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Börzsei R, Zsidó BZ, Bálint M, Helyes Z, Pintér E, Hetényi C. Exploration of Somatostatin Binding Mechanism to Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136878. [PMID: 35805885 PMCID: PMC9266823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (also named as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor) is a regulatory peptide important for the proper functioning of the endocrine system, local inflammatory reactions, mood and motor coordination, and behavioral responses to stress. Somatostatin exerts its effects via binding to G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors of which the fourth subtype (SSTR4) is a particularly important receptor mediating analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-depressant effects without endocrine actions. Thus, SSTR4 agonists are promising drug candidates. Although the knowledge of the atomic resolution-binding modes of SST would be essential for drug development, experimental elucidation of the structures of SSTR4 and its complexes is still awaiting. In the present study, structures of the somatostatin–SSTR4 complex were produced using an unbiased, blind docking approach. Beyond the static structures, the binding mechanism of SST was also elucidated in the explicit water molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, and key binding modes (external, intermediate, and internal) were distinguished. The most important residues on both receptor and SST sides were identified. An energetic comparison of SST binding to SSTR4 and 2 offered a residue-level explanation of receptor subtype selectivity. The calculated structures show good agreement with available experimental results and indicate that somatostatin binding is realized via prerequisite binding modes and an induced fit mechanism. The identified binding modes and the corresponding key residues provide useful information for future drug design targeting SSTR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Börzsei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Zoltán Zsidó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mónika Bálint
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Algonist Gmbh, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- PharmInVivo Ltd., 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Algonist Gmbh, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- PharmInVivo Ltd., 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Prasanna CAL, Sharma A. Pharmacological exploration of triazole based therapeutics for Alzheimer disease: An overview. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:933-953. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220328153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Alzheimer`s disease (AD) is an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disorder which may account for approximately 60-70% cases of dementia worldwide. AD is characterized by impaired behavioural and cognitive functions including memory, language, conception, attentiveness, judgment, and reasoning problems. The two important hallmarks of AD are the appearance of plaques and tangles of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins, respectively, in the brain based on the etiology of the disease including cholinergic impairment, metal dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress, and degradation of neurotransmitters. Currently, the used medication only provides alleviation of symptoms but not effective in curing the disease that is creating by an urge to develop new molecules to treat AD. Heterocyclic compounds have proven their ability to be developed as drugs for the treatment of various diseases. The five-membered heterocyclic compound triazole has received foremost fascination for the discovery of new drugs due to the possibility of structural variation and proved its significance in various drug categories. Therefore, this review summarizes mainly the recent advancements in the development of novel 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole based molecules in the drug discovery process for targeting various AD targets such as phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) Inhibitors, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitors, Somatostatin receptor subtype-4 (SSTR4) agonist, many other druggable targets, molecular modelling studies as well as various methodology for the synthesis of triazoles containing molecules such as Click reaction, Pellizzari and Einhorn-Brunner Reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
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Selim A, Neethu KM, Gowri V, Sartaliya S, Kaur S, Jayamurugan G. Thiol‐Functionalized Cellulose Wrapped Copperoxide as a Green Nano Catalyst for Regiospecific Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction: Application in Rufinamide Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Selim
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - K. M. Neethu
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Vijayendran Gowri
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Shaifali Sartaliya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Sharanjeet Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Govindasamy Jayamurugan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
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Neumann WL, Sandoval KE, Mobayen S, Minaeian M, Kukielski SG, Srabony KN, Frare R, Slater O, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Hospital A, Kontoyianni M, Crider AM, Witt KA. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazoles: high affinity and selective somatostatin receptor-4 agonists for Alzheimer's disease treatment. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1352-1365. [PMID: 34458738 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor-4 (SST4) is highly expressed in brain regions affiliated with learning and memory. SST4 agonist treatment may act to mitigate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. An integrated approach to SST4 agonist lead optimization is presented herein. High affinity and selective agonists with biological efficacy were identified through iterative cycles of a structure-based design strategy encompassing computational methods, chemistry, and preclinical pharmacology. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives of our previously reported hit (4) showed enhanced SST4 binding affinity, activity, and selectivity. Thirty-five compounds showed low nanomolar range SST4 binding affinity, 12 having a K i < 1 nM. These compounds showed >500-fold affinity for SST4 as compared to SST2A. SST4 activities were consistent with the respective SST4 binding affinities (EC50 < 10 nM for 34 compounds). Compound 208 (SST4 K i = 0.7 nM; EC50 = 2.5 nM; >600-fold selectivity over SST2A) display a favorable physiochemical profile, and was advanced to learning and memory behavior evaluations in the senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 model of AD-related cognitive decline. Chronic administration enhanced learning with i.p. dosing (1 mg kg-1) compared to vehicle. Chronic administration enhanced memory with both i.p. (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg kg-1) and oral (0.01, 10 mg kg-1) dosing compared to vehicle. This study identified a novel series of SST4 agonists with high affinity, selectivity, and biological activity that may be useful in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Karin E Sandoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Shirin Mobayen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Mahsa Minaeian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Stephen G Kukielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Khush N Srabony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Rafael Frare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Olivia Slater
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine 1402 South Grand Boulevard, M238 St Louis MO 63104 USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine 1402 South Grand Boulevard, M238 St Louis MO 63104 USA
| | - Audrey Hospital
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Maria Kontoyianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - A Michael Crider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Ken A Witt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
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Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of Hg(II), Fe(III) complexes with 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-triazole derivatives from L-methionine. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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