1
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Immature and mature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells exhibit distinct intracellular mechanical properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1967. [PMID: 36737470 PMCID: PMC9898242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) patrol the organism at an immature stage to detect the presence of pathogens. Once activated, these mature DCs reach the lymph nodes to activate antigen-specific T lymphocytes and thus initiate an adaptative immune response to control the pathogen. The migration of both immature and mature DCs is a key process for their optimal function. DC migration requires transit through narrow constrictions that is allowed by their high local and global deformation capabilities. In addition to cytoplasmic changes, the nucleus mechanical properties also have a major impact for cellular migration and motility. Yet, nucleus intracellular mobility of dendritic cells or its variation upon maturation have not been investigated. Our study defines the biophysical phenotypic variations of dendritic cells upon maturation using interferometric deformability cytometry. This method characterizes different cellular mechanical properties, such as elongation and nucleus offset, by assessing the refractive index spatial distribution of shear-induced deformed cells. By using these parameters, our data suggest that in vitro bone marrow derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation induces cell stiffening and reduces nucleus mobility, allowing to distinguish immature and mature dendritic cells. Overall, our method provides insights on intracellular mechanical properties of two dendritic cell states.
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2
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Liao J, Wang Y, Xue S, Sun Y, Xu Y. Decoupling of cell refractive index and thickness under three-wavelengthphase imaging. INT J PATTERN RECOGN 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218001422540155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Liu Y, Wang K, Sun X, Chen D, Wang J, Chen J. Advance of microfluidic constriction channel system of measuring single-cell cortical tension/specific capacitance of membrane and conductivity of cytoplasm. Cytometry A 2021; 101:434-447. [PMID: 34821462 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reported a microfluidic platform which realized the characterization of inherent single-cell biomechanical and bioelectrical parameters simultaneously. Individual cells traveled through a constriction channel with deformation images and impedance variations captured and processed into cortical tension Tc , specific membrane capacitance Csm , and cytoplasmic conductivity σcy based on an equivalent biophysical model. These properties of thousands of individual cells of K562, Jurkat, HL-60, HL-60 treated with paraformaldehyde (PA)/cytochalasin D (CD)/concanavalin A (ConA), granulocytes of Donor 1, Donor 2, and Donor 3 were quantified for the first time. Leveraging Tc , Csm , and σcy , (1) high accuracies of classifying wild-type and processed HL-60 cells (e.g., 93.5% of PA treated vs. CD treated HL-60 cells) were realized, revealing the effectiveness of using these three biophysical parameters in cell-type classification; (2) low accuracies of classifying normal granulocytes from three donors (e.g., 56.4% of Donor 1 vs. 2), indicating comparable parameters for normal granulocytes. In conclusion, this platform can characterize single-cell Tc , Csm , and σcy concurrently and quantify multiple parameters in single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology (SKLTT), Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering (EECE), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology (SKLTT), Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering (EECE), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology (SKLTT), Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering (EECE), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology (SKLTT), Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering (EECE), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
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4
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Elsayed AA, Erfan M, Sabry YM, Dris R, Gaspéri J, Barbier JS, Marty F, Bouanis F, Luo S, Nguyen BTT, Liu AQ, Tassin B, Bourouina T. A microfluidic chip enables fast analysis of water microplastics by optical spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10533. [PMID: 34006979 PMCID: PMC8131687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics contaminating drinking water is a growing issue that has been the focus of a few recent studies, where a major bottleneck is the time-consuming analysis. In this work, a micro-optofluidic platform is proposed for fast quantification of microplastic particles, the identification of their chemical nature and size, especially in the 1-100 µm size range. Micro-reservoirs ahead of micro-filters are designed to accumulate all trapped solid particles in an ultra-compact area, which enables fast imaging and optical spectroscopy to determine the plastic nature and type. Furthermore, passive size sorting is implemented for splitting the particles according to their size range in different reservoirs. Besides, flow cytometry is used as a reference method for retrieving the size distribution of samples, where chemical nature information is lost. The proof of concept of the micro-optofluidic platform is validated using model samples where standard plastic particles of different size and chemical nature are mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Elsayed
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, 93162, Noisy-le-Grand, France
| | - Mazen Erfan
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, 93162, Noisy-le-Grand, France
- ECE Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 El-Sarayat St, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Sabry
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, 93162, Noisy-le-Grand, France
- ECE Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 El-Sarayat St, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Rachid Dris
- LEESU, ENPC UPEC, 77455, Marne-la-Vallee cedex, France
| | - Johnny Gaspéri
- LEESU, ENPC UPEC, 77455, Marne-la-Vallee cedex, France
- GERS-LEE Université Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, 44344, Bouguenais, France
| | | | - Frédéric Marty
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, 93162, Noisy-le-Grand, France
| | - Fatima Bouanis
- COSYS-LISIS, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films, UMR 7647 CNRS/ Ecole Polytechnique, 91128, IPParis, Palaiseau, France
| | - Shaobo Luo
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, 93162, Noisy-le-Grand, France
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Binh T T Nguyen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, 93162, Noisy-le-Grand, France
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bruno Tassin
- LEESU, ENPC UPEC, 77455, Marne-la-Vallee cedex, France.
| | - Tarik Bourouina
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, 93162, Noisy-le-Grand, France.
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5
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D, Yubero ML, García-López S, Kosaka PM, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Hydrodynamic assisted multiparametric particle spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3535. [PMID: 33574415 PMCID: PMC7878870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The real-time analysis of single analytes in flow is becoming increasingly relevant in cell biology. In this work, we theoretically predict and experimentally demonstrate hydrodynamic focusing with hollow nanomechanical resonators by using an interferometric system which allows the optical probing of flowing particles and tracking of the fundamental mechanical mode of the resonator. We have characterized the hydrodynamic forces acting on the particles, which will determine their velocity depending on their diameter. By using the parameters simultaneously acquired: frequency shift, velocity and reflectivity, we can unambiguously classify flowing particles in real-time, allowing the measurement of the mass density: 1.35 ± 0.07 g·mL-1 for PMMA and 1.7 ± 0.2 g·mL-1 for silica particles, which perfectly agrees with the nominal values. Once we have tested our technique, MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells are characterized (1.11 ± 0.08 g·mL-1) with high throughput (300 cells/minute) observing a dependency with their size, opening the door for individual cell cycle studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Pérez
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina L Yubero
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-López
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M Kosaka
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Chen X, Kandel ME, Hu C, Lee YJ, Popescu G. Wolf phase tomography (WPT) of transparent structures using partially coherent illumination. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:142. [PMID: 32864117 PMCID: PMC7438521 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1969, Emil Wolf proposed diffraction tomography using coherent holographic imaging to extract 3D information from transparent, inhomogeneous objects. In the same era, the Wolf equations were first used to describe the propagation correlations associated with partially coherent fields. Combining these two concepts, we present Wolf phase tomography (WPT), which is a method for performing diffraction tomography using partially coherent fields. WPT reconstruction works directly in the space-time domain, without the need for Fourier transformation, and decouples the refractive index (RI) distribution from the thickness of the sample. We demonstrate the WPT principle using the data acquired by a quantitative-phase-imaging method that upgrades an existing phase-contrast microscope by introducing controlled phase shifts between the incident and scattered fields. The illumination field in WPT is partially spatially coherent (emerging from a ring-shaped pupil function) and of low temporal coherence (white light), and as such, it is well suited for the Wolf equations. From three intensity measurements corresponding to different phase-contrast frames, the 3D RI distribution is obtained immediately by computing the Laplacian and second time derivative of the measured complex correlation function. We validate WPT with measurements of standard samples (microbeads), spermatozoa, and live neural cultures. The high throughput and simplicity of this method enables the study of 3D, dynamic events in living cells across the entire multiwell plate, with an RI sensitivity on the order of 10-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Mikhail E. Kandel
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Chenfei Hu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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7
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Design and Fabrication of Low-cost Microfluidic Channel for Biomedical Application. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9215. [PMID: 32514070 PMCID: PMC7280289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the design, simulation and low-cost fabrication of microfluidic channel for biomedical application. Channel is fabricated using soft lithography technique. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is used to make the master for the channel. Channel pattern is transferred on PCB plate using toner transfer technique followed by ferric chloride etching. Paper also discusses, the issues involved in PCB based master fabrication and their viable solutions. Glass is used as substrate material and the channel is made of Sylgard 184 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Channel is interfaced with a syringe pump to observe the fluid flow. To predict the behavior of the channel, FEM simulation is performed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2a. There is a good match between the theoretical, simulation and test results. Finally, to test the biocompatibility of the channel, genomic DNA is passed through the channel and gel electrophoresis analysis is performed.
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8
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Sesen M, Whyte G. Image-Based Single Cell Sorting Automation in Droplet Microfluidics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8736. [PMID: 32457421 PMCID: PMC7250914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent boom in single-cell omics has brought researchers one step closer to understanding the biological mechanisms associated with cell heterogeneity. Rare cells that have historically been obscured by bulk measurement techniques are being studied by single cell analysis and providing valuable insight into cell function. To support this progress, novel upstream capabilities are required for single cell preparation for analysis. Presented here is a droplet microfluidic, image-based single-cell sorting technique that is flexible and programmable. The automated system performs real-time dual-camera imaging (brightfield & fluorescent), processing, decision making and sorting verification. To demonstrate capabilities, the system was used to overcome the Poisson loading problem by sorting for droplets containing a single red blood cell with 85% purity. Furthermore, fluorescent imaging and machine learning was used to load single K562 cells amongst clusters based on their instantaneous size and circularity. The presented system aspires to replace manual cell handling techniques by translating expert knowledge into cell sorting automation via machine learning algorithms. This powerful technique finds application in the enrichment of single cells based on their micrographs for further downstream processing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhsincan Sesen
- Heriot-Watt University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Heriot-Watt University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
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9
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D, Gil-Santos E, García-López S, Yubero ML, Kosaka PM, San Paulo Á, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Mechano-Optical Analysis of Single Cells with Transparent Microcapillary Resonators. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3325-3332. [PMID: 31782299 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of biophysical properties of single cells is becoming increasingly relevant in cell biology and pathology. The measurement and tracking of magnitudes such as cell stiffness, morphology, and mass or refractive index have brought otherwise inaccessible knowledge about cell physiology, as well as innovative methods for high-throughput label-free cell classification. In this work, we present hollow resonator devices based on suspended glass microcapillaries for the simultaneous measurement of single-cell buoyant mass and reflectivity with a throughput of 300 cells/minute. In the experimental methodology presented here, both magnitudes are extracted from the devices' response to a single probe, a focused laser beam that enables simultaneous readout of changes in resonance frequency and reflected optical power of the devices as cells flow within them. Through its application to MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells and MCF-10A nontumorigenic cells, we demonstrate that this mechano-optical technique can successfully discriminate pathological from healthy cells of the same tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Pérez
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-López
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina L. Yubero
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M. Kosaka
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Sano M, Kaji N, Rowat AC, Yasaki H, Shao L, Odaka H, Yasui T, Higashiyama T, Baba Y. Microfluidic Mechanotyping of a Single Cell with Two Consecutive Constrictions of Different Sizes and an Electrical Detection System. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12890-12899. [PMID: 31442026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a cell, which include parameters such as elasticity, inner pressure, and tensile strength, are extremely important because changes in these properties are indicative of diseases ranging from diabetes to malignant transformation. Considering the heterogeneity within a population of cancer cells, a robust measurement system at the single cell level is required for research and in clinical purposes. In this study, a potential microfluidic device for high-throughput and practical mechanotyping were developed to investigate the deformability and sizes of cells through a single run. This mechanotyping device consisted of two different sizes of consecutive constrictions in a microchannel and measured the size of cells and related deformability during transit. Cell deformability was evaluated based on the transit and on the effects of cytoskeleton-affecting drugs, which were detected within 50 ms. The mechanotyping device was able to also measure a cell cycle without the use of fluorescent or protein tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Sano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyushu University , Moto-oka 744 , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology , University of California Los Angeles , 610 Charles E Young Dr. East , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Hirotoshi Yasaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Long Shao
- AGC Inc. , Suehiro 1-1 , Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City , Kanagawa 230-0045 , Japan
| | - Hidefumi Odaka
- AGC Inc. , Suehiro 1-1 , Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City , Kanagawa 230-0045 , Japan
| | - Takao Yasui
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM) , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan.,Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Hayashi-cho 2217-14 , Takamatsu 761-0395 , Japan.,College of Pharmacy , Kaohsiung Medical University , 100, Shih-Chuan First Road , Kaohsiung , 807 , Taiwan, R.O.C
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