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Smith DM, Aggarwal G, Niehoff ML, Jones SA, Banerjee S, Farr SA, Nguyen AD. Biochemical, biomarker, and behavioral characterization of the GrnR493X mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. bioRxiv 2024:2023.05.27.542495. [PMID: 37398305 PMCID: PMC10312473 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.27.542495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin haploinsufficiency; complete deficiency of progranulin causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Several progranulin-deficient mouse models have been generated, including both knockout mice and knockin mice harboring a common patient mutation (R493X). However, the GrnR493X mouse model has not been characterized completely. Additionally, while homozygous GrnR493X and Grn knockout mice have been extensively studied, data from heterozygous mice is still limited. Here, we performed more in-depth characterization of heterozygous and homozygous GrnR493X knockin mice, which includes biochemical assessments, behavioral studies, and analysis of fluid biomarkers. In the brains of homozygous GrnR493X mice, we found increased phosphorylated TDP-43 along with increased expression of lysosomal genes, markers of microgliosis and astrogliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and complement factors. Heterozygous GrnR493X mice did not have increased TDP-43 phosphorylation but did exhibit limited increases in lysosomal and inflammatory gene expression. Behavioral studies found social and emotional deficits in GrnR493X mice that mirror those observed in Grn knockout mouse models, as well as impairment in memory and executive function. Overall, the GrnR493X knockin mouse model closely phenocopies Grn knockout models. Lastly, in contrast to homozygous knockin mice, heterozygous GrnR493X mice do not have elevated levels of fluid biomarkers previously identified in humans, including neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in both plasma and CSF. These results may help to inform pre-clinical studies that use this Grn knockin mouse model and other Grn knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Smith
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Spencer A. Jones
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Nguyen
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
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Aggarwal G, Banerjee S, Jones SA, Benchaar Y, Bélanger J, Sévigny M, Smith DM, Niehoff ML, Pavlack M, de Vera IMS, Petkau TL, Leavitt BR, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Rigo F, Morley JE, Farr SA, Dutchak PA, Sephton CF, Nguyen AD. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the miR-29b binding site in the GRN mRNA increase progranulin translation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105475. [PMID: 37981208 PMCID: PMC10755782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous GRN (progranulin) mutations cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) due to haploinsufficiency, and increasing progranulin levels is a major therapeutic goal. Several microRNAs, including miR-29b, negatively regulate progranulin protein levels. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are emerging as a promising therapeutic modality for neurological diseases, but strategies for increasing target protein levels are limited. Here, we tested the efficacy of ASOs as enhancers of progranulin expression by sterically blocking the miR-29b binding site in the 3' UTR of the human GRN mRNA. We found 16 ASOs that increase progranulin protein in a dose-dependent manner in neuroglioma cells. A subset of these ASOs also increased progranulin protein in iPSC-derived neurons and in a humanized GRN mouse model. In FRET-based assays, the ASOs effectively competed for miR-29b from binding to the GRN 3' UTR RNA. The ASOs increased levels of newly synthesized progranulin protein by increasing its translation, as revealed by polysome profiling. Together, our results demonstrate that ASOs can be used to effectively increase target protein levels by partially blocking miR binding sites. This ASO strategy may be therapeutically feasible for progranulin-deficient FTD as well as other conditions of haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Spencer A Jones
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yousri Benchaar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jasmine Bélanger
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Myriam Sévigny
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise M Smith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Monica Pavlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Terri L Petkau
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Ling
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Dutchak
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantelle F Sephton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Smith DM, Niehoff ML, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Rigo F, Farr SA, Wilkinson MF, Nguyen AD. Targeting nonsense-mediated RNA decay does not increase progranulin levels in the Grn R493X mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282822. [PMID: 36893203 PMCID: PMC9997918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A common cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are nonsense mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene. Because nonsense mutations activate the nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) pathway, we sought to inhibit this RNA turnover pathway as a means to increase progranulin levels. Using a knock-in mouse model harboring a common patient mutation, we tested whether either pharmacological or genetic inhibition of NMD upregulates progranulin in these GrnR493X mice. We first examined antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting an exonic region in GrnR493X mRNA predicted to block its degradation by NMD. As we previously reported, these ASOs effectively increased GrnR493X mRNA levels in fibroblasts in vitro. However, following CNS delivery, we found that none of the 8 ASOs we tested increased Grn mRNA levels in the brains of GrnR493X mice. This result was obtained despite broad ASO distribution in the brain. An ASO targeting a different mRNA was effective when administered in parallel to wild-type mice. As an independent approach to inhibit NMD, we examined the effect of loss of an NMD factor not required for embryonic viability: UPF3b. We found that while Upf3b deletion effectively perturbed NMD, it did not increase Grn mRNA levels in Grn+/R493X mouse brains. Together, our results suggest that the NMD-inhibition approaches that we used are likely not viable for increasing progranulin levels in individuals with FTD caused by nonsense GRN mutations. Thus, alternative approaches should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Smith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Karen Ling
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Miles F. Wilkinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Li J, Kumar S, Miachin K, Bean NL, Halawi O, Lee S, Park J, Pierre TH, Hor JH, Ng SY, Wallace KJ, Rindtorff N, Miller TM, Niehoff ML, Farr SA, Kletzien RF, Colca J, Tanis SP, Chen Y, Griffett K, McCommis KS, Finck BN, Peterson TR. A DUAL MTOR/NAD+ ACTING GEROTHERAPY. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.16.523975. [PMID: 36711589 PMCID: PMC9882180 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.523975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The geroscience hypothesis states that a therapy that prevents the underlying aging process should prevent multiple aging related diseases. The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin)/insulin and NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) pathways are two of the most validated aging pathways. Yet, it's largely unclear how they might talk to each other in aging. In genome-wide CRISPRa screening with a novel class of N-O-Methyl-propanamide-containing compounds we named BIOIO-1001, we identified lipid metabolism centering on SIRT3 as a point of intersection of the mTOR/insulin and NAD+ pathways. In vivo testing indicated that BIOIO-1001 reduced high fat, high sugar diet-induced metabolic derangements, inflammation, and fibrosis, each being characteristic of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). An unbiased screen of patient datasets suggested a potential link between the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of BIOIO-1001 in NASH models to those in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Directed experiments subsequently determined that BIOIO-1001 was protective in both sporadic and familial ALS models. Both NASH and ALS have no treatments and suffer from a lack of convenient biomarkers to monitor therapeutic efficacy. A potential strength in considering BIOIO-1001 as a therapy is that the blood biomarker that it modulates, namely plasma triglycerides, can be conveniently used to screen patients for responders. More conceptually, to our knowledge BIOIO-1001 is a first therapy that fits the geroscience hypothesis by acting on multiple core aging pathways and that can alleviate multiple conditions after they have set in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Li
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Healthspan Technologies, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 265, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kirill Miachin
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Bean
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ornella Halawi
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott Lee
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - JiWoong Park
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tanya H. Pierre
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jin-Hui Hor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Cell Biology and Therapies Division), A*STAR Research Entities. 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Cell Biology and Therapies Division), A*STAR Research Entities. 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | | | - Niklas Rindtorff
- LabDAO, c/o MJP PARTNERS, Bahnhofstrasse 20, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Research and Development, VA Medical Center-St. Louis, 915 N. Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63106, USA
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Research and Development, VA Medical Center-St. Louis, 915 N. Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63106, USA
| | - Rolf F. Kletzien
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company. 161 E Michigan Ave., 4th Floor Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Jerry Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company. 161 E Michigan Ave., 4th Floor Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Steven P. Tanis
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company. 161 E Michigan Ave., 4th Floor Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Yana Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics & Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8031-0014-01, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kyle S. McCommis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics & Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8031-0014-01, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tim R. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Healthspan Technologies, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 265, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Aggarwal G, Banerjee S, Jones SA, Pavlack M, Benchaar Y, Bélanger J, Sévigny M, Smith DM, Niehoff ML, de Vera IMS, Petkau TL, Leavitt BR, Ling K, Jafar‐nejad P, Rigo F, Morley JE, Farr SA, Dutchak PA, Sephton CF, Nguyen AD. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting miR‐29b binding site increase translation of progranulin protein: potential therapeutic strategy for progranulin‐deficient frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.067828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Squillace S, Niehoff ML, Doyle TM, Green M, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S, Arnatt CK, Spiegel S, Farr SA, Salvemini D. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 activation in the central nervous system drives cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157738. [PMID: 36047496 PMCID: PMC9433103 DOI: 10.1172/jci157738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a major neurotoxicity affecting more than 50% of cancer survivors. The underpinning mechanisms are mostly unknown, and there are no FDA-approved interventions. Sphingolipidomic analysis of mouse prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, key sites of cognitive function, revealed that cisplatin increased levels of the potent signaling molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and led to cognitive impairment. At the biochemical level, S1P induced mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain–containing protein 3 inflammasomes, and increased IL-1β formation. These events were attenuated by systemic administration of the functional S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) antagonist FTY720, which also attenuated cognitive impairment without adversely affecting locomotor activity. Similar attenuation was observed with ozanimod, another FDA-approved functional S1PR1 antagonist. Mice with astrocyte-specific deletion of S1pr1 lost their ability to respond to FTY720, implicating involvement of astrocytic S1PR1. Remarkably, our pharmacological and genetic approaches, coupled with computational modeling studies, revealed that cisplatin increased S1P production by activating TLR4. Collectively, our results identify the molecular mechanisms engaged by the S1P/S1PR1 axis in CRCI and establish S1PR1 antagonism as an approach to target CRCI with therapeutics that have fast-track clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Squillace
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and.,The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Timothy M Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and.,The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Green
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Christopher K Arnatt
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and.,The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Ghoshal S, Banerjee S, Zhang J, Niehoff ML, Farr SA, Butler AA. Adropin transgenesis improves recognition memory in diet-induced obese LDLR-deficient C57BL/6J mice. Peptides 2021; 146:170678. [PMID: 34695512 PMCID: PMC8649943 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related metabolic dysregulation causes mild cognitive impairment and increased risk for dementia. We used an LDLR-deficient C57BL/6J mouse model (LDLRKO) to investigate whether adropin, a neuropeptide linked to neurodegenerative diseases, improves cognitive function in situations of metabolic dysregulation. Adropin transgenic mice (AdrTG) were crossed with LDLRKO; male and female progeny were fed a high fat diet for 3-months. Male chow-fed wild type (WT) mice were used as controls. Diet-induced obesity and LDLR-deficiency caused severe dyslipidemia, irrespective of sex. The AdrTG prevented reduced adropin protein levels in LDLRKO cortex. In males, metabolic dysregulation and AdrTG genotype significantly and bi-directionally affected performance in the novel object recognition (NOR) test, a declarative hippocampal memory task (discrimination index mean ± SE for WT, 0.02 ± 0.088; LDLRKO, -0.115 ± 0.077; AdrTG;LDLRKO, 0.265 ± 0.078; genotype effect, p = 0.009; LDLRKO vs. AdrTG;LDLRKO, P < 0.05). A 2-way ANOVA (fixed variables: sex, AdrTG genotype) indicated a highly significant effect of AdrTG (P = 0.003). The impact of the diet-genotype interaction on the male mouse brain was investigated using RNA-seq. Gene-ontology analysis of transcripts showing fold-changes of>1.3 or <-1.3 (P < 0.05) indicated metabolic dysregulation affected gene networks involved in intercellular/neuronal signaling, immune processes, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix organization. The AdrTG selectively attenuated the impact of metabolic dysregulation on intercellular/neuronal signaling pathways. Intercellular/neuronal signaling pathways were also the predominant processes overrepresented when directly comparing AdrTG;LDLRKO with LDRKO. In summary, adropin overexpression improves cognitive function in severe metabolic dysregulation through pathways related to cell-cell communication and neuronal processes, and independently of preventing inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Biological Science and Geology, QCC-CUNY, Bayside, NY, USA
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, MO, USA; Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew A Butler
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Farr SA, Goodland MN, Niehoff ML, Banerjee S, Young BJ. Cannabidiol (CBD) improves cognition and decreases anxiety in the SAMP8 mouse model of Alzheimer’s. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.054428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Farr
- VA Medical Center St. Louis St. Louis MO USA
- St. Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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Neumann WL, Sandoval KE, Mobayen S, Minaeian M, Kukielski SG, Srabony KN, Frare R, Slater O, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Hospital A, Kontoyianni M, Crider AM, Witt KA. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazoles: high affinity and selective somatostatin receptor-4 agonists for Alzheimer's disease treatment. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1352-1365. [PMID: 34458738 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor-4 (SST4) is highly expressed in brain regions affiliated with learning and memory. SST4 agonist treatment may act to mitigate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. An integrated approach to SST4 agonist lead optimization is presented herein. High affinity and selective agonists with biological efficacy were identified through iterative cycles of a structure-based design strategy encompassing computational methods, chemistry, and preclinical pharmacology. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives of our previously reported hit (4) showed enhanced SST4 binding affinity, activity, and selectivity. Thirty-five compounds showed low nanomolar range SST4 binding affinity, 12 having a K i < 1 nM. These compounds showed >500-fold affinity for SST4 as compared to SST2A. SST4 activities were consistent with the respective SST4 binding affinities (EC50 < 10 nM for 34 compounds). Compound 208 (SST4 K i = 0.7 nM; EC50 = 2.5 nM; >600-fold selectivity over SST2A) display a favorable physiochemical profile, and was advanced to learning and memory behavior evaluations in the senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 model of AD-related cognitive decline. Chronic administration enhanced learning with i.p. dosing (1 mg kg-1) compared to vehicle. Chronic administration enhanced memory with both i.p. (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg kg-1) and oral (0.01, 10 mg kg-1) dosing compared to vehicle. This study identified a novel series of SST4 agonists with high affinity, selectivity, and biological activity that may be useful in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Karin E Sandoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Shirin Mobayen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Mahsa Minaeian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Stephen G Kukielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Khush N Srabony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Rafael Frare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Olivia Slater
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine 1402 South Grand Boulevard, M238 St Louis MO 63104 USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine 1402 South Grand Boulevard, M238 St Louis MO 63104 USA
| | - Audrey Hospital
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Maria Kontoyianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - A Michael Crider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Ken A Witt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
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Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Nguyen AD. Progranulin improves memory in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.046374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Farr
- VA Medical Center St. Louis St. Louis MO USA
- St. Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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11
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Farr SA, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Campolo M, Niehoff ML, Doyle TM, Salvemini D. Adenosine A 3 receptor as a novel therapeutic target to reduce secondary events and improve neurocognitive functions following traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:339. [PMID: 33183330 PMCID: PMC7659122 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common pathological condition that presently lacks a specific pharmacological treatment. Adenosine levels rise following TBI, which is thought to be neuroprotective against secondary brain injury. Evidence from stroke and inflammatory disease models suggests that adenosine signaling through the G protein-coupled A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) can provide antiinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, the role of A3AR in TBI has not been investigated. Methods Using the selective A3AR agonist, MRS5980, we evaluated the effects of A3AR activation on the pathological outcomes and cognitive function in CD1 male mouse models of TBI. Results When measured 24 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI, male mice treated with intraperitoneal injections of MRS5980 (1 mg/kg) had reduced secondary tissue injury and brain infarction than vehicle-treated mice with TBI. These effects were associated with attenuated neuroinflammation marked by reduced activation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NFκB) and MAPK (p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) pathways and downstream NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation. MRS5980 also attenuated TBI-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell influx. Moreover, when measured 4–5 weeks after closed head weight-drop TBI, male mice treated with MRS5980 (1 mg/kg) performed significantly better in novel object-placement retention tests (NOPRT) and T maze trials than untreated mice with TBI without altered locomotor activity or increased anxiety. Conclusion Our results provide support for the beneficial effects of small molecule A3AR agonists to mitigate secondary tissue injury and cognitive impairment following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 915 N Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Timothy M Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA. .,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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12
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Rhea EM, Nirkhe S, Nguyen S, Pemberton S, Bammler TK, Beyer R, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Farr SA, Banks WA. Molecular Mechanisms of Intranasal Insulin in SAMP8 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:1361-1373. [PMID: 31561374 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Research on intranasal delivery of drugs, peptides, and proteins has grown over the past decade as an alternate way to deliver substrates to the brain. Recent work has shown intranasal (INL) delivery of insulin improves memory and cognition in healthy subjects as well as patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in AD mouse models. However, the molecular mechanism(s) for the beneficial effect of insulin on memory are still unclear. Using the SAMP8 mouse model of AD, we investigated the impact of INL insulin on protein and gene expression in brain regions including the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. We found genes and proteins in the insulin receptor signaling pathway were not activated by the doses tested. However, we did find the expression of genes present in the hippocampus involved in other pathways, especially those related to inflammation, were altered due to age and with a dose of INL insulin previously shown to improve cognition. These alternate pathways could be targets of insulin when delivered via the INL route to aid in memory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Surabhi Nirkhe
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven Nguyen
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Beyer
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Nguyen AD, Malmstrom TK, Niehoff ML, Aziz A, Miller DK, Morley JE. Serum progranulin levels are associated with frailty in middle-aged individuals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238877. [PMID: 32886731 PMCID: PMC7473561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A recent study identified progranulin as a candidate biomarker for frailty, based on gene expression databases. In the present study, we investigated associations between serum progranulin levels and frailty in a population-based sample of late middle-age and older adults. METHODS We utilized a cohort study that included 358 African Americans (baseline ages 49-65). Frailty was assessed by three established methods: the interview-based FRAIL scale, the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) frailty scale that includes performance-based measurements, and the Frailty Index (FI) that is based on cumulative deficits. Serum levels of the following proteins and metabolites were measured: progranulin, cystatin C, fructosamine, soluble cytokine receptors (interleukin-2 and -6, tumor necrosis factor α-1 and -2), and C-reactive protein. Sarcopenia was assessed using the SARC-F index. Vital status was determined by matching through the National Death Index (NDI). RESULTS Serum progranulin levels were associated with frailty for all indices (FRAIL, CHS, and FI) but not with sarcopenia. Inflammatory markers indicated by soluble cytokine receptors (sIL-2R, sIL-6R, sTNFR1, sTNFR2) were positively associated serum progranulin. Increased serum progranulin levels at baseline predicted poorer outcomes including future frailty as measured by the FRAIL scale and 15-year all-cause mortality independent of age, gender, and frailty. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that serum progranulin levels may be a candidate biomarker for physical frailty, independent of sarcopenia. Further studies are needed to validate this association and assess the utility of serum progranulin levels as a potential biomarker for prevalent frailty, for risk for developing incident frailty, and for mortality risk over and above the effect of baseline frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Theodore K. Malmstrom
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Asef Aziz
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas K. Miller
- Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John E. Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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14
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Farr SA, Roesler E, Niehoff ML, Roby DA, McKee A, Morley JE. Metformin Improves Learning and Memory in the SAMP8 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1699-1710. [PMID: 30958364 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is used for the treatment of insulin resistant diabetes. Diabetics are at an increased risk of developing dementia. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that metformin treatment prevents cognitive decline in diabetics. A pilot clinical study found cognitive improvement with metformin in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Preclinical studies suggest metformin reduces Alzheimer-like pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current study, we used 11-month-old SAMP8 mice. Mice were given daily injections of metformin at 20 mg/kg/sc or 200 mg/kg/sc for eight weeks. After four weeks, mice were tested in T-maze footshock avoidance, object recognition, and Barnes maze. At the end of the study, brain tissue was collected for analysis of PKC (PKCζ, PKCι, PKCα, PKCγ, PKCɛ), GSK-3β, pGSK-3βser9, pGSK-3βtyr216, pTau404, and APP. Metformin improved both acquisition and retention in SAMP8 mice in T-maze footshock avoidance, retention in novel object recognition, and acquisition in the Barnes maze. Biochemical analysis indicated that metformin increased both atypical and conventional forms of PKC; PKCζ, and PKCα at 20 mg/kg. Metformin significantly increased pGSK-3βser9 at 200 mg/kg, and decreased Aβ at 20 mg/kg and pTau404 and APPc99 at both 20 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. There were no differences in blood glucose levels between the aged vehicle and metformin treated mice. Metformin improved learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of spontaneous onset AD. Biochemical analysis indicates that metformin improved memory by decreasing APPc99 and pTau. The current study lends support to the therapeutic potential of metformin for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, MO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Roesler
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Deborah A Roby
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Alexis McKee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
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15
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Banerjee S, Ghoshal S, Stevens JR, McCommis KS, Gao S, Castro-Sepulveda M, Mizgier ML, Girardet C, Kumar KG, Galgani JE, Niehoff ML, Farr SA, Zhang J, Butler AA. Hepatocyte expression of the micropeptide adropin regulates the liver fasting response and is enhanced by caloric restriction. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13753-13768. [PMID: 32727846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The micropeptide adropin encoded by the clock-controlled energy homeostasis-associated gene is implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism. However, its links to rhythms of nutrient intake, energy balance, and metabolic control remain poorly defined. Using surveys of Gene Expression Omnibus data sets, we confirm that fasting suppresses liver adropin expression in lean C57BL/6J (B6) mice. However, circadian rhythm data are inconsistent. In lean mice, caloric restriction (CR) induces bouts of compulsive binge feeding separated by prolonged fasting intervals, increasing NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 signaling important for glucose and lipid metabolism regulation. CR up-regulates adropin expression and induces rhythms correlating with cellular stress-response pathways. Furthermore, adropin expression correlates positively with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxokinase-1 (Pck1) expression, suggesting a link with gluconeogenesis. Our previous data suggest that adropin suppresses gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes. Liver-specific adropin knockout (LAdrKO) mice exhibit increased glucose excursions following pyruvate injections, indicating increased gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is also increased in primary cultured hepatocytes derived from LAdrKO mice. Analysis of circulating insulin levels and liver expression of fasting-responsive cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways also suggests enhanced responses in LAdrKO mice during a glucagon tolerance test (250 µg/kg intraperitoneally). Fasting-associated changes in PKA signaling are attenuated in transgenic mice constitutively expressing adropin and in fasting mice treated acutely with adropin peptide. In summary, hepatic adropin expression is regulated by nutrient- and clock-dependent extrahepatic signals. CR induces pronounced postprandial peaks in hepatic adropin expression. Rhythms of hepatic adropin expression appear to link energy balance and cellular stress to the intracellular signal transduction pathways that drive the liver fasting response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph R Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Su Gao
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Laboratorio de Ciencias del Ejercicio. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria L Mizgier
- Departamento de Ciencias de la SaludCarrera de Nutrición y Dietética and Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Clemence Girardet
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - K Ganesh Kumar
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jose E Galgani
- Departamento de Ciencias de la SaludCarrera de Nutrición y Dietética and Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; Research Service, John Cochran Division, Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; Research Service, John Cochran Division, Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Missouri, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew A Butler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA; Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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17
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Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Kumar VB, Roby DA, Morley JE. Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β as a Treatment for the Prevention of Cognitive Deficits after a Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1869-1875. [PMID: 30704365 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has many long-term consequences, including impairment in memory and changes in mood. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) in its phosphorylated form (p-GSK-3β) is considered to be a major contributor to memory problems that occur post-TBI. We have developed an antisense that targets the GSK-3β (GAO) gene. Using a model of closed-head concussive TBI, we subjected mice to TBI and injected GAO or a random antisense (RAO) 15 min post-injury. One week post-injury, mice were tested in object recognition with 24 h delay. At 4 weeks post- injury, mice were tested with a T-maze foot shock avoidance memory test and a second object recognition test with 24 h delay using different objects. Mice that received GAO show improved memory in both object recognition and T-maze compared with RAO- treated mice that were subjected to TBI. Next, we verified that GAO blocked the surge in phosphorylated GSK-3β post-TBI. Mice were subjected to TBI and injected with antisense 15 min post-TBI with GAO or RAO. Mice were euthanized at 4 and 72 h post-TBI. Analysis of p-ser9GSK-3β, p-tyr216GSK-3β, and phospho-tau (p-tau)404 showed that mice that received a TBI+RAO had significantly higher p-ser9GSK-3β, p-tyr216GSK-3β, and p-tau404 levels than the mice that received TBI+GAO and the Sham+RAO mice. The current finding suggests that inhibiting GSK-3β increase after TBI with an antisense directed at GSK-3β prevents learning and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deborah A Roby
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John E Morley
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Banks WA, Farr SA, Salameh TS, Niehoff ML, Rhea EM, Morley JE, Hanson AJ, Hansen KM, Craft S. Triglycerides cross the blood-brain barrier and induce central leptin and insulin receptor resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:391-397. [PMID: 28990588 PMCID: PMC5880581 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resistance at the brain receptors for leptin and insulin has been associated with increased feeding, obesity and cognitive impairments. The causal agent for central resistance is unknown but could be derived from the blood. Here we postulate whether hypertriglyceridemia, the major dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome, could underlie central leptin and insulin resistance. DESIGN We used radioactively labeled triglycerides to measure blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, western blots to measure receptor activation, and feeding and cognitive tests to assess behavioral endpoints. RESULTS Human CSF was determined to contain triglycerides, a finding previously unclear. The radioactive triglyceride triolein readily crossed the BBB and centrally administered triolein and peripherally administered lipids induced in vivo leptin and/or insulin resistance at hypothalamic receptors. Central triolein blocked the satiety effect of centrally administered leptin. Decreasing serum triglycerides with gemfibrozil improved both learning and memory inversely proportionate to triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS Triglycerides cross the blood-brain barrier rapidly, are found in human cerebrospinal fluid, and induce central leptin and insulin receptor resistance, decreasing satiety and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Banks
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S A Farr
- Research and Development, John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - T S Salameh
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M L Niehoff
- Research and Development, John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - E M Rhea
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - A J Hanson
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K M Hansen
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Craft
- Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Farr SA, Sandoval KE, Niehoff ML, Witt KA, Kumar VB, Morley JE. Peripheral Administration of GSK-3β Antisense Oligonucleotide Improves Learning and Memory in SAMP8 and Tg2576 Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1339-1348. [PMID: 27589526 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the heightened levels of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurodegeneration. We have previously shown that an antisense oligonucleotide directed at the Tyr 216 site on GSK-3β (GAO) when injected centrally can decrease GSK-3β levels, improve learning and memory, and decrease oxidative stress. In addition, we showed that GAO can cross the blood-brain barrier. Herein the impact of peripherally administered GAO in both the non-transgenic SAMP8 and transgenic Tg2576 (APPswe) models of AD were examined respective to learning and memory. Brain tissues were then evaluated for expression changes in the phosphorylated-Tyr 216 residue, which leads to GSK-3β activation, and the phosphorylated-Ser9 residue, which reduces GSK-3β activity. SAMP8 GAO-treated mice showed improved acquisition and retention using aversive T-maze, and improved declarative memory as measured by the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Expression of the phosphorylated-Tyr 216 was decreased and the phosphorylated-Ser9 was increased in GAO-treated SAMP8 mice. Tg2576 GAO-treated mice improved acquisition and retention in both the T-maze and NOR tests, with an increased phosphorylated-Ser9 GSK-3β expression. Results demonstrate that peripheral administration of GAO improves learning and memory, corresponding with alterations in GSK-3β phosphorylation state. This study supports peripherally administered GAO as a viable means to mediate GSK-3β activity within the brain and a possible treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karin E Sandoval
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ken A Witt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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20
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McKee A, Lima Ribeiro SM, Malmstrom TK, Perry HM, Miller DK, Farr SS, Niehoff ML, Albert SG. Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Black Americans: Comparison of Total, Free, Bioavailable 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels with Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Bone Mineral Density. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:1045-1050. [PMID: 30379301 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is debate surrounding the adequacy of total and free 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in black Americans who have inherently high bone mineral density [BMD] and low serum concentration of vitamin D binding proteins [VDBP]. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of serum samples and BMD analyses from the African American Health Study [AAHS] cohort. SETTING The AAHS is a population-based longitudinal study initiated to examine issues of disability and frailty among urban-dwelling black Americans in the city of Saint Louis, Missouri. PARTICIPANTS 122 men and 206 women, age 60.2 ± 4.3 years. INTERVENTION Retrospective analysis. MEASUREMENTS Total 25(OH)D, VDBP, PTH, and BMD of the lumbar spine and hip by dual energy x-ray photometry (DXA). Free and bioavailable vitamin D levels were calculated using serum concentrations and affinity constants for the VDBP (Gc1F and Gc1S) phenotypes. RESULTS Serum total 25(OH)D levels were 14.6 ± 8.9 ng/mL (36 ± 22 nmol/L). Vitamin D insufficiency was estimated by compensatory elevations of PTH above the normal range (> 65 pg/mL). PTH levels were within the normal reference range in > 95% of the samples at total 25(OH)D levels ≥ 20 ng/mL (≥50 nmol/L). There was no difference in the correlation of the reciprocal relationship of vitamin D vs parathyroid hormone between the VDBP phenotypes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that serum total 25(OH)D discriminated sufficiency from insufficiency at least as well as the calculated levels of the free and bioavailable vitamin D. Very low levels of total 25(OH)D (≤ 8 ng/mL, ≤20 nmol/L) were associated with decreased BMD (p=0.02), but higher levels of 25(OH)D did not show statistical differences in BMD. CONCLUSION Total 25(OH)D levels of ≤ 8ng/mL (≤20 nmol/L) are associated with clinically significant changes in BMD, whereas total 25(OH)D levels ≥ 20 ng/mL (≥50 nmol/L) suppressed PTH and were not associated with deficiencies in BMD. Lower levels of 25(OH)D may be acceptable for bone health in black than in white Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKee
- Alexis McKee, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., M412, St. Louis, MO 63104, (314) 977-8458,
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21
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Farr SA, Louise van der Kam E, Brown JW, Niehoff ML, Morley JE. [P3–049]: SPINGOSINE‐1‐PHOSPHATE RECEPTOR 5 AGONIST α‐971432 IMPROVES LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE SAMP8 MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER's DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Farr
- St. Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- VA Medical Center St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
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22
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Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Ceddia MA, Herrlinger KA, Lewis BJ, Feng S, Welleford A, Butterfield DA, Morley JE. Effect of botanical extracts containing carnosic acid or rosmarinic acid on learning and memory in SAMP8 mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:328-38. [PMID: 27527000 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is one of the hallmarks of the aging process. The current study evaluated effects of two proprietary antioxidant-based ingredients, rosemary extract and spearmint extract containing carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, respectively, on learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of accelerated aging. The two rosemary extracts contained carnosic acid (60% or 10% carnosic acid) and one spearmint extract contained 5% rosmarinic acid. Three doses of actives in each extract were tested: 32, 16, 1.6 or 0mg/kg. After 90days of treatment mice were tested in T-maze foot shock avoidance, object recognition and lever press. Rosemary extract containing 60% carnosic acid improved acquisition and retention in T-maze foot shock, object recognition and lever press. Rosemary extract with 10% carnosic acid improved retention in T-maze foot shock avoidance and lever press. Spearmint with 5% rosmarinic acid improved acquisition and retention in T-maze foot shock avoidance and object recognition. 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) was reduced in the brain cortex after treatment with all three extracts (P<0.001) compared to the vehicle treated SAMP8. Protein carbonyls were reduced in the hippocampus after administration of rosemary with 10% carnosic acid (P<0.05) and spearmint containing 5% rosmarinic acid (P<0.001). The current results indicate that the extracts from spearmint and rosemary have beneficial effects on learning and memory and brain tissue markers of oxidation that occur with age in SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- VA Medical Center, 915 North Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63106, United States; St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States.
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Michael A Ceddia
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | | | - Brandon J Lewis
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | - Shulin Feng
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | - Andrew Welleford
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 249 Chemistry-Physics, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 249 Chemistry-Physics, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - John E Morley
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States; St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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23
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Salameh TS, Bullock KM, Hujoel IA, Niehoff ML, Wolden-Hanson T, Kim J, Morley JE, Farr SA, Banks WA. Central Nervous System Delivery of Intranasal Insulin: Mechanisms of Uptake and Effects on Cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:715-28. [PMID: 26401706 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal insulin has shown efficacy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there are no preclinical studies determining whether or how it reaches the brain. Here, we showed that insulin applied at the level of the cribriform plate via the nasal route quickly distributed throughout the brain and reversed learning and memory deficits in an AD mouse model. Intranasal insulin entered the blood stream poorly and had no peripheral metabolic effects. Uptake into the brain from the cribriform plate was saturable, stimulated by PKC inhibition, and responded differently to cellular pathway inhibitors than did insulin transport at the blood-brain barrier. In summary, these results show intranasal delivery to be an effective way to deliver insulin to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S Salameh
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabel A Hujoel
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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24
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Hansen HH, Fabricius K, Barkholt P, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Jelsing J, Pyke C, Knudsen LB, Farr SA, Vrang N. The GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide Improves Memory Function and Increases Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Numbers in a Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:877-88. [PMID: 25869785 PMCID: PMC4878312 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, currently used in the management of type 2 diabetes, exhibit neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated the potential pro-cognitive and neuroprotective effects of the once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a model of age-related sporadic AD not dominated by amyloid plaques. Six-month-old SAMP8 mice received liraglutide (100 or 500 μg/kg/day, s.c.) or vehicle once daily for 4 months. Vehicle-dosed age-matched 50% back-crossed as well as untreated young (4-month-old) SAMP8 mice were used as control groups for normal memory function. Vehicle-dosed 10-month-old SAMP8 mice showed significant learning and memory retention deficits in an active-avoidance T-maze, as compared to both control groups. Also, 10-month-old SAMP8 mice displayed no immunohistological signatures of amyloid-β plaques or hyperphosphorylated tau, indicating the onset of cognitive deficits prior to deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in this AD model. Liraglutide significantly increased memory retention and total hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron numbers in SAMP8 mice, as compared to age-matched vehicle-dosed SAMP8 mice. In conclusion, liraglutide delayed or partially halted the progressive decline in memory function associated with hippocampal neuronal loss in a mouse model of pathological aging with characteristics of neurobehavioral and neuropathological impairments observed in early-stage sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John E Morley
- St. Louis University, Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis, MO, USA.,St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Charles Pyke
- Diabetes Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Susan A Farr
- St. Louis University, Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Price TO, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Ercal N, Morley JE, Shah GN. Protective Effect of Topiramate on Hyperglycemia-Induced Cerebral Oxidative Stress, Pericyte Loss and Learning Behavior in Diabetic Mice. Int Libr Diabetes Metab 2015; 1:6-12. [PMID: 26120599 PMCID: PMC4479302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus-associated damage to the microvasculature of the brain is caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, which results in pericyte loss, blood-brain barrier disruption, and impaired cognitive function. Oxidative stress, in diabetes, is caused by reactive oxygen species produced during accelerated respiration (mitochondrial oxidative metabolism of glucose). The rate of respiration is regulated by mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases (CAs). Inhibition of these enzymes protects the brain from diabetic damage. Previously, we reported that topiramate, a mitochondrial CA inhibitor, at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day protects the brain in diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and restoring pericyte numbers. Topiramate has high affinity for both mitochondrial CAs; therefore, it is conceivable that a much lower dose may inhibit these enzymes and thus protect the brain from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage. Therefore, in an effort to reduce the toxicity associated with higher doses of topiramate, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of 1.0 mg/kg topiramate on reducing oxidative stress, restoring pericyte numbers in the brain, and improving the impaired learning behavior in diabetic mouse. Diabetes was induced by a one-time injection of streptozotocin and topiramate was administered daily for 12 weeks. Levels of oxidative stress, reduced glutathione (GSH) and 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE) were measured in the brain and pericyte/endothelial cell ratios in isolated brain microvessels. Learning behavior was assessed by T-maze foot shock avoidance test. A significant decrease in GSH (control, 12.2 ± 0.4 vs. diabetic, 10.8 ± 0.4 vs. diabetic + topiramate, 12.6 ± 0.6, p<0.05) and an increase in HNE (control, 100 ± 4.2, vs. diabetic, 127.3 ± 8.8 vs. diabetic + topiramate, 93.9 ± 8.4 p<0.05) in diabetic mice were corrected by topiramate treatment. Topiramate treatment also resulted in restoration of pericyte numbers in diabetic mice (control, 25.89 ± 0.85 vs. diabetic, 18.14 ± 0.66 vs. diabetic + topiramate, 24.35 ± 0.53, p<0.001) and improvement in learning behavior. In conclusion, these data clearly demonstrate that topiramate at 1.0 mg/kg protects the mouse brain from diabetic damage. A 1.0 mg/kg topiramate in the mouse translates to a 5.0 mg daily dose in a 60 kg human, which may help slow the onset and progression of diabetic complications in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin O. Price
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Research and Development, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - John E. Morley
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gul N. Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Corresponding Author: Gul N. Shah, Ph.D. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center,
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26
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Farr SA, Erickson MA, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Morley JE. Central and peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotide targeting amyloid-β protein precursor improves learning and memory and reduces neuroinflammatory cytokines in Tg2576 (AβPPswe) mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 40:1005-16. [PMID: 24577464 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Currently, there are no therapies to stop or reverse the symptoms of AD. We have developed an antisense oligonucleotide (OL-1) against the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) that can decrease AβPP expression and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) production. This antisense rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier, reverses learning and memory impairments, reduces oxidative stress, and restores brain-to-blood efflux of Aβ in SAMP8 mice. Here, we examined the effects of this AβPP antisense in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. We administered the OL-1 antisense into the lateral ventricle 3 times at 2week intervals. Seventy-two hours after the third injection, we tested learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance. In the second study, we injected the mice with OL-1 antisense 3 times at 2-week intervals via the tail vein. Seventy-two hours later, we tested learning and memory T-maze, novel object recognition, and elevated plus maze. At the end of behavioral testing, brain tissue was collected. OL-1 antisense administered centrally improved acquisition and retention of T-maze foot shock avoidance. OL-1 antisense administered via tail vein improved learning and memory in both T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object-place recognition. In the elevated plus maze, the mice which received OL-1 antisense spent less time in the open arms and had fewer entries into the open arms indicating reduced disinhibitation. Biochemical analyses reveal significant reduction of AβPP signal and a reduction of measures of neuroinflammation. The current findings support the therapeutic potential of OL-1 AβPP antisense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Farr SA, Ripley JL, Sultana R, Zhang Z, Niehoff ML, Platt TL, Murphy MP, Morley JE, Kumar V, Butterfield DA. Antisense oligonucleotide against GSK-3β in brain of SAMP8 mice improves learning and memory and decreases oxidative stress: Involvement of transcription factor Nrf2 and implications for Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:387-95. [PMID: 24355211 PMCID: PMC3945161 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the heightened levels of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurodegeneration. In this study we used 12-month-old SAMP8 mice, an AD model, to examine the effects GSK-3β may cause regarding the cognitive impairment and oxidative stress associated with AD. To suppress the level of GSK-3β, SAMP8 mice were treated with an antisense oligonucleotide (GAO) directed at this kinase. We measured a decreased level of GSK-3β in the cortex of the mice, indicating the success of the antisense treatment. Learning and memory assessments of the SAMP8 mice were tested post-antisense treatment using an aversive T-maze and object recognition test, both of which observably improved. In cortex samples of the SAMP8 mice, decreased levels of protein carbonyl and protein-bound HNE were measured, indicating decreased oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor known to increase the level of many antioxidants, including glutathione-S transferase (GST), and is negatively regulated by the activity of GSK-3β. Our results indicated the increased nuclear localization of Nrf2 and level of GST, suggesting the increased activity of the transcription factor as a result of GSK-3β suppression, consistent with the decreased oxidative stress observed. Consistent with the improved learning and memory, and consistent with GSK-3b being a tau kinase, we observed decreased tau phosphorylation in brain of GAO-treated SAMP8 mice compared to that of RAO-treated SAMP8 mice. Lastly, we examined the ability of GAO to cross the blood-brain barrier and determined it to be possible. The results presented in this study demonstrate that reducing GSK-3 with a phosphorothionated antisense against GSK-3 improves learning and memory, reduces oxidative stress, possibly coincident with increased levels of the antioxidant transcriptional activity of Nrf2, and decreases tau phosphorylation. Our study supports the notion of GAO as a possible treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica L Ripley
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Zhaoshu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas L Platt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - M Paul Murphy
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijaya Kumar
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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28
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Fiorini A, Sultana R, Förster S, Perluigi M, Cenini G, Cini C, Cai J, Klein JB, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Kumar VB, Butterfield DA. Antisense directed against PS-1 gene decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8) and reverses learning and memory impairment: a proteomics study. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1-14. [PMID: 23777706 PMCID: PMC3855183 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the induction of oxidative stress. This peptide is produced by proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of β- and γ-secretases. Previous studies demonstrated that reduction of Aβ, using an antisense oligonucleotide (AO) directed against the Aβ region of APP, reduced oxidative stress-mediated damage and prevented or reverted cognitive deficits in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), a useful animal model for investigating the events related to Aβ pathology and possibly to the early phase of AD. In the current study, aged SAMP8 were treated by AO directed against PS-1, a component of the γ-secretase complex, and tested for learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object recognition. Brain tissue was collected to identify the decrease of oxidative stress and to evaluate the proteins that are differently expressed and oxidized after the reduction in free radical levels induced by Aβ. We used both expression proteomics and redox proteomics approaches. In brain of AO-treated mice a decrease of oxidative stress markers was found, and the proteins identified by proteomics as expressed differently or nitrated are involved in processes known to be impaired in AD. Our results suggest that the treatment with AO directed against PS-1 in old SAMP8 mice reverses learning and memory deficits and reduces Aβ-mediated oxidative stress with restoration to the normal condition and identifies possible pharmacological targets to combat this devastating dementing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Fiorini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarah Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenini
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chiara Cini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jon B Klein
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Banks WA, Niehoff ML, Ponzio NM, Erickson MA, Zalcman SS. Pharmacokinetics and modeling of immune cell trafficking: quantifying differential influences of target tissues versus lymphocytes in SJL and lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:231. [PMID: 23034075 PMCID: PMC3489553 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cell trafficking into the CNS and other tissues plays important roles in health and disease. Rapid quantitative methods are not available that could be used to study many of the dynamic aspects of immune cell-tissue interactions. METHODS We used pharmacokinetics and modeling to quantify and characterize the trafficking of radioactively labeled lymphocytes into brain and peripheral tissues. We used variance from two-way ANOVAs with 2 × 2 experimental designs to model the relative influences of lymphocytes and target tissues in trafficking. RESULTS We found that in male CD-1 mice, about 1 in 5,000 intravenously injected lymphocytes entered each gram of brain. Uptake by brain was 2 to 3 times higher in naïve SJL females, but uptake by spleen and clearance from blood was lower, demonstrating a dichotomy in immune cell distribution. Treatment of CD-1 mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased immune cell uptake into brain but decreased uptake by spleen and axillary nodes. CONCLUSIONS Differences in brain uptake and in uptake by spleen between SJL and CD-1 mice were primarily determined by lymphocytes, whereas differences in uptake with LPS were primarily determined by lymphocytes for the brain but by the tissues for the spleen and the axillary lymph node. These results show that immune cells normally enter the CNS and that tissues and immune cells interact in ways that can be quantified by pharmacokinetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
- VAPSHCS, Rm 810A, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas M Ponzio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Steven S Zalcman
- Department of Psychiatry-UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
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Erickson MA, Niehoff ML, Farr SA, Morley JE, Dillman LA, Lynch KM, Banks WA. Peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the amyloid-β protein precursor reverses AβPP and LRP-1 overexpression in the aged SAMP8 mouse brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:951-60. [PMID: 22179572 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse model of Alzheimer's disease has a natural mutation leading to age-related increases in the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain, memory impairment, and deficits in Aβ removal from the brain. Previous studies show that centrally administered antisense oligonucleotide directed against AβPP can decrease AβPP expression and Aβ production in the brains of aged SAMP8 mice, and improve memory. The same antisense crosses the blood-brain barrier and reverses memory deficits when injected intravenously. Here, we give 6 μg of AβPP or control antisense 3 times over 2 week intervals to 12 month old SAMP8 mice. Object recognition test was done 48 hours later, followed by removal of whole brains for immunoblot analysis of AβPP, low-density lipoprotein-related protein-1 (LRP-1), p-glycoprotein (Pgp), receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), or ELISA of soluble Aβ(40). Our results show that AβPP antisense completely reverses a 30% age-associated increase in AβPP signal (p < 0.05 versus untreated 4 month old SAMP8). Soluble Aβ(40) increased with age, but was not reversed by antisense. LRP-1 large and small subunits increased significantly with age (147.7%, p < 0.01 and 123.7%, p < 0.05 respectively), and AβPP antisense completely reversed these increases (p < 0.05). Pgp and RAGE were not significantly altered with age or antisense. Antisense also caused improvements in memory (p < 0.001). Together, these data support the therapeutic potential of AβPP antisense and show a unique association between AβPP and LRP-1 expression in the SAMP8 mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Farr SA, Price TO, Dominguez LJ, Motisi A, Saiano F, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Banks WA, Ercal N, Barbagallo M. Extra virgin olive oil improves learning and memory in SAMP8 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:81-92. [PMID: 21955812 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are potent antioxidants found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO); antioxidants have been shown to reverse age- and disease-related learning and memory deficits. We examined the effects of EVOO on learning and memory in SAMP8 mice, an age-related learning/memory impairment model associated with increased amyloid-β protein and brain oxidative damage. We administered EVOO, coconut oil, or butter to 11 month old SAMP8 mice for 6 weeks. Mice were tested in T-maze foot shock avoidance and one-trial novel object recognition with a 24 h delay. Mice which received EVOO had improved acquisition in the T-maze and spent more time with the novel object in one-trial novel object recognition versus mice which received coconut oil or butter. Mice that received EVOO had improve T-maze retention compared to the mice that received butter. EVOO increased brain glutathione levels suggesting reduced oxidative stress as a possible mechanism. These effects plus increased glutathione reductase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased tissue levels of 4-hydroxynoneal and 3-nitrotyrosine were enhanced with enriched EVOO (3 × and 5 × polyphenols concentration). Our findings suggest that EVOO has beneficial effects on learning and memory deficits found in aging and diseases, such as those related to the overproduction of amyloid-β protein, by reversing oxidative damage in the brain, effects that are augmented with increasing concentrations of polyphenols in EVOO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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Urayama A, Morales R, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Soto C. Initial fate of prions upon peripheral infection: half-life, distribution, clearance, and tissue uptake. FASEB J 2011; 25:2792-803. [PMID: 21555356 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-180729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders associated with the misfolded prion protein (PrP(Sc)), which appears to be the sole component of the infectious agent (termed prion). To produce disease, prions have to be absorbed into the body and reach sufficient quantities in the brain. Very little is known about the biological mechanisms controlling the initial fate of prions. Here, we studied the systemic pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of PrP(Sc) in vivo. After an intravenous injection of highly purified radiolabeled or native unlabeled PrP(Sc), the protein was eliminated rapidly from the serum (half-life of 3.24 h), mostly through tissue uptake. The quantity of intact PrP(Sc) reaching the brain was ∼ 0.2% of the injected dose per gram of brain tissue (ID/g). The highest levels were found in liver (∼ 20% ID/g), spleen (∼ 13% ID/g), and kidney (∼ 7.4% ID/g). Cell surface PrP(C) does not appear to play a role in PrP(Sc) pharmacokinetics, since the infectious protein distributed similarly in wild-type and PrP-null mice. To measure tissue uptake kinetics and biodistribution accurately, vascular space in tissues was measured with radioactively labeled albumin coinjected with radioactively labeled PrP(Sc). Our results provide a fundamental pharmacokinetic characterization of PrP(Sc) in vivo, which may be relevant to estimate tissue risks and mechanisms of prion neuroinvasion and to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Sandoval KE, Farr SA, Banks WA, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Crider AM, Witt KA. Chronic peripheral administration of somatostatin receptor subtype-4 agonist NNC 26-9100 enhances learning and memory in SAMP8 mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 654:53-9. [PMID: 21185826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective somatostatin receptor subtype agonists have been proposed as a means to mitigate learning and memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease. The first aim of this study evaluated blood-to-brain transport and regional brain distribution of NNC 26-9100, a selective somatostatin subtype-4 (sst4) receptor agonist. The entry rate of (131)I-NNC 26-9100 was K(i)=0.25 μl/g min, with an ~93% association with the parenchymal component. The second goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic NNC 26-9100 administration (i.p.) on learning and memory, brain Aβ(x-42) levels, and protein expression of sst4 receptor and amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the senescence-accelerated mouse p8 (SAMP8) model of Alzheimer's disease. Mice chronically treated with NNC 26-9100 showed improved learning (day 21) and memory (day 28) using the T-maze paradigm (20 and 200 μg). Ex vivo tissue analyses showed a decline in Aβ(x-42) levels at the 20 μg dose, while no alterations were observed in sst4 receptor or APP protein expression compared to vehicle controls. These findings indicate NNC 26-9100 is taken up into key brain regions associated with learning and memory. Furthermore, chronic administration of NNC 26-9100 improved learning and memory and decreased Aβ(x-42) brain levels. These results suggest sst4 receptor agonists may provide a viable therapy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Sandoval
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 200 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
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Ducharme N, Banks WA, Morley JE, Robinson SM, Niehoff ML, Mattern C, Farr SA. Erratum to: Brain distribution and behavioral effects of progesterone and pregnenolone after intranasal or intravenous administration[Eur. J. Pharmacol. 641/2–3]. Eur J Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ducharme N, Banks WA, Morley JE, Robinson SM, Niehoff ML, Mattern C, Farr SA. Brain distribution and behavioral effects of progesterone and pregnenolone after intranasal or intravenous administration. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:128-34. [PMID: 20570588 PMCID: PMC3008321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids hold great promise for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). We compared the uptake by 11 brain regions and appearance in blood of tritium-labeled pregnenolone and progesterone after intranasal and intravenous (IV) injection. Both neurosteroids appeared in blood and brain after either method of administration, but with important differences in uptake. Bioavailability based on appearance in arterial serum showed that about 23% and 14% of the intranasal administered doses of pregnenolone and progesterone, respectively, entered the blood. Brain levels were about two fold lower after intranasal administration for the two neurosteroids. With intranasal administration, brain levels of the two steroids did not vary over time (2-120 min), whereas brain levels were higher early (10 min or less) after i.v. administration. With i.v. administration, uptake by brain regions did not vary, whereas the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and hypothalamus had high uptake rates after intranasal administration. Intranasal administration of prenenolone improved memory, whereas progesterone decreased anxiety, thus demonstrating that therapeutic levels of neurosteroids can be delivered to the brain by intranasal administration. The neurosteroids were rapidly degraded after i.v. or intranasal delivery, but pregnenolone was more resistant to degradation in the brain after intranasal administration and in serum after i.v. administration. These results show that either the i.v. or intranasal routes of administration can deliver neurosteroids to blood and brain, but that the two routes have significant differences with intranasal administration favoring some brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ducharme
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Peter JC, Lecourt AC, Weckering M, Zipfel G, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Hofbauer KG. A pharmacologically active monoclonal antibody against the human melanocortin-4 receptor: effectiveness after peripheral and central administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:478-90. [PMID: 20118207 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.163279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a constituent of an important pathway regulating food intake and energy expenditure. We produced a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the N-terminal domain of the MC4R and evaluated its potential as a possible therapeutic agent. This mAb (1E8a) showed specific binding to the MC4R in human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the human MC4R and blocked the activity of the MC4R under basal conditions and after stimulation with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). The inverse agonist action of Agouti-related protein was significantly enhanced in the presence of mAb 1E8a. After a single intracerebroventricular injection into the third ventricle, mAb 1E8a (1 microg) increased 24-h food intake in rats. After 7 days of continuous intracerebroventricular administration, mAb 1E8a increased food intake, body weight, and fat pad weight and induced hyperglycemia. Because the complete mAb was ineffective after intravenous injection, we produced single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) derived from mAb 1E8a. In pharmacokinetic studies it was demonstrated that these scFvs crossed the blood-brain barrier and reached the hypothalamus. Consequently, the scFv 1E8a increased significantly food intake and body weight in rats after intravenous administration (300 mug/kg). The pharmacological profile of mAb 1E8a and the fact that its scFv was active after peripheral administration suggest that derivatives of anti-MC4R mAbs may be useful in the treatment of patients with anorexia or cachexia.
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Jaeger LB, Dohgu S, Hwang MC, Farr SA, Murphy MP, Fleegal-DeMotta MA, Lynch JL, Robinson SM, Niehoff ML, Johnson SN, Kumar VB, Banks WA. Testing the neurovascular hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: LRP-1 antisense reduces blood-brain barrier clearance, increases brain levels of amyloid-beta protein, and impairs cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 17:553-70. [PMID: 19433890 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2009-1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Decreased clearance is the main reason amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) is increased in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The neurovascular hypothesis states that this decreased clearance is caused by impairment of low density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP-1), the major brain-to-blood transporter of Abeta at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As deletion of the LRP-1 gene is a lethal mutation, we tested the neurovascular hypothesis by developing a cocktail of phosphorothioate antisenses directed against LRP-1 mRNA. We found these antisenses in comparison to random antisense selectively decreased LRP-1 expression, reduced BBB clearance of Abeta42, increased brain levels of Abeta42, and impaired learning ability and recognition memory in mice. These results support dysfunction of LRP-1 at the BBB as a mechanism by which brain levels of Abeta could increase and AD would be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Jaeger
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Dogrukol-Ak D, Kumar VB, Ryerse JS, Farr SA, Verma S, Nonaka N, Nakamachi T, Ohtaki H, Niehoff ML, Edwards JC, Shioda S, Morley JE, Banks WA. Isolation of peptide transport system-6 from brain endothelial cells: therapeutic effects with antisense inhibition in Alzheimer and stroke models. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:411-22. [PMID: 19002200 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
By isolating for the first time ever a peptide transporter from the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and developing an antisense that selectively targets the brain-to-blood efflux component, we were able to deliver a therapeutic concentration of the neurotrophic peptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) 27 to brain in animal models of Alzheimer's and stroke. Efflux pumps at the BBB are major causes of BBB impermeability to peptides. PACAP is neuroprotective in vitro in femtomole amounts, but brain uptake of PACAP27 is limited by an efflux component of peptide transport system-6 (PTS-6). Here, we characterized, isolated, and sequenced this component of PTS-6, identifying it as beta-F1 ATPase, and colocalized it with PACAP27 on BBB endothelial cells. Antisenses targeting the BBB inhibited PACAP27 efflux, thus increasing brain uptake of PACAP27. Treatment with antisense+PACAP27 improved cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and reduced infarct size after cerebral ischemia. This represents the first isolation from BBB tissue of a peptide transporter and shows that inhibition of peptide efflux pumps is a potential strategy for drug delivery to brain.
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Banks WA, Morley JE, Niehoff ML, Mattern C. Delivery of testosterone to the brain by intranasal administration: Comparison to intravenous testosterone. J Drug Target 2009; 17:91-7. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860802382777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Price TO, Samson WK, Niehoff ML, Banks WA. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to a novel satiety molecule nesfatin-1. Peptides 2007; 28:2372-81. [PMID: 18006117 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 has recently been identified as a hypothalamic and brain stem peptide that regulates feeding behavior. Here, we determined the ability of nesfatin-1 to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of mice. We used multiple-regression analysis to determine that radioactively labeled nesfatin-1 injected intravenously entered the brain. The entry rate (K(i)) of (131)I-nesfatin-1 from blood-to-brain was 0.20+/-0.02 microl/g min. This modest rate of entry was not inhibited by the administration of nonradioactive nesfatin-1, suggesting that BBB transport of nesfatin-1 into the brain is by a nonsaturable mechanism. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and acid precipitation showed that most of the injected radiolabeled nesfatin-1 reached the brain as intact peptide, and capillary depletion with vascular washout revealed that 67% of (131)I-nesfatin-1 crossed the BBB to reach the brain parenchyma. Efflux of labeled nesfatin-1 from brain back into blood was by way of bulk flow. These findings demonstrate that nesfatin-1 crosses the BBB in both the blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood directions by nonsaturable mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin O Price
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veteran Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA
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Banks WA, Niehoff ML, Drago D, Zatta P. Aluminum complexing enhances amyloid β protein penetration of blood–brain barrier. Brain Res 2006; 1116:215-21. [PMID: 16942756 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A significant co-morbidity of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular impairment suggests that cerebrovascular dysregulation is an important feature of dementia. Amyloid beta protein (Abeta), a relevant risk factor in Alzheimer's disease, has neurotoxic properties and is thought to play a critical role in the cognitive impairments. Previously, we demonstrated that the 42mer of Abeta (Abeta42) complexed with aluminum (Al-Abeta42) is much more cytotoxic than non-complexed Abeta42. The level of Abeta in the brain is a balance between synthesis, degradation, and fluxes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the present paper, we determined whether complexing with aluminum affected the ability of radioactively iodinated Abeta to cross the in vivo BBB. We found that the rates of uptake of Al-Abeta42 and Abeta42 were similar, but that Al-Abeta42 was sequestered by brain endothelial cells much less than Abeta42 and so more readily entered the parenchymal space of the brain. Al-Abeta42 also had a longer half-life in blood and had increased permeation at the striatum and thalamus. Brain-to-blood transport was similar for Al-Abeta42 and Abeta42. In conclusion, complexing with aluminum affects some aspects of blood-to-brain permeability so that Al-Abeta42 would have more ready access to brain cells than Abeta42.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, WAB, 915 N. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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Morley JE, Niehoff ML, Roesler EC, Farr SA. P3‐193: METFORMIN INCREASES PKC AND DECREASES APP AND TAU IN THE SAMP8 MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan A. Farr
- St. Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- VA Medical Center St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
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Batrakova EV, Vinogradov SV, Robinson SM, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Kabanov AV. Polypeptide point modifications with fatty acid and amphiphilic block copolymers for enhanced brain delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:793-802. [PMID: 16029020 PMCID: PMC2711208 DOI: 10.1021/bc049730c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a tremendous need to enhance delivery of therapeutic polypeptides to the brain to treat disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The brain delivery of many polypeptides is severely restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The present study demonstrates that point modifications of a BBB-impermeable polypeptide, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), with lipophilic (stearoyl) or amphiphilic (Pluronic block copolymer) moieties considerably enhance the transport of this polypeptide across the BBB and accumulation of the polypeptide in the brain in vitro and in vivo. The enzymatic activity of the HRP was preserved after the transport. The modifications of the HRP with amphiphilic block copolymer moieties through degradable disulfide links resulted in the most effective transport of the HRP across in vitro brain microvessel endothelial cell monolayers and efficient delivery of HRP to the brain. Stearoyl modification of HRP improved its penetration by about 60% but also increased the clearance from blood. Pluronic modification using increased penetration of the BBB and had no significant effect on clearance so that uptake by brain was almost doubled. These results show that point modification can improve delivery of even highly impermeable polypeptides to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (402) 559-9364. Fax (402) 559-9365.
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Batrakova EV, Vinogradov SV, Robinson SM, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Kabanov AV. Polypeptide Point Modifications with Fatty Acid and Amphiphilic Block Co-polymers for Enhanced Brain Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/bc050240+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Banks WA, Jumbe NL, Farrell CL, Niehoff ML, Heatherington AC. Passage of erythropoietic agents across the blood-brain barrier: a comparison of human and murine erythropoietin and the analog darbepoetin alfa. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 505:93-101. [PMID: 15556141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have suggested that erythropoietin (EPO) may be used to treat stroke in both animals and humans. It is thought to exert its effects directly on the brain and studies with therapeutic doses have shown that it can cross the blood-brain barrier. Here, we compared in a blinded fashion the ability of three erythropoietic agents (murine erythropoietin, human erythropoietin, and darbepoetin alfa, an analog of human erythropoietin in clinical use) to cross the blood-brain barrier of the mouse. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that all three erythropoietic agents were enzymatically resistant in brain and blood. The unidirectional blood-to-brain influx rates (Ki) as measured by multiple-time regression analysis showed that all the erythropoietic agents crossed the blood-brain barrier at about the same rate as albumin, suggesting that they cross the blood-brain barrier by way of the extracellular pathways. No saturable component to influx was found, but indirect evidence suggested a brain-to-blood efflux system. The percent of the intravenously injected dose taken up per gram of brain (%Inj/g) ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 %Inj/g among the three erythropoietic agents and peaked about 3 h after IV injection. For other substances, this range of %Inj/g is known to produce direct effects on brain function. We conclude that erythropoietic agents cross the blood-brain barrier by way of the extracellular pathways in amounts that are likely sufficient to explain their neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, USA.
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Banks WA, Niehoff ML, Zalcman SS. Permeability of the mouse blood-brain barrier to murine interleukin-2: predominance of a saturable efflux system. Brain Behav Immun 2004; 18:434-42. [PMID: 15265536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 07/31/2003] [Accepted: 09/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, a T helper (TH)1 cell-derived glycoprotein with potent neuromodulatory effects, is implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Paralleling these findings, chronic IL-2 intravenous immunotherapy may induce similar psychopathological outcomes. The findings that acute or repeated injections of IL-2 induce motor and cognitive abnormalities in rodents are consistent with these clinical findings, and raise the possibility that IL-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to alter brain function. However, little is known about the ability of IL-2 to enter the brain or whether its effects vary with the chronicity of IL-2 treatment. Here, we found that radioactively labeled mouse IL-2 (I-IL-2) given intravenously entered the brain at a low rate (Ki=0.142+/-0.044microl/g-min) by a non-saturable process. Repeated injections of either IL-2 or vehicle altered the kinetics of entry without producing a net effect on IL-2 entry. When I-IL-2 was given by brain perfusion, the entry rate greatly increased over 10-fold to 2.2+/-0.805microl/g-min. This suggests a circulating factor is retarding the entry of IL-2 into the brain. A paradoxic increase in the rate of I-IL-2 entry into brain occurred when an excess of unlabeled IL-2 was included in the brain perfusate, suggesting a saturable CNS-to-blood efflux system. Intracerebroventricular injection of I-IL-2 with and without unlabeled IL-2 confirmed the presence of a saturable efflux system. We conclude that IL-2 entry into the brain is low because of the absence of a blood-to-brain transporter and further retarded by circulating factors and a CNS-to-blood efflux system. This is the first description of a saturable CNS-to-blood efflux system for a cytokine. We postulate that this efflux system may protect the brain from circulating IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, GRECC, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 915 N. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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Banks WA, Niehoff ML, Adessi C, Soto C. Passage of murine scrapie prion protein across the mouse vascular blood–brain barrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:125-30. [PMID: 15110762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prions are the infectious agents associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and are composed mainly of a misfolded form of the endogenous prion protein. Prion protein must enter the brain to produce disease. Previous work has emphasized various mechanisms which partially bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we used the brain perfusion method to directly assess the ability of mouse scrapie protein (PrP(SC)) to cross the mouse BBB independent of the influences of neural pathways or circulating immune cells. We found that PrP(SC) oligomers rapidly crossed the BBB without disrupting it with a unidirectional influx rate of about 4.4microl/g-min. HPLC and capillary depletion confirmed that PrP(SC) crossed the entire width of the capillary wall to enter brain parenchyma. PrP(SC) also entered the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment. These results show that a prion protein can cross the intact BBB to enter both the parenchymal and CSF compartments of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 915 N. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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Abstract
Exendin, a member of the glucagon-like peptide-1 family, and its antagonist exendin(9-39) affect cognition and neuronal survival after their intranasal delivery. Here, we examined the uptake of radioactively labeled exendin(9-39) (I-Ex) by the olfactory bulbs, brain (minus pineal, pituitary, and olfactory bulb), cerebrospinal fluid, and cervical lymph nodes (C-node) as well as levels in serum after intranasal or intravenous administration. We found that olfactory bulb uptake of I-Ex after intranasal administration was rapid, much greater than after i.v. administration, and was enhanced by about 60% with cyclodextrin (CD). I-Ex was also taken up by the remainder of the brain after intranasal administration, but this uptake was not enhanced by CD, nor did it exceed uptake after i.v. administered I-Ex. Uptake by the olfactory bulb was not dependent on Brownian motion but did involve active processes. Intranasal I-Ex reached the C-node by way of the blood. About one-sixth of the intranasal dose of I-Ex entered the blood. However, the vascular route accounted for little of the intranasal I-Ex that reached the brain and even less that reached the olfactory bulb. I-Ex after intranasal administration was found in the hippocampus, cerebellum, brain stem, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Distribution patterns showed that intranasal I-Ex used the extraneuronal route of CSF rather than brain parenchyma to diffuse throughout the brain. These results show that intranasal administration is an effective means of delivering peptide to the brain, especially the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Abstract
Most evidence agrees that levels of methionine enkephalin (Met-Enk) in brain are inversely correlated with ethanol drinking and withdrawal seizures. One area of discrepancy is the effect of chronic ethanol administration on the level of immunoactive Met-Enk in brain, with some authors reporting increased and others reporting decreased levels. These reports differed greatly in terms of method of ethanol administration, species used, length of time ethanol was administered, and the region of brain examined. We found that all studies could be resolved by considering only length of time ethanol was administered, with Met-Enk levels first increasing and then decreasing. We tested this finding by determining the effect of 4-56 days of ethanol delivered in liquid feed on levels of brain Met-Enk. We found that brain levels of Met-Enk peaked after 7 days of ethanol ingestion and declined to levels lower than control by 28 days. Exposure to ethanol abolished a correlation between brain and serum levels of Met-Enk which occurred in controls. HPLC showed that whereas 100% of immunoactivity eluted in the position of Met-Enk in controls, only about 50% eluted as Met-Enk in mice exposed to ethanol. These results support the hypothesis that exposure to ethanol alters brain Met-Enk in a way consistent with the reinforcement of physical dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- GRECC, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center at St. Louis, Division of Geriatrics, 915 N. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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Abstract
Peptide YY3-36 (PYY) has emerged as an important signal in the gut-brain axis, with peripherally administered PYY affecting feeding and brain function. For these effects to be direct, PYY would have to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we determined the permeability of the BBB to PYY radioactively labeled with 131I (I-PYY). Multiple-time regression analysis showed the unidirectional influx rate (Ki) from blood-to-brain for I-PYY to be 0.49 +/- 0.19 microl/g-min, a rate similar to that previously measured for leptin. Influx was not inhibited by 1 microg/mouse of unlabeled PYY, suggesting PYY crosses the BBB by transmembrane diffusion. About 0.176% of the i.v.-injected dose of I-PYY was taken up by brain, an amount similar to that for other peptides important in gut-brain communication. Capillary depletion showed that 69% of I-PYY crossed the BBB to enter the parenchymal space of the brain, and high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that the radioactivity in this space represented intact I-PYY. After intracerebroventricular injection, I-PYY crossed from brain to blood by the mechanism of bulk flow. We conclude that PYY crosses in both the blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood directions by nonsaturable mechanisms. Passage across the BBB provides a mechanism by which blood-borne PYY can affect appetite and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nonaka
- Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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