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Feng H, Shen S, Jin M, Xiao M, Liu M, Zhang Q, Jiang H, Yi Z, Wu W, Zhou G, Shui L. Massive Electro-Microfluidic Particle Assembly Patterns in Droplet Array for Information Encoding. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2405161. [PMID: 39240036 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The assembly of colloidal particles into micro-patterns is essential in optics, informatics, and microelectronics. However, it is still a challenge to achieve quick, reversible, and precise assembly patterns within micro-scale spaces like droplets. Hereby, a method is presented that utilizes in-plane dielectrophoresis to precisely manipulate particle assemblies within microscale droplets. The electro-microfluidic particle assembly platform, equipped with ingenious electrode designs, enables the formation of diverse micro-patterns within a droplet array. The tunability, similarity, stability, and reversibility of this platform are demonstrated. The ability to assemble letters, numbers, and Morse code patterns within the droplet array underscores its potential for information encoding. Furthermore, using an example with four addressing electrodes beneath a droplet, 16 distinct pieces of information through electrical stimuli is successfully encoded. This unique capability facilitates the construction of a dynamic electronic token, indicating promising applications in anti-counterfeiting technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Feng
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shitao Shen
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mengjie Xiao
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan, 528402, P. R. China
| | - WenShuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Shui
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System (LOTS), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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McDonald MN, Zhu Q, Paxton WF, Peterson CK, Tree DR. Active control of equilibrium, near-equilibrium, and far-from-equilibrium colloidal systems. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1675-1694. [PMID: 36790855 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of top-down active control over bottom-up colloidal assembly processes has the potential to produce materials, surfaces, and objects with applications in a wide range of fields spanning from computing to materials science to biomedical engineering. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the field using a taxonomy based on how active control is used to guide assembly. We find there are three distinct scenarios: (1) navigating kinetic pathways to reach a desirable equilibrium state, (2) the creation of a desirable metastable, kinetically trapped, or kinetically arrested state, and (3) the creation of a desirable far-from-equilibrium state through continuous energy input. We review seminal works within this framework, provide a summary of important application areas, and present a brief introduction to the fundamental concepts of control theory that are necessary for the soft materials community to understand this literature. In addition, we outline current and potential future applications of actively-controlled colloidal systems, and we highlight important open questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
| | - Walter F Paxton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Cameron K Peterson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Douglas R Tree
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
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Gao Y, Liu K, Lakerveld R, Ding X. Staged Assembly of Colloids Using DNA and Acoustofluidics. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6907-6915. [PMID: 35984231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of DNA-coated colloids (DNACCs) provides a practical route to programming complex self-assembled materials at the micro/nanoscale. So far, the programmability of DNACC assembly has been extensively exploited internally using different DNA sequences or colloid geometry so that the assembly is mainly manipulated with single-particle spatial resolution such as in crystallization. In this Letter, we present an acoustic approach to externally programming the DNACC assembly with control of spatial resolution over larger scales. We demonstrate assembly of the DNACCs under different acoustic frequencies from stage to stage to produce hierarchical structures that are difficult to fabricate when using DNA coating alone. By programming the acoustic wave frequency, amplitude, and phase, colloidal structures with different morphologies can be assembled. The nonspecific driving force based on acoustic radiation forces at each stage allows our approach to be adopted for most colloidal systems without specific requirements on particle or medium properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kun Liu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Richard Lakerveld
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Shakya G, Yang T, Gao Y, Fajrial AK, Li B, Ruzzene M, Borden MA, Ding X. Acoustically manipulating internal structure of disk-in-sphere endoskeletal droplets. Nat Commun 2022; 13:987. [PMID: 35190549 PMCID: PMC8861019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of micro/nano particles has been well studied and demonstrated by optical, electromagnetic, and acoustic approaches, or their combinations. Manipulation of internal structure of droplet/particle is rarely explored and remains challenging due to its complicated nature. Here we demonstrated the manipulation of internal structure of disk-in-sphere endoskeletal droplets using acoustic wave. We developed a model to investigate the physical mechanisms behind this interesting phenomenon. Theoretical analysis of the acoustic interactions indicated that these assembly dynamics arise from a balance of the primary and secondary radiation forces. Additionally, the disk orientation was found to change with acoustic driving frequency, which allowed on-demand, reversible adjustment of the disk orientations with respect to the substrate. This dynamic behavior leads to unique reversible arrangements of the endoskeletal droplets and their internal architecture, which may provide an avenue for directed assembly of novel hierarchical colloidal architectures and intracellular organelles or intra-organoid structures. Endoskeletal droplets are a class of complex colloids containing a solid internal phase cast within a liquid emulsion droplet. Here, authors show acoustic manipulation of solid disks inside liquid droplets whose orientation can be externally controlled with the frequency.
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Gu T, Han J, Lei B, Wang L, Liu H, Yin L, Chen B, Shi Y. Multidomain Oriented Particle Chains Based on Spatial Electric Field and Their Optical Application. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11546-11555. [PMID: 32933255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation technology of particles is significant in drug screening, disease detection and treatment, etc. Here, we reported the multidomain oriented particle chains based on a spatial electric field and their optical application. According to the differences in the dielectric behavior of particles, the preparation of multidomain oriented particle chains in the gel was successfully realized by using the dielectrophoretic force and electroosmotic rotation. This provides a new idea for manufacturing multistructure, multilayer, and multifunctional intelligent response materials. In addition, the factors affecting the alignment height of the particles in the gel were discussed, which was the basis for the preparation of bilayer particle chains. As an example of structural hierarchy, particle assembly has broad application prospects in optoelectronic devices and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Weitao Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Tongkai Gu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Biao Lei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Hongzhong Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Lei Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Bangdao Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yongsheng Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
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Gao Y, Nyande BW, Lakerveld R. Open-loop control of directed self-assembly of colloidal particles in a microfluidic device. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gao Y, Lakerveld R. Feedback control for shaping density distributions of colloidal particles in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2168-2177. [PMID: 31111129 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly has great potential for the precise manufacture of structured materials at the micro/nano-scale. A local particle density often has to be controlled to make the assembly of complicated structures with no defects attainable. However, the control of spatial particle density distributions is challenged by the need for multiple actuators, kinetic trapping and the stochastic nature of self-assembly systems. In this paper, a novel feedback control approach for shaping spatial density distributions of colloidal particles is presented. The control objective is to maintain the ratio of the particle densities of two adjacent regions close to a desired value. A microfluidic device with a triple-parallel microelectrode is fabricated to provide multiple actuators for particle manipulation. The multiple-electrode actuators can be operated flexibly to either direct particles between two adjacent regions or to maintain particles within regions by preventing undesired particle movements. A feedback control scheme is implemented to control the density ratio over a broad range of tested set points. The method is generic and can be extended to include additional parallel electrodes for the control of density distributions at higher resolutions due to a modular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong S.A.R.
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Gain scheduling PID control for directed self‐assembly of colloidal particles in microfluidic devices. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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