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Schafer RM, Giancotti LA, Davis DJ, Larrea IG, Farr SA, Salvemini D. Behavioral characterization of G-protein-coupled receptor 160 knockout mice. Pain 2024; 165:1361-1371. [PMID: 38198232 PMCID: PMC11090760 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neuropathic pain is a devastating condition where current therapeutics offer little to no pain relief. Novel nonnarcotic therapeutic targets are needed to address this growing medical problem. Our work identified the G-protein-coupled receptor 160 (GPR160) as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. However, the lack of small-molecule ligands for GPR160 hampers our understanding of its role in health and disease. To address this void, we generated a global Gpr160 knockout (KO) mouse using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology to validate the contributions of GPR160 in nociceptive behaviors in mice. Gpr160 KO mice are healthy and fertile, with no observable physical abnormalities. Gpr160 KO mice fail to develop behavioral hypersensitivities in a model of neuropathic pain caused by constriction of the sciatic nerve. On the other hand, responses of Gpr160 KO mice in the hot-plate and tail-flick assays are not affected. We recently deorphanized GPR160 and identified cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) as a potential ligand. Using Gpr160 KO mice, we now report that the development of behavioral hypersensitivities after intrathecal or intraplantar injections of CARTp are dependent on GPR160. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide plays a role in various affective behaviors, such as anxiety, depression, and cognition. There are no differences in learning, memory, and anxiety between Gpr160 KO mice and their age-matched and sex-matched control floxed mice. Results from these studies support the pronociceptive roles of CARTp/GPR160 and GPR160 as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Schafer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology School of Medicine and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd. 63104, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luigino A Giancotti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology School of Medicine and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd. 63104, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel J Davis
- Animal Modeling Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ivonne G Larrea
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology School of Medicine and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd. 63104, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology School of Medicine and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd. 63104, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- VA Medical Center, St Louis. MO 63106, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology School of Medicine and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd. 63104, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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Smith DM, Aggarwal G, Niehoff ML, Jones SA, Banerjee S, Farr SA, Nguyen AD. Biochemical, Biomarker, and Behavioral Characterization of the Grn R493X Mouse Model of Frontotemporal Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04190-9. [PMID: 38696065 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin haploinsufficiency; complete deficiency of progranulin causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Several progranulin-deficient mouse models have been generated, including both knockout mice and knockin mice harboring a common patient mutation (R493X). However, the GrnR493X mouse model has not been characterized completely. Additionally, while homozygous GrnR493X and Grn knockout mice have been extensively studied, data from heterozygous mice is still limited. Here, we performed more in-depth characterization of heterozygous and homozygous GrnR493X knockin mice, which includes biochemical assessments, behavioral studies, and analysis of fluid biomarkers. In the brains of homozygous GrnR493X mice, we found increased phosphorylated TDP-43 along with increased expression of lysosomal genes, markers of microgliosis and astrogliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and complement factors. Heterozygous GrnR493X mice did not have increased TDP-43 phosphorylation but did exhibit limited increases in lysosomal and inflammatory gene expression. Behavioral studies found social and emotional deficits in GrnR493X mice that mirror those observed in Grn knockout mouse models, as well as impairment in memory and executive function. Overall, the GrnR493X knockin mouse model closely phenocopies Grn knockout models. Lastly, in contrast to homozygous knockin mice, heterozygous GrnR493X mice do not have elevated levels of fluid biomarkers previously identified in humans, including neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in both plasma and CSF. These results may help to inform pre-clinical studies that use this Grn knockin mouse model and other Grn knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Smith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
| | - Spencer A Jones
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA.
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3
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Smith DM, Aggarwal G, Niehoff ML, Jones SA, Banerjee S, Farr SA, Nguyen AD. Biochemical, biomarker, and behavioral characterization of the GrnR493X mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. bioRxiv 2024:2023.05.27.542495. [PMID: 37398305 PMCID: PMC10312473 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.27.542495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin haploinsufficiency; complete deficiency of progranulin causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Several progranulin-deficient mouse models have been generated, including both knockout mice and knockin mice harboring a common patient mutation (R493X). However, the GrnR493X mouse model has not been characterized completely. Additionally, while homozygous GrnR493X and Grn knockout mice have been extensively studied, data from heterozygous mice is still limited. Here, we performed more in-depth characterization of heterozygous and homozygous GrnR493X knockin mice, which includes biochemical assessments, behavioral studies, and analysis of fluid biomarkers. In the brains of homozygous GrnR493X mice, we found increased phosphorylated TDP-43 along with increased expression of lysosomal genes, markers of microgliosis and astrogliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and complement factors. Heterozygous GrnR493X mice did not have increased TDP-43 phosphorylation but did exhibit limited increases in lysosomal and inflammatory gene expression. Behavioral studies found social and emotional deficits in GrnR493X mice that mirror those observed in Grn knockout mouse models, as well as impairment in memory and executive function. Overall, the GrnR493X knockin mouse model closely phenocopies Grn knockout models. Lastly, in contrast to homozygous knockin mice, heterozygous GrnR493X mice do not have elevated levels of fluid biomarkers previously identified in humans, including neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in both plasma and CSF. These results may help to inform pre-clinical studies that use this Grn knockin mouse model and other Grn knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Smith
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Spencer A. Jones
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Nguyen
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
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Aggarwal G, Banerjee S, Jones SA, Benchaar Y, Bélanger J, Sévigny M, Smith DM, Niehoff ML, Pavlack M, de Vera IMS, Petkau TL, Leavitt BR, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Rigo F, Morley JE, Farr SA, Dutchak PA, Sephton CF, Nguyen AD. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the miR-29b binding site in the GRN mRNA increase progranulin translation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105475. [PMID: 37981208 PMCID: PMC10755782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous GRN (progranulin) mutations cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) due to haploinsufficiency, and increasing progranulin levels is a major therapeutic goal. Several microRNAs, including miR-29b, negatively regulate progranulin protein levels. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are emerging as a promising therapeutic modality for neurological diseases, but strategies for increasing target protein levels are limited. Here, we tested the efficacy of ASOs as enhancers of progranulin expression by sterically blocking the miR-29b binding site in the 3' UTR of the human GRN mRNA. We found 16 ASOs that increase progranulin protein in a dose-dependent manner in neuroglioma cells. A subset of these ASOs also increased progranulin protein in iPSC-derived neurons and in a humanized GRN mouse model. In FRET-based assays, the ASOs effectively competed for miR-29b from binding to the GRN 3' UTR RNA. The ASOs increased levels of newly synthesized progranulin protein by increasing its translation, as revealed by polysome profiling. Together, our results demonstrate that ASOs can be used to effectively increase target protein levels by partially blocking miR binding sites. This ASO strategy may be therapeutically feasible for progranulin-deficient FTD as well as other conditions of haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Spencer A Jones
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yousri Benchaar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jasmine Bélanger
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Myriam Sévigny
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise M Smith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Monica Pavlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Terri L Petkau
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Ling
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Dutchak
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantelle F Sephton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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5
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Jiang CS, Rana T, Jin LW, Farr SA, Morley JE, Qin H, Liu G, Liu RM. Aging, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, Brain Cell Senescence, and Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2023; 14:515-528. [PMID: 37008063 PMCID: PMC10017160 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), which accounts for >95% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases, is unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that cellular senescence contributes importantly to AD pathophysiology, although the mechanisms underlying brain cell senescence and by which senescent cells promote neuro-pathophysiology remain unclear. In this study we show for the first time that the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a serine protease inhibitor, is increased, in correlation with the increased expression of cell cycle repressors p53 and p21, in the hippocampus/cortex of senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice and LOAD patients. Double immunostaining results show that astrocytes in the brain of LOAD patients and SAMP8 mice express higher levels of senescent markers and PAI-1, compared to astrocytes in the corresponding controls. In vitro studies further show that overexpression of PAI-1 alone, intracellularly or extracellularly, induced senescence, whereas inhibition or silencing PAI-1 attenuated H2O2-induced senescence, in primary mouse and human astrocytes. Treatment with the conditional medium (CM) from senescent astrocytes induced neuron apoptosis. Importantly, the PAI-1 deficient CM from senescent astrocytes that overexpress a secretion deficient PAI-1 (sdPAI-1) has significantly reduced effect on neurons, compared to the PAI-1 containing CM from senescent astrocytes overexpressing wild type PAI-1 (wtPAI-1), although sdPAI-1 and wtPAI-1 induce similar degree of astrocyte senescence. Together, our results suggest that increased PAI-1, intracellularly or extracellularly, may contribute to brain cell senescence in LOAD and that senescent astrocytes can induce neuron apoptosis through secreting pathologically active molecules, including PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sun Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Tapasi Rana
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis Missouri, MO, USA.
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.
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6
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Smith DM, Niehoff ML, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Rigo F, Farr SA, Wilkinson MF, Nguyen AD. Targeting nonsense-mediated RNA decay does not increase progranulin levels in the Grn R493X mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282822. [PMID: 36893203 PMCID: PMC9997918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A common cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are nonsense mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene. Because nonsense mutations activate the nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) pathway, we sought to inhibit this RNA turnover pathway as a means to increase progranulin levels. Using a knock-in mouse model harboring a common patient mutation, we tested whether either pharmacological or genetic inhibition of NMD upregulates progranulin in these GrnR493X mice. We first examined antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting an exonic region in GrnR493X mRNA predicted to block its degradation by NMD. As we previously reported, these ASOs effectively increased GrnR493X mRNA levels in fibroblasts in vitro. However, following CNS delivery, we found that none of the 8 ASOs we tested increased Grn mRNA levels in the brains of GrnR493X mice. This result was obtained despite broad ASO distribution in the brain. An ASO targeting a different mRNA was effective when administered in parallel to wild-type mice. As an independent approach to inhibit NMD, we examined the effect of loss of an NMD factor not required for embryonic viability: UPF3b. We found that while Upf3b deletion effectively perturbed NMD, it did not increase Grn mRNA levels in Grn+/R493X mouse brains. Together, our results suggest that the NMD-inhibition approaches that we used are likely not viable for increasing progranulin levels in individuals with FTD caused by nonsense GRN mutations. Thus, alternative approaches should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Smith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Karen Ling
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Miles F. Wilkinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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7
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Erickson MA, Logsdon AF, Rhea EM, Hansen KM, Holden SJ, Banks WA, Smith JL, German C, Farr SA, Morley JE, Weaver RR, Hirsch AJ, Kovac A, Kontsekova E, Baumann KK, Omer MA, Raber J. Blood-brain barrier penetration of non-replicating SARS-CoV-2 and S1 variants of concern induce neuroinflammation which is accentuated in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:251-268. [PMID: 36682515 PMCID: PMC9867649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 and especially Long COVID are associated with severe CNS symptoms and may place persons at risk to develop long-term cognitive impairments. Here, we show that two non-infective models of SARS-CoV-2 can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce neuroinflammation, a major mechanism underpinning CNS and cognitive impairments, even in the absence of productive infection. The viral models cross the BBB by the mechanism of adsorptive transcytosis with the sugar N-acetylglucosamine being key. The delta and omicron variants cross the BB B faster than the other variants of concern, with peripheral tissue uptake rates also differing for the variants. Neuroinflammation induced by icv injection of S1 protein was greatly enhanced in young and especially in aged SAMP8 mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease, whereas sex and obesity had little effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim M Hansen
- Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah J Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jessica L Smith
- The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA; Division of Pathobiology and Immunology Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Cody German
- The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA; Division of Pathobiology and Immunology Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Riley R Weaver
- Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alec J Hirsch
- The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA; Division of Pathobiology and Immunology Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Kontsekova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristen K Baumann
- Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohamed A Omer
- Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
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8
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Li J, Kumar S, Miachin K, Bean NL, Halawi O, Lee S, Park J, Pierre TH, Hor JH, Ng SY, Wallace KJ, Rindtorff N, Miller TM, Niehoff ML, Farr SA, Kletzien RF, Colca J, Tanis SP, Chen Y, Griffett K, McCommis KS, Finck BN, Peterson TR. A DUAL MTOR/NAD+ ACTING GEROTHERAPY. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.16.523975. [PMID: 36711589 PMCID: PMC9882180 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.523975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The geroscience hypothesis states that a therapy that prevents the underlying aging process should prevent multiple aging related diseases. The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin)/insulin and NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) pathways are two of the most validated aging pathways. Yet, it's largely unclear how they might talk to each other in aging. In genome-wide CRISPRa screening with a novel class of N-O-Methyl-propanamide-containing compounds we named BIOIO-1001, we identified lipid metabolism centering on SIRT3 as a point of intersection of the mTOR/insulin and NAD+ pathways. In vivo testing indicated that BIOIO-1001 reduced high fat, high sugar diet-induced metabolic derangements, inflammation, and fibrosis, each being characteristic of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). An unbiased screen of patient datasets suggested a potential link between the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of BIOIO-1001 in NASH models to those in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Directed experiments subsequently determined that BIOIO-1001 was protective in both sporadic and familial ALS models. Both NASH and ALS have no treatments and suffer from a lack of convenient biomarkers to monitor therapeutic efficacy. A potential strength in considering BIOIO-1001 as a therapy is that the blood biomarker that it modulates, namely plasma triglycerides, can be conveniently used to screen patients for responders. More conceptually, to our knowledge BIOIO-1001 is a first therapy that fits the geroscience hypothesis by acting on multiple core aging pathways and that can alleviate multiple conditions after they have set in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Li
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Healthspan Technologies, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 265, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kirill Miachin
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Bean
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ornella Halawi
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott Lee
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - JiWoong Park
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tanya H. Pierre
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jin-Hui Hor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Cell Biology and Therapies Division), A*STAR Research Entities. 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Cell Biology and Therapies Division), A*STAR Research Entities. 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | | | - Niklas Rindtorff
- LabDAO, c/o MJP PARTNERS, Bahnhofstrasse 20, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Research and Development, VA Medical Center-St. Louis, 915 N. Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63106, USA
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Research and Development, VA Medical Center-St. Louis, 915 N. Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63106, USA
| | - Rolf F. Kletzien
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company. 161 E Michigan Ave., 4th Floor Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Jerry Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company. 161 E Michigan Ave., 4th Floor Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Steven P. Tanis
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company. 161 E Michigan Ave., 4th Floor Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Yana Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics & Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8031-0014-01, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kyle S. McCommis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics & Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8031-0014-01, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tim R. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Institute for Public Health, Washington University School of Medicine, BJC Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- BIOIO, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 236, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Healthspan Technologies, 4340 Duncan Ave. Suite 265, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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9
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Aggarwal G, Banerjee S, Jones SA, Pavlack M, Benchaar Y, Bélanger J, Sévigny M, Smith DM, Niehoff ML, de Vera IMS, Petkau TL, Leavitt BR, Ling K, Jafar‐nejad P, Rigo F, Morley JE, Farr SA, Dutchak PA, Sephton CF, Nguyen AD. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting miR‐29b binding site increase translation of progranulin protein: potential therapeutic strategy for progranulin‐deficient frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.067828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Squillace S, Niehoff ML, Doyle TM, Green M, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S, Arnatt CK, Spiegel S, Farr SA, Salvemini D. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 activation in the central nervous system drives cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157738. [PMID: 36047496 PMCID: PMC9433103 DOI: 10.1172/jci157738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a major neurotoxicity affecting more than 50% of cancer survivors. The underpinning mechanisms are mostly unknown, and there are no FDA-approved interventions. Sphingolipidomic analysis of mouse prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, key sites of cognitive function, revealed that cisplatin increased levels of the potent signaling molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and led to cognitive impairment. At the biochemical level, S1P induced mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain–containing protein 3 inflammasomes, and increased IL-1β formation. These events were attenuated by systemic administration of the functional S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) antagonist FTY720, which also attenuated cognitive impairment without adversely affecting locomotor activity. Similar attenuation was observed with ozanimod, another FDA-approved functional S1PR1 antagonist. Mice with astrocyte-specific deletion of S1pr1 lost their ability to respond to FTY720, implicating involvement of astrocytic S1PR1. Remarkably, our pharmacological and genetic approaches, coupled with computational modeling studies, revealed that cisplatin increased S1P production by activating TLR4. Collectively, our results identify the molecular mechanisms engaged by the S1P/S1PR1 axis in CRCI and establish S1PR1 antagonism as an approach to target CRCI with therapeutics that have fast-track clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Squillace
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and.,The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Timothy M Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and.,The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Green
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Christopher K Arnatt
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and.,The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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11
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Ghoshal S, Banerjee S, Zhang J, Niehoff ML, Farr SA, Butler AA. Adropin transgenesis improves recognition memory in diet-induced obese LDLR-deficient C57BL/6J mice. Peptides 2021; 146:170678. [PMID: 34695512 PMCID: PMC8649943 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related metabolic dysregulation causes mild cognitive impairment and increased risk for dementia. We used an LDLR-deficient C57BL/6J mouse model (LDLRKO) to investigate whether adropin, a neuropeptide linked to neurodegenerative diseases, improves cognitive function in situations of metabolic dysregulation. Adropin transgenic mice (AdrTG) were crossed with LDLRKO; male and female progeny were fed a high fat diet for 3-months. Male chow-fed wild type (WT) mice were used as controls. Diet-induced obesity and LDLR-deficiency caused severe dyslipidemia, irrespective of sex. The AdrTG prevented reduced adropin protein levels in LDLRKO cortex. In males, metabolic dysregulation and AdrTG genotype significantly and bi-directionally affected performance in the novel object recognition (NOR) test, a declarative hippocampal memory task (discrimination index mean ± SE for WT, 0.02 ± 0.088; LDLRKO, -0.115 ± 0.077; AdrTG;LDLRKO, 0.265 ± 0.078; genotype effect, p = 0.009; LDLRKO vs. AdrTG;LDLRKO, P < 0.05). A 2-way ANOVA (fixed variables: sex, AdrTG genotype) indicated a highly significant effect of AdrTG (P = 0.003). The impact of the diet-genotype interaction on the male mouse brain was investigated using RNA-seq. Gene-ontology analysis of transcripts showing fold-changes of>1.3 or <-1.3 (P < 0.05) indicated metabolic dysregulation affected gene networks involved in intercellular/neuronal signaling, immune processes, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix organization. The AdrTG selectively attenuated the impact of metabolic dysregulation on intercellular/neuronal signaling pathways. Intercellular/neuronal signaling pathways were also the predominant processes overrepresented when directly comparing AdrTG;LDLRKO with LDRKO. In summary, adropin overexpression improves cognitive function in severe metabolic dysregulation through pathways related to cell-cell communication and neuronal processes, and independently of preventing inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Biological Science and Geology, QCC-CUNY, Bayside, NY, USA
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, MO, USA; Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew A Butler
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Farr SA, Goodland MN, Niehoff ML, Banerjee S, Young BJ. Cannabidiol (CBD) improves cognition and decreases anxiety in the SAMP8 mouse model of Alzheimer’s. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.054428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Farr
- VA Medical Center St. Louis St. Louis MO USA
- St. Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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13
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Yang C, Lavayen BP, Liu L, Sanz BD, DeMars KM, Larochelle J, Pompilus M, Febo M, Sun YY, Kuo YM, Mohamadzadeh M, Farr SA, Kuan CY, Butler AA, Candelario-Jalil E. Neurovascular protection by adropin in experimental ischemic stroke through an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102197. [PMID: 34826783 PMCID: PMC8633041 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adropin is a highly-conserved peptide that has been shown to preserve endothelial barrier function. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a key pathological event in cerebral ischemia. However, the effects of adropin on ischemic stroke outcomes remain unexplored. Hypothesizing that adropin exerts neuroprotective effects by maintaining BBB integrity, we investigated the role of adropin in stroke pathology utilizing loss- and gain-of-function genetic approaches combined with pharmacological treatment with synthetic adropin peptide. Long-term anatomical and functional outcomes were evaluated using histology, MRI, and a battery of sensorimotor and cognitive tests in mice subjected to ischemic stroke. Brain ischemia decreased endogenous adropin levels in the brain and plasma. Adropin treatment or transgenic adropin overexpression robustly reduced brain injury and improved long-term sensorimotor and cognitive function in young and aged mice subjected to ischemic stroke. In contrast, genetic deletion of adropin exacerbated ischemic brain injury, irrespective of sex. Mechanistically, adropin treatment reduced BBB damage, degradation of tight junction proteins, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, oxidative stress, and infiltration of neutrophils into the ischemic brain. Adropin significantly increased phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), Akt, and ERK1/2. While adropin therapy was remarkably protective in wild-type mice, it failed to reduce brain injury in eNOS-deficient animals, suggesting that eNOS is required for the protective effects of adropin in stroke. These data provide the first causal evidence that adropin exerts neurovascular protection in stroke through an eNOS-dependent mechanism. We identify adropin as a novel neuroprotective peptide with the potential to improve stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bianca P Lavayen
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian D Sanz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly M DeMars
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Larochelle
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marjory Pompilus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Kuo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, MO, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrew A Butler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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14
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Neumann WL, Sandoval KE, Mobayen S, Minaeian M, Kukielski SG, Srabony KN, Frare R, Slater O, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Hospital A, Kontoyianni M, Crider AM, Witt KA. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazoles: high affinity and selective somatostatin receptor-4 agonists for Alzheimer's disease treatment. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1352-1365. [PMID: 34458738 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor-4 (SST4) is highly expressed in brain regions affiliated with learning and memory. SST4 agonist treatment may act to mitigate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. An integrated approach to SST4 agonist lead optimization is presented herein. High affinity and selective agonists with biological efficacy were identified through iterative cycles of a structure-based design strategy encompassing computational methods, chemistry, and preclinical pharmacology. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives of our previously reported hit (4) showed enhanced SST4 binding affinity, activity, and selectivity. Thirty-five compounds showed low nanomolar range SST4 binding affinity, 12 having a K i < 1 nM. These compounds showed >500-fold affinity for SST4 as compared to SST2A. SST4 activities were consistent with the respective SST4 binding affinities (EC50 < 10 nM for 34 compounds). Compound 208 (SST4 K i = 0.7 nM; EC50 = 2.5 nM; >600-fold selectivity over SST2A) display a favorable physiochemical profile, and was advanced to learning and memory behavior evaluations in the senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 model of AD-related cognitive decline. Chronic administration enhanced learning with i.p. dosing (1 mg kg-1) compared to vehicle. Chronic administration enhanced memory with both i.p. (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg kg-1) and oral (0.01, 10 mg kg-1) dosing compared to vehicle. This study identified a novel series of SST4 agonists with high affinity, selectivity, and biological activity that may be useful in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Karin E Sandoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Shirin Mobayen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Mahsa Minaeian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Stephen G Kukielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Khush N Srabony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Rafael Frare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Olivia Slater
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine 1402 South Grand Boulevard, M238 St Louis MO 63104 USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine 1402 South Grand Boulevard, M238 St Louis MO 63104 USA
| | - Audrey Hospital
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Maria Kontoyianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - A Michael Crider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
| | - Ken A Witt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA
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15
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Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Nguyen AD. Progranulin improves memory in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.046374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Farr
- VA Medical Center St. Louis St. Louis MO USA
- St. Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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16
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Farr SA, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Campolo M, Niehoff ML, Doyle TM, Salvemini D. Adenosine A 3 receptor as a novel therapeutic target to reduce secondary events and improve neurocognitive functions following traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:339. [PMID: 33183330 PMCID: PMC7659122 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common pathological condition that presently lacks a specific pharmacological treatment. Adenosine levels rise following TBI, which is thought to be neuroprotective against secondary brain injury. Evidence from stroke and inflammatory disease models suggests that adenosine signaling through the G protein-coupled A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) can provide antiinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, the role of A3AR in TBI has not been investigated. Methods Using the selective A3AR agonist, MRS5980, we evaluated the effects of A3AR activation on the pathological outcomes and cognitive function in CD1 male mouse models of TBI. Results When measured 24 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI, male mice treated with intraperitoneal injections of MRS5980 (1 mg/kg) had reduced secondary tissue injury and brain infarction than vehicle-treated mice with TBI. These effects were associated with attenuated neuroinflammation marked by reduced activation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NFκB) and MAPK (p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) pathways and downstream NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation. MRS5980 also attenuated TBI-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell influx. Moreover, when measured 4–5 weeks after closed head weight-drop TBI, male mice treated with MRS5980 (1 mg/kg) performed significantly better in novel object-placement retention tests (NOPRT) and T maze trials than untreated mice with TBI without altered locomotor activity or increased anxiety. Conclusion Our results provide support for the beneficial effects of small molecule A3AR agonists to mitigate secondary tissue injury and cognitive impairment following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 915 N Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Timothy M Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA. .,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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17
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Rhea EM, Nirkhe S, Nguyen S, Pemberton S, Bammler TK, Beyer R, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Farr SA, Banks WA. Molecular Mechanisms of Intranasal Insulin in SAMP8 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:1361-1373. [PMID: 31561374 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Research on intranasal delivery of drugs, peptides, and proteins has grown over the past decade as an alternate way to deliver substrates to the brain. Recent work has shown intranasal (INL) delivery of insulin improves memory and cognition in healthy subjects as well as patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in AD mouse models. However, the molecular mechanism(s) for the beneficial effect of insulin on memory are still unclear. Using the SAMP8 mouse model of AD, we investigated the impact of INL insulin on protein and gene expression in brain regions including the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. We found genes and proteins in the insulin receptor signaling pathway were not activated by the doses tested. However, we did find the expression of genes present in the hippocampus involved in other pathways, especially those related to inflammation, were altered due to age and with a dose of INL insulin previously shown to improve cognition. These alternate pathways could be targets of insulin when delivered via the INL route to aid in memory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Surabhi Nirkhe
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven Nguyen
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Beyer
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Farr SA, Roesler E, Niehoff ML, Roby DA, McKee A, Morley JE. Metformin Improves Learning and Memory in the SAMP8 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1699-1710. [PMID: 30958364 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is used for the treatment of insulin resistant diabetes. Diabetics are at an increased risk of developing dementia. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that metformin treatment prevents cognitive decline in diabetics. A pilot clinical study found cognitive improvement with metformin in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Preclinical studies suggest metformin reduces Alzheimer-like pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current study, we used 11-month-old SAMP8 mice. Mice were given daily injections of metformin at 20 mg/kg/sc or 200 mg/kg/sc for eight weeks. After four weeks, mice were tested in T-maze footshock avoidance, object recognition, and Barnes maze. At the end of the study, brain tissue was collected for analysis of PKC (PKCζ, PKCι, PKCα, PKCγ, PKCɛ), GSK-3β, pGSK-3βser9, pGSK-3βtyr216, pTau404, and APP. Metformin improved both acquisition and retention in SAMP8 mice in T-maze footshock avoidance, retention in novel object recognition, and acquisition in the Barnes maze. Biochemical analysis indicated that metformin increased both atypical and conventional forms of PKC; PKCζ, and PKCα at 20 mg/kg. Metformin significantly increased pGSK-3βser9 at 200 mg/kg, and decreased Aβ at 20 mg/kg and pTau404 and APPc99 at both 20 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. There were no differences in blood glucose levels between the aged vehicle and metformin treated mice. Metformin improved learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of spontaneous onset AD. Biochemical analysis indicates that metformin improved memory by decreasing APPc99 and pTau. The current study lends support to the therapeutic potential of metformin for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, MO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Roesler
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Deborah A Roby
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Alexis McKee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO, USA
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19
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Banerjee S, Ghoshal S, Stevens JR, McCommis KS, Gao S, Castro-Sepulveda M, Mizgier ML, Girardet C, Kumar KG, Galgani JE, Niehoff ML, Farr SA, Zhang J, Butler AA. Hepatocyte expression of the micropeptide adropin regulates the liver fasting response and is enhanced by caloric restriction. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13753-13768. [PMID: 32727846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The micropeptide adropin encoded by the clock-controlled energy homeostasis-associated gene is implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism. However, its links to rhythms of nutrient intake, energy balance, and metabolic control remain poorly defined. Using surveys of Gene Expression Omnibus data sets, we confirm that fasting suppresses liver adropin expression in lean C57BL/6J (B6) mice. However, circadian rhythm data are inconsistent. In lean mice, caloric restriction (CR) induces bouts of compulsive binge feeding separated by prolonged fasting intervals, increasing NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 signaling important for glucose and lipid metabolism regulation. CR up-regulates adropin expression and induces rhythms correlating with cellular stress-response pathways. Furthermore, adropin expression correlates positively with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxokinase-1 (Pck1) expression, suggesting a link with gluconeogenesis. Our previous data suggest that adropin suppresses gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes. Liver-specific adropin knockout (LAdrKO) mice exhibit increased glucose excursions following pyruvate injections, indicating increased gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is also increased in primary cultured hepatocytes derived from LAdrKO mice. Analysis of circulating insulin levels and liver expression of fasting-responsive cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways also suggests enhanced responses in LAdrKO mice during a glucagon tolerance test (250 µg/kg intraperitoneally). Fasting-associated changes in PKA signaling are attenuated in transgenic mice constitutively expressing adropin and in fasting mice treated acutely with adropin peptide. In summary, hepatic adropin expression is regulated by nutrient- and clock-dependent extrahepatic signals. CR induces pronounced postprandial peaks in hepatic adropin expression. Rhythms of hepatic adropin expression appear to link energy balance and cellular stress to the intracellular signal transduction pathways that drive the liver fasting response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph R Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Su Gao
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Laboratorio de Ciencias del Ejercicio. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria L Mizgier
- Departamento de Ciencias de la SaludCarrera de Nutrición y Dietética and Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Clemence Girardet
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - K Ganesh Kumar
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jose E Galgani
- Departamento de Ciencias de la SaludCarrera de Nutrición y Dietética and Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; Research Service, John Cochran Division, Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; Research Service, John Cochran Division, Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Missouri, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew A Butler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA; Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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20
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Harding BN, Floyd JS, Scherrer JF, Salas J, Morley JE, Farr SA, Dublin S. Methods to identify dementia in the electronic health record: Comparing cognitive test scores with dementia algorithms. Healthc (Amst) 2020; 8:100430. [PMID: 32553526 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies often use diagnosis codes to identify dementia outcomes. It remains unknown to what extent cognitive screening test results add value in identifying dementia cases in big data studies leveraging electronic health record (EHR) data. We examined test scores from EHR data and compared results with dementia algorithms. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients 60+ years of age from Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPWA) during 2013-2018 and the Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) during 2012-2015. Results from the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS) cognitive screening exams, were classified as showing dementia or not. Multiple dementia algorithms were created using combinations of diagnosis codes, pharmacy records, and specialty care visits. Correlations between test scores and algorithms were assessed. RESULTS 3,690 of 112,917 KPWA patients and 2,981 of 102,981 VHA patients had cognitive test results in the EHR. In KPWA, dementia prevalence ranged from 6.4%-8.1% depending on the algorithm used and in the VHA, 8.9%-12.1%. The algorithm which best agreed with test scores required ≥2 dementia diagnosis codes in 12 months; at KPWA, 14.8% of people meeting this algorithm had an MMSE score, of whom 65% had a score indicating dementia. Within VHA, those figures were 6.2% and 77% respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although cognitive test results were rarely available, agreement was good with algorithms requiring ≥2 dementia diagnosis codes, supporting the accuracy of this algorithm. IMPLICATIONS These scores may add value in identifying dementia cases for EHR-based research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara N Harding
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - James S Floyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Scherrer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Joanne Salas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, 915 North Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA
| | - Sascha Dublin
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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21
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Salas J, Morley JE, Scherrer JF, Floyd JS, Farr SA, Zubatsky M, Barthold D, Dublin S. Risk of incident dementia following metformin initiation compared with noninitiation or delay of antidiabetic medication therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2020; 29:623-634. [PMID: 32363681 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging evidence suggests metformin compared with sulfonylurea is associated with an 8% to 10% lower risk for dementia. Guidelines recommend metformin as initial diabetes treatment, but there is still the question of treatment timing. Thus, the risk of dementia associated with initiating metformin compared with not initiating or delaying treatment was examined. METHODS A retrospective cohort study (1996 to 2015) was conducted with electronic health records from Veteran Health Affairs (VHA; n = 112 845) and Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPW; n = 14 333) healthcare systems. Patients were aged ≥50 years, had a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between 6.5 and <9.5 mg/dL, and did not have dementia or fills for antidiabetic medications before cohort entry. Initiators started metformin monotherapy and noninitiators used no antidiabetic medications in the 6 months after the first qualifying HbA1c. The primary outcome was incident dementia. Propensity scores and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) controlled for confounding in Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 6.2 years in VHA and 6.8 years in KPW, there were 7547 new dementia cases in VHA and 1090 in KPW. After IPTW, there was no association between initiation of metformin (vs no initial treatment) and incident dementia in VHA (HR = 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95-1.13) or KPW (HR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.51-1.28). Results did not differ by age, baseline HbA1c, or race. CONCLUSIONS Results do not support initiating metformin earlier to prevent cognitive decline and, thus, may dampen enthusiasm for metformin as a potential antidementia drug. Randomized clinical trials could help clarify the relationship between metformin and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Salas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Scherrer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James S Floyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Max Zubatsky
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Doug Barthold
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sascha Dublin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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22
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Scherrer JF, Salas J, Floyd JS, Farr SA, Morley JE, Dublin S. Metformin and Sulfonylurea Use and Risk of Incident Dementia. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1444-1456. [PMID: 31378227 PMCID: PMC7029783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare incident dementia risk among patients who initiated treatment with metformin or sulfonylurea in Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) patients with replication in Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPW) patients to determine whether first-choice antidiabetic medications are associated with reduced risk of dementia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cohorts contained 75,187 VHA patients and 10,866 KPW patients, 50 years and older, who initiated monotherapy with metformin or sulfonylurea. Patients were free of dementia diagnoses and any diabetes treatment for 2 years before cohort entry. Variables were extracted from electronic health data from VHA (1999-2015) and KPW (1996-2015), which included diagnosis codes, pharmacy data, laboratory values, and demographic characteristics. Propensity scores and inverse probability of treatment weighting controlled for confounding. RESULTS Veterans Health Affairs patients were 60.8±6.8 years of age on average, and KPW patients were 63.1±9.5 years of age. In the VHA sample, 72,769 (96.8%) were male; and in the KPW sample, 5480 (50.4%). After adjusting for confounding, metformin initiation was associated with a significantly (P=.02) lower risk of dementia in VHA (hazard ratio, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.9-1.0), with a similar point estimate in KPW (hazard ratio, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.7-1.1). Metformin was not associated with dementia risk in patients 75 years and older. CONCLUSION Existing epidemiological studies of metformin and incident dementia have been inconsistent. Using a similar study design in 2 patient populations that differed in clinical and demographic characteristics, our results provide robust evidence that metformin use is associated with a modestly lower risk of incident dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Scherrer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO; Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service, Columbia, MO.
| | - Joanne Salas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO; Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service, Columbia, MO
| | - James S Floyd
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO; Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, MO
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO
| | - Sascha Dublin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
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23
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Scherrer JF, Morley JE, Salas J, Floyd JS, Farr SA, Dublin S. Association Between Metformin Initiation and Incident Dementia Among African American and White Veterans Health Administration Patients. Ann Fam Med 2019; 17:352-362. [PMID: 31285213 PMCID: PMC6827650 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE African American patients are more likely to experience cognitive decline after type 2 diabetes mellitus onset than white patients. Metformin use has been associated with a lower risk of dementia compared with sulfonylureas. Evidence for whether this association differs by race is sparse. METHODS Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical record data were obtained for 73,761 African American and white patients aged ≥50 years who used the VHA from fiscal years 2000 to 2015. Patients were free of dementia and diabetes medications during fiscal years 2000 and 2001 and subsequently initiated metformin or sulfonylurea monotherapy. For race and age subgroups, Cox proportional hazards models using propensity scores and inverse probability of treatment weighting to control for confounding were computed to measure the association between metformin vs sulfonylurea initiation and incident dementia. RESULTS After controlling for confounding, among patients aged ≥50 years, metformin vs sulfonylurea use was associated with a significantly lower risk of dementia in African American patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.6-0.89) but not white patients (HR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.9-1.03). The strongest magnitude of association between metformin and dementia was observed among African American patients aged 50 to 64 years (HR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.45-0.81). Among those aged 65 to 74 years, metformin was significantly associated with lower risk of dementia in both races. Metformin was not associated with dementia in patients aged ≥75 years. CONCLUSIONS Metformin vs sulfonylurea initiation was associated with a substantially lower risk of dementia among younger African American patients. These results may point to a novel approach for reducing the risk of dementia in African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Scherrer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joanne Salas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James S Floyd
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, John Cochran Division, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Sascha Dublin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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24
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Roby DA, Ruiz F, Kermath BA, Voorhees JR, Niehoff M, Zhang J, Morley JE, Musiek ES, Farr SA, Burris TP. Pharmacological activation of the nuclear receptor REV-ERB reverses cognitive deficits and reduces amyloid-β burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215004. [PMID: 30973894 PMCID: PMC6459530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease currently lacks treatment options that effectively reverse the biological/anatomical pathology and cognitive deficits associated with the disease. Loss of function of the nuclear receptor REV-ERB is associated with reduced cognitive function in mouse models. The effect of enhanced REV-ERB activity on cognitive function has not been examined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that enhanced REV-ERB function may enhance cognitive function in a model of Alzheimer's disease. We utilized the REV-ERB agonist SR9009 to pharmacologically activate the activity of REV-ERB in the SAMP8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. SR9009 reversed cognitive dysfunction of an aged SAMP8 mouse in several behavioral assays including novel object recognition, T-maze foot shock avoidance, and lever press operant conditioning task assessments. SR9009 treatment reduced amyloid-β 1-40 and 1-42 levels in the cortex, which is consistent with improved cognitive function. Furthermore, SR9009 treatment led to increased hippocampal PSD-95, cortical synaptophysin expression and the number of synapses suggesting improvement in synaptic function. We conclude that REV-ERB is a potential target for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Roby
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Fernanda Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Bailey A. Kermath
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jaymie R. Voorhees
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Michael Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - John E. Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Erik S. Musiek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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25
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Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Kumar VB, Roby DA, Morley JE. Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β as a Treatment for the Prevention of Cognitive Deficits after a Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1869-1875. [PMID: 30704365 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has many long-term consequences, including impairment in memory and changes in mood. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) in its phosphorylated form (p-GSK-3β) is considered to be a major contributor to memory problems that occur post-TBI. We have developed an antisense that targets the GSK-3β (GAO) gene. Using a model of closed-head concussive TBI, we subjected mice to TBI and injected GAO or a random antisense (RAO) 15 min post-injury. One week post-injury, mice were tested in object recognition with 24 h delay. At 4 weeks post- injury, mice were tested with a T-maze foot shock avoidance memory test and a second object recognition test with 24 h delay using different objects. Mice that received GAO show improved memory in both object recognition and T-maze compared with RAO- treated mice that were subjected to TBI. Next, we verified that GAO blocked the surge in phosphorylated GSK-3β post-TBI. Mice were subjected to TBI and injected with antisense 15 min post-TBI with GAO or RAO. Mice were euthanized at 4 and 72 h post-TBI. Analysis of p-ser9GSK-3β, p-tyr216GSK-3β, and phospho-tau (p-tau)404 showed that mice that received a TBI+RAO had significantly higher p-ser9GSK-3β, p-tyr216GSK-3β, and p-tau404 levels than the mice that received TBI+GAO and the Sham+RAO mice. The current finding suggests that inhibiting GSK-3β increase after TBI with an antisense directed at GSK-3β prevents learning and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deborah A Roby
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John E Morley
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Morley
- John E. Morley, MB, BCh, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., M238, St. Louis, MO 63104,
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Witt KA, Farr SA, Sandoval KE. P2‐052: SELECTIVE SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR SUBTYPE‐4 AGONISTS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE TREATMENT. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken A. Witt
- Southern Illinois University EdwardsvilleEdwardsvilleILUSA
| | - Susan A. Farr
- St. Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- VA Medical Center St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
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Cuzzocrea S, Doyle T, Campolo M, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Farr SA, Salvemini D. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Subtype 1 as a Therapeutic Target for Brain Trauma. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1452-1466. [PMID: 29310513 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) provokes secondary pathological mechanisms, including ischemic and inflammatory processes. The new research in sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators has opened the door for an effective mechanism of reducing central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory lesion activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effect of the functional S1PR1 antagonist, siponimod, in phase III clinical trials for autoimmune disorders and of the competitive sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1PR1) antagonist, TASP0277308, in pre-clinical development in an in vivo model of TBI in mice. We used the well-characterized model of TBI caused by controlled cortical impact. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with siponimod or TASP0277308 (1 mg/kg) at 1 and 4 h post-trauma. Our results demonstrated that these agents exerted significant beneficial effects on TBI pre-clinical scores in term of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in particular, attenuation of astrocytes and microglia activation, cytokines release, and rescue of the reduction of adhesion molecules (i.e., occludin and zonula occludens-1). Moreover, these compounds were able to decrease T-cell activation visible by reduction of CD4+ and CD8+, reduce the lesioned area (measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining), and to preserve tissue architecture, microtubule stability, and neural plasticity. Moreover, our findings provide pre-clinical evidence for the use of low-dose oral S1PR1 antagonists as neuroprotective strategies for TBI and broaden our understanding of the underlying S1PR1-driven neuroinflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of TBI. Altogether, our results showed that blocking the S1PR1 axis is an effective therapeutic strategy to mitigate neuropathological effects engaged in the CNS by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy .,2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy Doyle
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michela Campolo
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, Italy
| | - Susan A Farr
- 3 VA Medical Center Saint Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,4 Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri
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Banks WA, Farr SA, Salameh TS, Niehoff ML, Rhea EM, Morley JE, Hanson AJ, Hansen KM, Craft S. Triglycerides cross the blood-brain barrier and induce central leptin and insulin receptor resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:391-397. [PMID: 28990588 PMCID: PMC5880581 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resistance at the brain receptors for leptin and insulin has been associated with increased feeding, obesity and cognitive impairments. The causal agent for central resistance is unknown but could be derived from the blood. Here we postulate whether hypertriglyceridemia, the major dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome, could underlie central leptin and insulin resistance. DESIGN We used radioactively labeled triglycerides to measure blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, western blots to measure receptor activation, and feeding and cognitive tests to assess behavioral endpoints. RESULTS Human CSF was determined to contain triglycerides, a finding previously unclear. The radioactive triglyceride triolein readily crossed the BBB and centrally administered triolein and peripherally administered lipids induced in vivo leptin and/or insulin resistance at hypothalamic receptors. Central triolein blocked the satiety effect of centrally administered leptin. Decreasing serum triglycerides with gemfibrozil improved both learning and memory inversely proportionate to triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS Triglycerides cross the blood-brain barrier rapidly, are found in human cerebrospinal fluid, and induce central leptin and insulin receptor resistance, decreasing satiety and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Banks
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S A Farr
- Research and Development, John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - T S Salameh
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M L Niehoff
- Research and Development, John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - E M Rhea
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - A J Hanson
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K M Hansen
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Craft
- Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Farr SA, Sandoval KE, Niehoff ML, Witt KA, Kumar VB, Morley JE. Peripheral Administration of GSK-3β Antisense Oligonucleotide Improves Learning and Memory in SAMP8 and Tg2576 Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1339-1348. [PMID: 27589526 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the heightened levels of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurodegeneration. We have previously shown that an antisense oligonucleotide directed at the Tyr 216 site on GSK-3β (GAO) when injected centrally can decrease GSK-3β levels, improve learning and memory, and decrease oxidative stress. In addition, we showed that GAO can cross the blood-brain barrier. Herein the impact of peripherally administered GAO in both the non-transgenic SAMP8 and transgenic Tg2576 (APPswe) models of AD were examined respective to learning and memory. Brain tissues were then evaluated for expression changes in the phosphorylated-Tyr 216 residue, which leads to GSK-3β activation, and the phosphorylated-Ser9 residue, which reduces GSK-3β activity. SAMP8 GAO-treated mice showed improved acquisition and retention using aversive T-maze, and improved declarative memory as measured by the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Expression of the phosphorylated-Tyr 216 was decreased and the phosphorylated-Ser9 was increased in GAO-treated SAMP8 mice. Tg2576 GAO-treated mice improved acquisition and retention in both the T-maze and NOR tests, with an increased phosphorylated-Ser9 GSK-3β expression. Results demonstrate that peripheral administration of GAO improves learning and memory, corresponding with alterations in GSK-3β phosphorylation state. This study supports peripherally administered GAO as a viable means to mediate GSK-3β activity within the brain and a possible treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karin E Sandoval
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ken A Witt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Farr SA, Louise van der Kam E, Brown JW, Niehoff ML, Morley JE. [P3–049]: SPINGOSINE‐1‐PHOSPHATE RECEPTOR 5 AGONIST α‐971432 IMPROVES LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE SAMP8 MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER's DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Farr
- St. Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- VA Medical Center St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
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Yuan D, Yi X, Zhao Y, Poon CD, Bullock KM, Hansen KM, Salameh TS, Farr SA, Banks WA, Kabanov AV. Intranasal delivery of N-terminal modified leptin-pluronic conjugate for treatment of obesity. J Control Release 2017; 263:172-184. [PMID: 28344017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone that is delivered via a specific transport system across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the brain where it acts on the hypothalamus receptors to control appetite and thermogenesis. Peripheral resistance to leptin due to its impaired brain delivery prevents therapeutic use of leptin in overweight and moderately obese patients. To address this problem, we modified the N-terminal amine of leptin with Pluronic P85 (LepNP85) and administered this conjugate intranasally using the nose-to-brain (INB) route to bypass the BBB. We compared this conjugate with the native leptin, the N-terminal leptin conjugate with poly(ethylene glycol) (LepNPEG5K), and two conjugates of leptin with Pluronic P85 attached randomly to the lysine amino groups of the hormone. Compared to the random conjugates of leptin with P85, LepNP85 has shown higher affinity upon binding with the leptin receptor, and similarly to native hormone activated hypothalamus receptors after direct injection into brain. After INB delivery, LepNP85 conjugate was transported to the brain and accumulated in the hypothalamus and hippocampus to a greater extent than the native leptin and LepNPEG5K and activated leptin receptors in hypothalamus at lower dose than native leptin. Our work suggests that LepNP85 can access the brain directly after INB delivery and confirms our hypothesis that the improvement in brain accumulation of this conjugate is due to its enhanced brain absorption. In conclusion, the LepNP85 with optimized conjugation chemistry is a promising candidate for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim M Hansen
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development, VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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Butler AA, Girardet C, Mavrikaki M, Trevaskis JL, Macarthur H, Marks DL, Farr SA. A Life without Hunger: The Ups (and Downs) to Modulating Melanocortin-3 Receptor Signaling. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:128. [PMID: 28360832 PMCID: PMC5352694 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin neurons conserve body mass in hyper- or hypo-caloric conditions by conveying signals from nutrient sensors into areas of the brain governing appetite and metabolism. In mice, melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) deletion alters nutrient partitioning independently of hyperphagia, promoting accumulation of fat over muscle mass. Enhanced rhythms in insulin and insulin-responsive metabolic genes during hypocaloric feeding suggest partial insulin resistance and enhanced lipogenesis. However, exactly where and how MC3Rs affect metabolic control to alter nutrient partitioning is not known. The behavioral phenotypes exhibited by MC3R-deficient mice suggest a contextual role in appetite control. The impact of MC3R-deficiency on feeding behavior when food is freely available is minor. However, homeostatic responses to hypocaloric conditioning involving increased expression of appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) neuropeptides, binge-feeding, food anticipatory activity (FAA), entrainment to nutrient availability and enhanced feeding-related motivational responses are compromised with MC3R-deficiency. Rescuing Mc3r transcription in hypothalamic and limbic neurons improves appetitive responses during hypocaloric conditioning while having minor effects on nutrient partitioning, suggesting orexigenic functions. Rescuing hypothalamic MC3Rs also restores responses of fasting-responsive hypothalamic orexigenic neurons in hypocaloric conditions, suggesting actions that sensitize fasting-responsive neurons to signals from nutrient sensors. MC3R signaling in ventromedial hypothalamic SF1(+ve) neurons improves metabolic control, but does not restore appetitive responses or nutrient partitioning. In summary, desensitization of fasting-responsive orexigenic neurons may underlie attenuated appetitive responses of MC3R-deficient mice in hypocaloric situations. Further studies are needed to identify the specific location(s) of MC3Rs controlling appetitive responses and partitioning of nutrients between fat and lean tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Butler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Clemence Girardet
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Mavrikaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James L Trevaskis
- In vivo Pharmacology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Medimmune Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Heather Macarthur
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Saint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical CenterSt. Louis, MO, USA
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Rhea EM, Humann SR, Nirkhe S, Farr SA, Morley JE, Banks WA. Intranasal Insulin Transport is Preserved in Aged SAMP8 Mice and is Altered by Albumin and Insulin Receptor Inhibition. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:241-252. [PMID: 28222522 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin delivered to the level of the cribriform plate (intranasal insulin) is being investigated for its ability to enhance memory in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent work has shown intranasal insulin can be detected in young CD-1 mice within 5 min and is still present 60 min after injection. The current study determined whether intranasal insulin transport and the subsequent brain distribution of insulin varies in young, healthy mice (CD-1) compared to those with an AD-like phenotype (aged SAMP8) or those pre-disposed to develop such a phenotype (young SAMP8). We showed transport does not vary among these three mouse cohorts, suggesting that intranasal uptake and brain pharmacokinetics do not differ with AD-like signs or the genetic predisposition to developing them. We found that co-administration with bovine serum albumin increased levels of insulin in most brain regions. In addition, the insulin receptor inhibitor, S961, decreases the amount of insulin transported throughout the brain after intranasal injection. These results show insulin delivery to the brain by intranasal administration can be modified with agents such as albumin, may be dependent on the insulin receptor, and is not affected by an AD-like phenotype as presented by the SAMP8 mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Surabhi Nirkhe
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Ceddia MA, Herrlinger KA, Lewis BJ, Feng S, Welleford A, Butterfield DA, Morley JE. Effect of botanical extracts containing carnosic acid or rosmarinic acid on learning and memory in SAMP8 mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:328-38. [PMID: 27527000 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is one of the hallmarks of the aging process. The current study evaluated effects of two proprietary antioxidant-based ingredients, rosemary extract and spearmint extract containing carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, respectively, on learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of accelerated aging. The two rosemary extracts contained carnosic acid (60% or 10% carnosic acid) and one spearmint extract contained 5% rosmarinic acid. Three doses of actives in each extract were tested: 32, 16, 1.6 or 0mg/kg. After 90days of treatment mice were tested in T-maze foot shock avoidance, object recognition and lever press. Rosemary extract containing 60% carnosic acid improved acquisition and retention in T-maze foot shock, object recognition and lever press. Rosemary extract with 10% carnosic acid improved retention in T-maze foot shock avoidance and lever press. Spearmint with 5% rosmarinic acid improved acquisition and retention in T-maze foot shock avoidance and object recognition. 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) was reduced in the brain cortex after treatment with all three extracts (P<0.001) compared to the vehicle treated SAMP8. Protein carbonyls were reduced in the hippocampus after administration of rosemary with 10% carnosic acid (P<0.05) and spearmint containing 5% rosmarinic acid (P<0.001). The current results indicate that the extracts from spearmint and rosemary have beneficial effects on learning and memory and brain tissue markers of oxidation that occur with age in SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- VA Medical Center, 915 North Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63106, United States; St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States.
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Michael A Ceddia
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | | | - Brandon J Lewis
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | - Shulin Feng
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | - Andrew Welleford
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 249 Chemistry-Physics, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 249 Chemistry-Physics, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - John E Morley
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States; St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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Armbrecht HJ, Siddiqui AM, Green M, Farr SA, Kumar VB, Banks WA, Patrick P, Shah GN, Morley JE. Antisense against Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Reverses Memory Deficits and Alters Gene Expression in Neurotropic and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in SAMP8 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:535-48. [PMID: 25854933 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP8) strain exhibits an age-related decrease in memory accompanied by an increase in hippocampal amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). We have shown that administration of an antisense oligonucleotide against the Aβ region of AβPP (AβPP antisense) reverses the memory deficits. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of peripheral (IV) administration of AβPP antisense on hippocampal gene expression. The AβPP antisense reversed the memory deficits and altered expression of 944 hippocampal genes. Pathway analysis showed significant gene expression changes in nine pathways. These include the MAPK signaling pathway (p = 0.0078) and the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway (p = 0.043), which we have previously shown to be altered in SAMP8 mice. The changes in these pathways contributed to significant changes in the neurotropin (p = 0.0083) and insulin signaling (p = 0.015) pathways, which are known to be important in learning and memory. Changes in these pathways were accompanied by phosphorylation changes in the downstream target proteins p70S6K, GSK3β, ERK, and CREB. These changes in hippocampal gene expression and protein phosphorylation may suggest specific new targets for antisense therapy aimed at improving memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Armbrecht
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Akbar M Siddiqui
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Green
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ping Patrick
- Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gul N Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Salameh TS, Bullock KM, Hujoel IA, Niehoff ML, Wolden-Hanson T, Kim J, Morley JE, Farr SA, Banks WA. Central Nervous System Delivery of Intranasal Insulin: Mechanisms of Uptake and Effects on Cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:715-28. [PMID: 26401706 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal insulin has shown efficacy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there are no preclinical studies determining whether or how it reaches the brain. Here, we showed that insulin applied at the level of the cribriform plate via the nasal route quickly distributed throughout the brain and reversed learning and memory deficits in an AD mouse model. Intranasal insulin entered the blood stream poorly and had no peripheral metabolic effects. Uptake into the brain from the cribriform plate was saturable, stimulated by PKC inhibition, and responded differently to cellular pathway inhibitors than did insulin transport at the blood-brain barrier. In summary, these results show intranasal delivery to be an effective way to deliver insulin to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S Salameh
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabel A Hujoel
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Hansen HH, Fabricius K, Barkholt P, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Jelsing J, Pyke C, Knudsen LB, Farr SA, Vrang N. The GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide Improves Memory Function and Increases Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Numbers in a Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:877-88. [PMID: 25869785 PMCID: PMC4878312 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, currently used in the management of type 2 diabetes, exhibit neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated the potential pro-cognitive and neuroprotective effects of the once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a model of age-related sporadic AD not dominated by amyloid plaques. Six-month-old SAMP8 mice received liraglutide (100 or 500 μg/kg/day, s.c.) or vehicle once daily for 4 months. Vehicle-dosed age-matched 50% back-crossed as well as untreated young (4-month-old) SAMP8 mice were used as control groups for normal memory function. Vehicle-dosed 10-month-old SAMP8 mice showed significant learning and memory retention deficits in an active-avoidance T-maze, as compared to both control groups. Also, 10-month-old SAMP8 mice displayed no immunohistological signatures of amyloid-β plaques or hyperphosphorylated tau, indicating the onset of cognitive deficits prior to deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in this AD model. Liraglutide significantly increased memory retention and total hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron numbers in SAMP8 mice, as compared to age-matched vehicle-dosed SAMP8 mice. In conclusion, liraglutide delayed or partially halted the progressive decline in memory function associated with hippocampal neuronal loss in a mouse model of pathological aging with characteristics of neurobehavioral and neuropathological impairments observed in early-stage sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John E Morley
- St. Louis University, Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis, MO, USA.,St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Charles Pyke
- Diabetes Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Susan A Farr
- St. Louis University, Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Price TO, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Ercal N, Morley JE, Shah GN. Protective Effect of Topiramate on Hyperglycemia-Induced Cerebral Oxidative Stress, Pericyte Loss and Learning Behavior in Diabetic Mice. Int Libr Diabetes Metab 2015; 1:6-12. [PMID: 26120599 PMCID: PMC4479302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus-associated damage to the microvasculature of the brain is caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, which results in pericyte loss, blood-brain barrier disruption, and impaired cognitive function. Oxidative stress, in diabetes, is caused by reactive oxygen species produced during accelerated respiration (mitochondrial oxidative metabolism of glucose). The rate of respiration is regulated by mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases (CAs). Inhibition of these enzymes protects the brain from diabetic damage. Previously, we reported that topiramate, a mitochondrial CA inhibitor, at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day protects the brain in diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and restoring pericyte numbers. Topiramate has high affinity for both mitochondrial CAs; therefore, it is conceivable that a much lower dose may inhibit these enzymes and thus protect the brain from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage. Therefore, in an effort to reduce the toxicity associated with higher doses of topiramate, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of 1.0 mg/kg topiramate on reducing oxidative stress, restoring pericyte numbers in the brain, and improving the impaired learning behavior in diabetic mouse. Diabetes was induced by a one-time injection of streptozotocin and topiramate was administered daily for 12 weeks. Levels of oxidative stress, reduced glutathione (GSH) and 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE) were measured in the brain and pericyte/endothelial cell ratios in isolated brain microvessels. Learning behavior was assessed by T-maze foot shock avoidance test. A significant decrease in GSH (control, 12.2 ± 0.4 vs. diabetic, 10.8 ± 0.4 vs. diabetic + topiramate, 12.6 ± 0.6, p<0.05) and an increase in HNE (control, 100 ± 4.2, vs. diabetic, 127.3 ± 8.8 vs. diabetic + topiramate, 93.9 ± 8.4 p<0.05) in diabetic mice were corrected by topiramate treatment. Topiramate treatment also resulted in restoration of pericyte numbers in diabetic mice (control, 25.89 ± 0.85 vs. diabetic, 18.14 ± 0.66 vs. diabetic + topiramate, 24.35 ± 0.53, p<0.001) and improvement in learning behavior. In conclusion, these data clearly demonstrate that topiramate at 1.0 mg/kg protects the mouse brain from diabetic damage. A 1.0 mg/kg topiramate in the mouse translates to a 5.0 mg daily dose in a 60 kg human, which may help slow the onset and progression of diabetic complications in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin O. Price
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Research and Development, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - John E. Morley
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gul N. Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Corresponding Author: Gul N. Shah, Ph.D. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center,
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Farr SA, Erickson MA, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Morley JE. Central and peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotide targeting amyloid-β protein precursor improves learning and memory and reduces neuroinflammatory cytokines in Tg2576 (AβPPswe) mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 40:1005-16. [PMID: 24577464 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Currently, there are no therapies to stop or reverse the symptoms of AD. We have developed an antisense oligonucleotide (OL-1) against the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) that can decrease AβPP expression and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) production. This antisense rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier, reverses learning and memory impairments, reduces oxidative stress, and restores brain-to-blood efflux of Aβ in SAMP8 mice. Here, we examined the effects of this AβPP antisense in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. We administered the OL-1 antisense into the lateral ventricle 3 times at 2week intervals. Seventy-two hours after the third injection, we tested learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance. In the second study, we injected the mice with OL-1 antisense 3 times at 2-week intervals via the tail vein. Seventy-two hours later, we tested learning and memory T-maze, novel object recognition, and elevated plus maze. At the end of behavioral testing, brain tissue was collected. OL-1 antisense administered centrally improved acquisition and retention of T-maze foot shock avoidance. OL-1 antisense administered via tail vein improved learning and memory in both T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object-place recognition. In the elevated plus maze, the mice which received OL-1 antisense spent less time in the open arms and had fewer entries into the open arms indicating reduced disinhibitation. Biochemical analyses reveal significant reduction of AβPP signal and a reduction of measures of neuroinflammation. The current findings support the therapeutic potential of OL-1 AβPP antisense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Yi X, Yuan D, Farr SA, Banks WA, Poon CD, Kabanov AV. Pluronic modified leptin with increased systemic circulation, brain uptake and efficacy for treatment of obesity. J Control Release 2014; 191:34-46. [PMID: 24881856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modification of hydrophilic proteins with amphiphilic block copolymers capable of crossing cell membranes is a new strategy to improve protein delivery to the brain. Leptin, a candidate for the treatment of epidemic obesity, has failed in part because of impairment in its transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that develops with obesity. We posit that modification of leptin with poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), Pluronic P85 (P85) might permit this protein to penetrate the BBB independently of its transporter, thereby overcoming peripheral leptin resistance. Here we report that peripherally administered leptin-P85 conjugates exhibit biological activity by reducing food intake in mouse models of obesity (ob/ob, and diet-induced obese mouse). We further generated two new leptin-P85 conjugates: one, Lep(ss)-P85(L), containing one P85 chain and another, Lep(ss)-P85(H), containing multiple P85 chains. We report data on their purification, analytical characterization, peripheral and brain pharmacokinetics (PK). Lep(ss)-P85(L) crosses the BBB using the leptin transporter, and exhibits improved peripheral PK along with increased accumulation in the brain compared to unmodified leptin. Lep(ss)-P85(H) also has improved peripheral PK but in a striking difference to the first conjugate penetrates the BBB independently of the leptin transporter via a non-saturable mechanism. The results demonstrate that leptin analogs can be developed through chemical modification of the native leptin with P85 to overcome leptin resistance at the level of the BBB, thus improving the potential for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development, VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia.
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Morley JE, Farr SA. The role of amyloid-beta in the regulation of memory. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:479-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Farr SA, Ripley JL, Sultana R, Zhang Z, Niehoff ML, Platt TL, Murphy MP, Morley JE, Kumar V, Butterfield DA. Antisense oligonucleotide against GSK-3β in brain of SAMP8 mice improves learning and memory and decreases oxidative stress: Involvement of transcription factor Nrf2 and implications for Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:387-95. [PMID: 24355211 PMCID: PMC3945161 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the heightened levels of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurodegeneration. In this study we used 12-month-old SAMP8 mice, an AD model, to examine the effects GSK-3β may cause regarding the cognitive impairment and oxidative stress associated with AD. To suppress the level of GSK-3β, SAMP8 mice were treated with an antisense oligonucleotide (GAO) directed at this kinase. We measured a decreased level of GSK-3β in the cortex of the mice, indicating the success of the antisense treatment. Learning and memory assessments of the SAMP8 mice were tested post-antisense treatment using an aversive T-maze and object recognition test, both of which observably improved. In cortex samples of the SAMP8 mice, decreased levels of protein carbonyl and protein-bound HNE were measured, indicating decreased oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor known to increase the level of many antioxidants, including glutathione-S transferase (GST), and is negatively regulated by the activity of GSK-3β. Our results indicated the increased nuclear localization of Nrf2 and level of GST, suggesting the increased activity of the transcription factor as a result of GSK-3β suppression, consistent with the decreased oxidative stress observed. Consistent with the improved learning and memory, and consistent with GSK-3b being a tau kinase, we observed decreased tau phosphorylation in brain of GAO-treated SAMP8 mice compared to that of RAO-treated SAMP8 mice. Lastly, we examined the ability of GAO to cross the blood-brain barrier and determined it to be possible. The results presented in this study demonstrate that reducing GSK-3 with a phosphorothionated antisense against GSK-3 improves learning and memory, reduces oxidative stress, possibly coincident with increased levels of the antioxidant transcriptional activity of Nrf2, and decreases tau phosphorylation. Our study supports the notion of GAO as a possible treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica L Ripley
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Zhaoshu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas L Platt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - M Paul Murphy
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijaya Kumar
- Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Fiorini A, Sultana R, Förster S, Perluigi M, Cenini G, Cini C, Cai J, Klein JB, Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Kumar VB, Butterfield DA. Antisense directed against PS-1 gene decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8) and reverses learning and memory impairment: a proteomics study. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1-14. [PMID: 23777706 PMCID: PMC3855183 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the induction of oxidative stress. This peptide is produced by proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of β- and γ-secretases. Previous studies demonstrated that reduction of Aβ, using an antisense oligonucleotide (AO) directed against the Aβ region of APP, reduced oxidative stress-mediated damage and prevented or reverted cognitive deficits in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), a useful animal model for investigating the events related to Aβ pathology and possibly to the early phase of AD. In the current study, aged SAMP8 were treated by AO directed against PS-1, a component of the γ-secretase complex, and tested for learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object recognition. Brain tissue was collected to identify the decrease of oxidative stress and to evaluate the proteins that are differently expressed and oxidized after the reduction in free radical levels induced by Aβ. We used both expression proteomics and redox proteomics approaches. In brain of AO-treated mice a decrease of oxidative stress markers was found, and the proteins identified by proteomics as expressed differently or nitrated are involved in processes known to be impaired in AD. Our results suggest that the treatment with AO directed against PS-1 in old SAMP8 mice reverses learning and memory deficits and reduces Aβ-mediated oxidative stress with restoration to the normal condition and identifies possible pharmacological targets to combat this devastating dementing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Fiorini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarah Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenini
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chiara Cini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jon B Klein
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- Division of Geriatric Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Armbrecht HJ, Siddiqui AM, Green M, Farr SA, Kumar VB, Banks WA, Patrick P, Shah GN, Morley JE. SAMP8 mice have altered hippocampal gene expression in long term potentiation, phosphatidylinositol signaling, and endocytosis pathways. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:159-68. [PMID: 23969180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP8) strain exhibits decreased learning and memory and increased amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide accumulation at 12 months. To detect differences in gene expression in SAMP8 mice, we used a control mouse that was a 50% cross between SAMP8 and CD-1 mice and which showed no memory deficits (50% SAMs). We then compared gene expression in the hippocampus of 4- and 12-month-old SAMP8 and control mice using Affymetrix gene arrays. At 12 months, but not at 4 months, pathway analysis revealed significant differences in the long term potentiation (6 genes), phosphatidylinositol signaling (6 genes), and endocytosis (10 genes) pathways. The changes in long term potentiation included mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling (N-ras, cAMP responsive element binding protein [CREB], protein phosphatase inhibitor 1) and Ca-dependent signaling (inositol triphosphate [ITP] receptors 1 and 2 and phospholipase C). Changes in phosphatidylinositol signaling genes suggested altered signaling through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and Western blotting revealed phosphorylation changes in serine/threonine protein kinase AKT and 70S6K. Changes in the endocytosis pathway involved genes related to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (dynamin and clathrin). Endocytosis is required for receptor recycling, is involved in Aβ metabolism, and is regulated by phosphatidylinositol signaling. In summary, these studies demonstrate altered gene expression in 3 SAMP8 hippocampal pathways associated with memory formation and consolidation. These pathways might provide new therapeutic targets in addition to targeting Aβ metabolism itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Armbrecht
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), St Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Farr SA, Price TO, Banks WA, Ercal N, Morley JE. Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Memory, Oxidation, and Lifespan in SAMP8 Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:447-55. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-120130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tulin O. Price
- Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - John E. Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Erickson MA, Niehoff ML, Farr SA, Morley JE, Dillman LA, Lynch KM, Banks WA. Peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the amyloid-β protein precursor reverses AβPP and LRP-1 overexpression in the aged SAMP8 mouse brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:951-60. [PMID: 22179572 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse model of Alzheimer's disease has a natural mutation leading to age-related increases in the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain, memory impairment, and deficits in Aβ removal from the brain. Previous studies show that centrally administered antisense oligonucleotide directed against AβPP can decrease AβPP expression and Aβ production in the brains of aged SAMP8 mice, and improve memory. The same antisense crosses the blood-brain barrier and reverses memory deficits when injected intravenously. Here, we give 6 μg of AβPP or control antisense 3 times over 2 week intervals to 12 month old SAMP8 mice. Object recognition test was done 48 hours later, followed by removal of whole brains for immunoblot analysis of AβPP, low-density lipoprotein-related protein-1 (LRP-1), p-glycoprotein (Pgp), receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), or ELISA of soluble Aβ(40). Our results show that AβPP antisense completely reverses a 30% age-associated increase in AβPP signal (p < 0.05 versus untreated 4 month old SAMP8). Soluble Aβ(40) increased with age, but was not reversed by antisense. LRP-1 large and small subunits increased significantly with age (147.7%, p < 0.01 and 123.7%, p < 0.05 respectively), and AβPP antisense completely reversed these increases (p < 0.05). Pgp and RAGE were not significantly altered with age or antisense. Antisense also caused improvements in memory (p < 0.001). Together, these data support the therapeutic potential of AβPP antisense and show a unique association between AβPP and LRP-1 expression in the SAMP8 mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Farr SA, Price TO, Dominguez LJ, Motisi A, Saiano F, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Banks WA, Ercal N, Barbagallo M. Extra virgin olive oil improves learning and memory in SAMP8 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:81-92. [PMID: 21955812 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are potent antioxidants found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO); antioxidants have been shown to reverse age- and disease-related learning and memory deficits. We examined the effects of EVOO on learning and memory in SAMP8 mice, an age-related learning/memory impairment model associated with increased amyloid-β protein and brain oxidative damage. We administered EVOO, coconut oil, or butter to 11 month old SAMP8 mice for 6 weeks. Mice were tested in T-maze foot shock avoidance and one-trial novel object recognition with a 24 h delay. Mice which received EVOO had improved acquisition in the T-maze and spent more time with the novel object in one-trial novel object recognition versus mice which received coconut oil or butter. Mice that received EVOO had improve T-maze retention compared to the mice that received butter. EVOO increased brain glutathione levels suggesting reduced oxidative stress as a possible mechanism. These effects plus increased glutathione reductase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased tissue levels of 4-hydroxynoneal and 3-nitrotyrosine were enhanced with enriched EVOO (3 × and 5 × polyphenols concentration). Our findings suggest that EVOO has beneficial effects on learning and memory deficits found in aging and diseases, such as those related to the overproduction of amyloid-β protein, by reversing oxidative damage in the brain, effects that are augmented with increasing concentrations of polyphenols in EVOO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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Nonaka N, Farr SA, Nakamachi T, Morley JE, Nakamura M, Shioda S, Banks WA. Intranasal administration of PACAP: uptake by brain and regional brain targeting with cyclodextrins. Peptides 2012; 36:168-75. [PMID: 22687366 PMCID: PMC3418062 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a potent neurotrophic and neuroprotectant that is transported across the blood-brain barrier in amounts sufficient to affect brain function. However, its short half-life in blood makes it difficult to administer peripherally. Here, we determined whether the radioactively labeled 38 amino acid form of PACAP can enter the brain after intranasal (i.n.) administration. Occipital cortex and striatum were the regions with the highest uptake, peaking at levels of about 2-4% of the injected dose per gram of brain region. Inclusion of unlabeled PACAP greatly increased retention of I-PACAP by brain probably because of inhibition of the brain-to-blood efflux transporter for PACAP located at the blood-brain barrier. Sufficient amounts of PACAP could be delivered to the brain to affect function as shown by improvement of memory in aged SAMP8 mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease. We found that each of three cyclodextrins when included in the i.n. injection produced a unique distribution pattern of I-PACAP among brain regions. As examples, β-cyclodextrin greatly increased uptake by the occipital cortex and hypothalamus, α-cyclodextrin increased uptake by the olfactory bulb and decreased uptake by the occipital cortex and striatum, and (2-hydropropyl)-β-cyclodextrin increased uptake by the thalamus and decreased uptake by the striatum. These results show that therapeutic amounts of PACAP can be delivered to the brain by intranasal administration and that cyclodextrins may be useful in the therapeutic targeting of peptides to specific brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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