goal. We show how nonthermal electrons can be measured directly and separately from the unavoidable thermal response and discuss the relevance of our theory to recent experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ieng-Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martínez Molina P, Meulendijks N, Xu M, Verheijen MA, Hartog T, Buskens P, Sastre F. Low Temperature Sunlight‐Powered Reduction of CO
2
to CO Using a Plasmonic Au/TiO
2
Nanocatalyst. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Martínez Molina
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Meulendijks
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Man Xu
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
- Optics Research Group Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 (Building 22) 2628CJ Delft (The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Eurofins Materials Science High Tech Campus 11 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hartog
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
- Zuyd University of Applied Sciences Nieuw Eyckholt 300 6400AN Heerlen (The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Buskens
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
- Institute for Materials Research Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Materials (DESINe) Hasselt University Agoralaan Building D B-3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Francesc Sastre
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) High Tech Campus 25 5656AE Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Linic S, Chavez S, Elias R. Flow and extraction of energy and charge carriers in hybrid plasmonic nanostructures. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:916-924. [PMID: 33398116 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Strong interactions of electromagnetic fields with plasmonic nanomaterials have been exploited in various applications. These applications have centred on plasmon-enhanced scattering rates in nearby molecules or plasmon-induced heating. A question that has emerged recently is whether it is possible to use plasmonic nanostructures in a range of hot electron (hole) applications, including photocatalysis, photovoltaics and photodetection. These applications require coupling of a plasmonic component, which amplifies the interaction of light with the material, to an attached non-plasmonic component that extracts this energy in the form of electronic excitations to perform a function. In this Perspective, we discuss recent work in the emerging field of hybrid plasmonics. We focus on fundamental questions related to the nanoscopic flow of energy and excited charge carriers in these multicomponent materials. We also address critical misconceptions, challenges and opportunities that require more attention.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
We provide a complete quantitative theory for light emission from Drude metals under continuous wave illumination, based on our recently derived steady-state nonequilibrium electron distribution. We show that the electronic contribution to the emission exhibits a dependence on the emission frequency which is very similar to the energy dependence of the nonequilibrium distribution, and characterize different scenarios determining the measurable emission line shape. This enables the identification of experimentally relevant situations, where the emission lineshapes deviate significantly from predictions based on the standard theory (namely, on the photonic density of states), and enables the differentiation between cases where the emission scales with the metal object surface or with its volume. We also provide an analytic description (which is absent from the literature) of the (polynomial) dependence of the metal emission on the electric field, its dependence on the pump laser frequency, and its nontrivial exponential dependence on the electron temperature, both for the Stokes and anti-Stokes regimes. Our results imply that the emission does not originate from either Fermion statistics (due to e-e interactions), and even though one could have expected the emission to follow boson statistics due to involvement of photons (as in Planck's Black Body emission), it turns out that it deviates from that form as well. Finally, we resolve the arguments associated with the effects of electron and lattice temperatures on the emission, and which of them can be extracted from the anti-Stokes emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Graf M, Vonbun-Feldbauer GB, Koper MTM. Direct and Broadband Plasmonic Charge Transfer to Enhance Water Oxidation on a Gold Electrode. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3188-3200. [PMID: 33496564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic photocatalysis via hot charge carriers suffers from their short lifetime compared with the sluggish kinetics of most reactions. To increase lifetime, adsorbates on the surface of a plasmonic metal may create preferential states for electrons to be excited from. We demonstrate this effect with O adsorbates on a nanoporous gold electrode. Nanoporous gold is used to obtain a broadband optical response, to increase the obtained photocurrent, and to provide a SERS-active substrate. Only with adsorbates present, we observe significant photocurrents. Illumination also increases the adsorbate coverage above its dark potential-dependent equilibrium, as derived from a two-laser in situ SERS approach. Density functional theory calculations confirm the appearance of excitable states below the Fermi level. The photocurrent enhancement and broadband characteristics reveal the potential of the plasmonic approach to improve the efficiency of photoelectrochemical water splitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Graf
- Institute for Materials Research, Helmholtz Center Geesthacht, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ou W, Zhou B, Shen J, Zhao C, Li YY, Lu J. Plasmonic metal nanostructures: concepts, challenges and opportunities in photo-mediated chemical transformations. iScience 2021; 24:101982. [PMID: 33521596 PMCID: PMC7820137 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanostructures (PMNs) are characterized by the plasmon oscillation of conduction band electron in response to external radiation, enabling strong light absorption and scattering capacities and near-field amplification. Owing to these enhanced light-matter interactions, PMNs have garnered extensive research interest in the past decades. Notably, a growingly large number of reports show that the energetics and kinetics of chemical transformations on PMNs can be modified upon photoexcitation of their plasmons, giving rise to a new paradigm of manipulating the reaction rate and selectivity of chemical reactions. On the other hand, there is urgent need to achieve clear understanding of the mechanism underlying the photo-mediated chemical transformations on PMNs for unleashing their full potential in converting solar energy to chemicals. In this perspective, we review current fundamental concepts of photo-mediated chemical transformations executed at PMNs. Three pivotal mechanistic questions, i.e., thermal and nonthermal effects, direct and indirect charge transfer processes, and the specific impacts of plasmon-induced potentials, are explored based on recent studies. We highlight the critical aspects in which major advancements should be made to facilitate the rational design and optimization of photo-mediated chemical transformations on PMNs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Ou
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junda Shen
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chenghao Zhao
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Yang Li
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Salmón-Gamboa JU, Romero-Gómez M, Roth DJ, Krasavin AV, Wang P, Dickson W, Zayats AV. Rational design of bimetallic photocatalysts based on plasmonically-derived hot carriers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:767-780. [PMID: 36133839 PMCID: PMC9419383 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00728e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hot carriers generated by plasmonic excitations have recently opened up new avenues in photocatalysis. The transfer of these energetic carriers to adjacent molecules can promote chemical transformations that are important for hydrogen generation by water splitting, CO2 reduction and degradation of organic pollutants. Here, we have developed and optimised a plasmonic hot-carrier catalytic system based on silica nanoparticles decorated with plasmonic gold nanoparticles as a source of hot carriers, equipped with platinum nanoclusters as co-catalyst for the enhancement of hot-carrier extraction. The latter plays a triple role by providing: a surface favourable for molecular adsorption; hot-electron generation near the nanoclusters due to field enhancement effects and electron momentum relaxation facilitating the electron transfer across the metal surface, exactly where molecules are adsorbed. The combination of plasmonic and catalytic metals in nano-heterostructured devices provides a new platform for photocatalytic processes and is of significant interest for future solar-based clean technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge U Salmón-Gamboa
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Mayela Romero-Gómez
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Diane J Roth
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Alexey V Krasavin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Wayne Dickson
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guselnikova O, Audran G, Joly JP, Trelin A, Tretyakov EV, Svorcik V, Lyutakov O, Marque SRA, Postnikov P. Establishing plasmon contribution to chemical reactions: alkoxyamines as a thermal probe. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4154-4161. [PMID: 34163688 PMCID: PMC8179441 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06470j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of plasmon interaction with organic molecules is a subject of fierce discussion about thermal and non-thermal effects. Despite the abundance of physical methods for evaluating the plasmonic effects, chemical insight has not been reported yet. In this contribution, we propose a chemical insight into the plasmon effect on reaction kinetics using alkoxyamines as an organic probe through their homolysis, leading to the generation of nitroxide radicals. Alkoxyamines (TEMPO- and SG1-substituted) with well-studied homolysis behavior are covalently attached to spherical Au nanoparticles. We evaluate the kinetic parameters of homolysis of alkoxyamines attached on a plasmon-active surface under heating and irradiation at a wavelength of plasmon resonance. The estimation of kinetic parameters from experiments with different probes (Au-TEMPO, Au-SG1, Au-SG1-TEMPO) allows revealing the apparent differences associated with the non-thermal contribution of plasmon activation. Moreover, our findings underline the dependency of kinetic parameters on the structure of organic molecules, which highlights the necessity to consider the nature of organic transformations and molecular structure in plasmon catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Guselnikova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Russian Federation
| | - Gérard Audran
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR case 551 Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Jean-Patrick Joly
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR case 551 Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Andrii Trelin
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Evgeny V Tretyakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Sylvain R A Marque
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR case 551 Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Pavel Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Russian Federation
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Un IW, Sivan Y. Parametric study of temperature distribution in plasmon-assisted photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17821-17832. [PMID: 32830835 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03897k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the usage of mm-scale composites of plasmonic nanoparticles for enhancing the rates of chemical reactions; the effect was shown recently to be predominantly associated with the elevated temperature caused by illumination. Here, we study the dependence of the temperature distribution on the various parameters of these samples, and provide analytic expressions for simple cases. We show that since these systems are usually designed to absorb all the incoming light, the temperature distribution in them is weakly-dependent on the illumination spectrum, pulse duration, particle shape, size and density. Thus, changes in these parameters yield at most modest quantitative changes. We also show that the temperature distribution is linearly dependent on the beam radius and the thermal conductivity of the host. Finally, we study the sensitivity of the reaction rate to these parameters as a function of the activation energy and show how it manifests itself in various previous experimental reports. These results would simplify the optimization of photocatalysis experiments, as well as of other energy-related applications based on light harvesting for heat generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dubi Y, Un IW, Sivan Y. Reply to the 'Comment on "Thermal effects - an alternative mechanism for plasmon-assisted photocatalysis"' by P. Jain, Chem. Sci., 2020, 11, DOI: 10.1039/D0SC02914A. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9024-9025. [PMID: 34125112 PMCID: PMC8163411 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In his Comment to our paper “Thermal effects – an alternative mechanism for plasmon-assisted photocatalysis”, Jain correctly points out that using an Arrhenius fit to the reaction rate is not enough to distinguish thermal from non-thermal effects.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University Israel .,Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University Israel
| | - Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Israel.,Joan and Irwin Jacobs TIX Institute, National Tsing Hua University Taiwan
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Israel.,Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stroyuk OL, Kuchmy SY. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Selective Reductive Transformations of Organic Compounds: a Review. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-020-09648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
29
|
Miliutina E, Guselnikova O, Soldatova NS, Bainova P, Elashnikov R, Fitl P, Kurten T, Yusubov MS, Švorčík V, Valiev RR, Chehimi MM, Lyutakov O, Postnikov PS. Can Plasmon Change Reaction Path? Decomposition of Unsymmetrical Iodonium Salts as an Organic Probe. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5770-5776. [PMID: 32603124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-assisted transformations of organic compounds represent a novel opportunity for conversion of light to chemical energy at room temperature. However, the mechanistic insights of interaction between plasmon energy and organic molecules is still under debate. Herein, we proposed a comprehensive study of the plasmon-assisted reaction mechanism using unsymmetric iodonium salts (ISs) as an organic probe. The experimental and theoretical analysis allow us to exclude the possible thermal effect or hot electron transfer. We found that plasmon interaction with unsymmetrical ISs led to the intramolecular excitation of electron followed by the regioselective cleavage of C-I bond with the formation of electron-rich radical species, which cannot be explained by the hot electron excitation or thermal effects. The high regioselectivity is explained by the direct excitation of electron to LUMO with the formation of a dissociative excited state according to quantum-chemical modeling, which provides novel opportunities for the fine control of reactivity using plasmon energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Miliutina
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Guselnikova
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia S Soldatova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Bainova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Elashnikov
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Fitl
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Theo Kurten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Mekhman S Yusubov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Václav Švorčík
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Mohamed M Chehimi
- University Paris-Est Créteil, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel S Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu Q, Zhou L, Schatz GC, Zhang Y, Guo H. Mechanistic Insights into Photocatalyzed H2 Dissociation on Au Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13090-13101. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Linsen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dubi Y, Un IW, Sivan Y. Thermal effects - an alternative mechanism for plasmon-assisted photocatalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5017-5027. [PMID: 34122958 PMCID: PMC8159236 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments claimed that the catalysis of reaction rates in numerous bond-dissociation reactions occurs via the decrease of activation barriers driven by non-equilibrium ("hot") electrons in illuminated plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Thus, these experiments identify plasmon-assisted photocatalysis as a promising path for enhancing the efficiency of various chemical reactions. Here, we argue that what appears to be photocatalysis is much more likely thermo-catalysis, driven by the well-known plasmon-enhanced ability of illuminated metallic nanoparticles to serve as heat sources. Specifically, we point to some of the most important papers in the field, and show that a simple theory of illumination-induced heating can explain the extracted experimental data to remarkable agreement, with minimal to no fit parameters. We further show that any small temperature difference between the photocatalysis experiment and a control experiment performed under external heating is effectively amplified by the exponential sensitivity of the reaction, and is very likely to be interpreted incorrectly as "hot" electron effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University Israel
- Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University Israel
| | - Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Israel
- Joan and Irwin Jacobs TIX Institute, National Tsing Hua University Taiwan
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Israel
- Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University Israel
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Volokh M, Mokari T. Metal/semiconductor interfaces in nanoscale objects: synthesis, emerging properties and applications of hybrid nanostructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:930-961. [PMID: 36133041 PMCID: PMC9418511 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00729f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid nanostructures, composed of multi-component crystals of various shapes, sizes and compositions are much sought-after functional materials. Pairing the ability to tune each material separately and controllably combine two (or more) domains with defined spatial orientation results in new properties. In this review, we discuss the various synthetic mechanisms for the formation of hybrid nanostructures of various complexities containing at least one metal/semiconductor interface, with a focus on colloidal chemistry. Different synthetic approaches, alongside the underlying kinetic and thermodynamic principles are discussed, and future advancement prospects are evaluated. Furthermore, the proved unique properties are reviewed with emphasis on the connection between the synthetic method and the resulting physical, chemical and optical properties with applications in fields such as photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Volokh
- Department of Chemistry, Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Taleb Mokari
- Department of Chemistry, Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rodio M, Graf M, Schulz F, Mueller NS, Eich M, Lange H. Experimental Evidence for Nonthermal Contributions to Plasmon-Enhanced Electrochemical Oxidation Reactions. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rodio
- Hamburg Centre for Advanced Imaging of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Matthias Graf
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht D-21502, Germany
- Institute of Optical and Electronic Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Strasse 38, Hamburg D-21073, Germany
| | - Florian Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Niclas S. Mueller
- Department of Physics, Freie Universitat Berlin, Arnimallee 14, Berlin D-14195, Germany
| | - Manfred Eich
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht D-21502, Germany
- Institute of Optical and Electronic Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Strasse 38, Hamburg D-21073, Germany
| | - Holger Lange
- Hamburg Centre for Advanced Imaging of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Baffou G, Bordacchini I, Baldi A, Quidant R. Simple experimental procedures to distinguish photothermal from hot-carrier processes in plasmonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:108. [PMID: 32612818 PMCID: PMC7321931 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Light absorption and scattering of plasmonic metal nanoparticles can lead to non-equilibrium charge carriers, intense electromagnetic near-fields, and heat generation, with promising applications in a vast range of fields, from chemical and physical sensing to nanomedicine and photocatalysis for the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Disentangling the relative contribution of thermal and non-thermal contributions in plasmon-driven processes is, however, difficult. Nanoscale temperature measurements are technically challenging, and macroscale experiments are often characterized by collective heating effects, which tend to make the actual temperature increase unpredictable. This work is intended to help the reader experimentally detect and quantify photothermal effects in plasmon-driven chemical reactions, to discriminate their contribution from that due to photochemical processes and to cast a critical eye on the current literature. To this aim, we review, and in some cases propose, seven simple experimental procedures that do not require the use of complex or expensive thermal microscopy techniques. These proposed procedures are adaptable to a wide range of experiments and fields of research where photothermal effects need to be assessed, such as plasmonic-assisted chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis, photovoltaics, biosensing, and enhanced molecular spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Baffou
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Ivan Bordacchini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Baldi
- DIFFER – Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gargiulo J, Berté R, Li Y, Maier SA, Cortés E. From Optical to Chemical Hot Spots in Plasmonics. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2525-2535. [PMID: 31430119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the possibility to induce chemical transformations by using tunable plasmonic modes has opened the question of whether we can control or create chemical hot spots in these systems. This can be rationalized as the reactive analogue of the well-established concept of optical hot spots, which have drawn a great deal of attention to plasmonic nanostructures for their ability to circumvent the far-field diffraction limit of conventional optical elements. Although optical hot spots can be mainly defined by the geometry and permittivity of the nanostructures, the degrees of freedom influencing their photocatalytic properties appear to be much more numerous. In fact, the reactivity of plasmonic systems are deeply influenced by the dynamics and interplay of photons, plasmon-polaritons, carriers, phonons, and molecular states. These degrees of freedom can affect the reaction rates, the product selectivity, or the spatial localization of a chemical reaction. In this Account, we discuss the oportunities to control chemical hot spots by tuning the cascade of events that follows the excitation and decay of plasmonic modes in nanostructures. We discuss a series of techniques to spatially map and image plasmonic nanoscale reactivity at the single photocatalyst level. We show how to optimize the reactivity of carriers by manipulating their excitation and decay mechanisms in plasmonic nanoparticles. In addition, the tailored generation of non-thermal phonons in metallic nanostructures and their dissipation is shown as a promise to understand and exploit thermal photocatalysis at the nanoscale. Understanding and controlling these processes is essential for the rational design of solar nanometric photocatalysts. Nevertheless, the ultimate capability of a plasmonic photocatalyst to trigger a chemical reaction is correlated to its ability to navigate through, or even modify, the potential energy surface of a given chemical reaction. Here we reunite both worlds, the plasmonic photocatalysts and the molecular ones, identifying different energy transfer pathways and their influence on selectivity and efficiency of chemical reactions. We foresee that the migration from optical to chemical hot spots will greatly assist the understanding of ongoing plasmonic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gargiulo
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Berté
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Yi Li
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sivan Y, Baraban J, Un IW, Dubi Y. Comment on “Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis”. Science 2019; 364:364/6439/eaaw9367. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zhou et al. (Reports, 5 October 2018, p. 69) claim to have proven dominance of “hot” electrons over thermal effects in plasmonic photocatalysis. We identify experimental flaws that caused overestimation of the hot carrier contribution. As an alternative interpretation, we fully reproduce their data using a purely thermal Arrhenius law with a fixed activation energy and intensity-dependent heating.
Collapse
|
37
|
Dubi Y, Sivan Y. "Hot" electrons in metallic nanostructures-non-thermal carriers or heating? LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:89. [PMID: 31645933 PMCID: PMC6804576 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between illumination and the electron distribution in metallic nanostructures is a crucial step towards developing applications such as plasmonic photocatalysis for green fuels, nanoscale photodetection and more. Elucidating this interplay is challenging, as it requires taking into account all channels of energy flow in the electronic system. Here, we develop such a theory, which is based on a coupled Boltzmann-heat equations and requires only energy conservation and basic thermodynamics, where the electron distribution, and the electron and phonon (lattice) temperatures are determined uniquely. Applying this theory to realistic illuminated nanoparticle systems, we find that the electron and phonon temperatures are similar, thus justifying the (classical) single-temperature models. We show that while the fraction of high-energy "hot" carriers compared to thermalized carriers grows substantially with illumination intensity, it remains extremely small (on the order of 10-8). Importantly, most of the absorbed illumination power goes into heating rather than generating hot carriers, thus rendering plasmonic hot carrier generation extremely inefficient. Our formulation allows for the first time a unique quantitative comparison of theory and measurements of steady-state electron distributions in metallic nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Center for nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Ilse Katz Center for nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|