1
|
Giles JB, Martinez KL, Steiner HE, Klein A, Ooi A, Pryor J, Sweitzer N, Fuchs D, Karnes JH. Association of Metal Cations with the Anti-PF4/Heparin Antibody Response in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s12012-024-09895-w. [PMID: 39017812 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09895-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an antibody-mediated immune response against complexes of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). The electrostatic interaction between heparin and PF4 is critical for the anti-PF4/heparin antibody response seen in HIT. The binding of metal cations to heparin induces conformational changes and charge neutralization of the heparin molecule, and cation-heparin binding can modulate the specificity and affinity for heparin-binding partners. However, the effects of metal cation binding to heparin in the context of anti-PF4/heparin antibody response have not been determined. Here, we utilized inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to quantify 16 metal cations in patient plasma and tested for correlation with anti-PF4/heparin IgG levels and platelet count after clinical suspicion of HIT in a cohort of heparin-treated patients. The average age of the cohort (n = 32) was 60.53 (SD = 14.31) years old, had a mean anti-PF4/heparin antibody optical density [OD405] of 0.93 (SD = 1.21) units, and was primarily female (n = 23). Patients with positive anti-PF4/heparin antibody test results (OD405 ≥ 0.5 units) were younger, had increased weight and BMI, and were more likely to have a positive serotonin release assay (SRA) result compared to antibody-negative patients. We observed statistical differences between antibody-positive and -negative groups for sodium and aluminum and significant correlations of anti-PF4/heparin antibody levels with sodium and silver. While differences in sodium concentrations were associated with antibody-positive status and correlated with antibody levels, no replication was performed. Additional studies are warranted to confirm our observed association, including in vitro binding studies and larger observational cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Giles
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kiana L Martinez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, 1295 N Martin AVE, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Heidi E Steiner
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, 1295 N Martin AVE, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Andrew Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, 1295 N Martin AVE, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Aikseng Ooi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Julie Pryor
- Banner University Medical Center-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nancy Sweitzer
- John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah Fuchs
- Banner University Medical Center-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jason H Karnes
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, 1295 N Martin AVE, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Giles JB, Martinez KL, Steiner HE, Klein A, Ooi A, Pryor J, Sweitzer N, Fuchs D, Karnes JH. Association of Metal Cations with the Anti-PF4/Heparin Antibody Response in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4385055. [PMID: 38798628 PMCID: PMC11118685 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4385055/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an antibody-mediated immune response against complexes of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). The electrostatic interaction between heparin and PF4 is critical for the anti-PF4/heparin antibody response seen in HIT. The binding of metal cations to heparin induces conformational changes and charge neutralization of the heparin molecule, and cation-heparin binding can modulate the specificity and affinity for heparin-binding partners. However, the effects of metal cation binding to heparin in the context of anti-PF4/heparin antibody response have not been determined. Here, we utilized inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to quantify 16 metal cations in patient plasma and tested for correlation with anti-PF4/heparin IgG levels and platelet count after clinical suspicion of HIT in a cohort of heparin-treated patients. The average age of the cohort (n = 32) was 60.53 (SD = 14.31) years old, had a mean anti-PF4/heparin antibody optical density [OD405] of 0.93 (SD = 1.21) units and was primarily female (n = 23). Patients with positive anti-PF4/heparin antibody test results (OD405 ≥ 0.5 units) were younger, had increased weight and BMI, and were more likely to have a positive serotonin release assay (SRA) result compared to antibody negative patients. We observed statistical differences between antibody positive and negative groups for sodium and aluminum and significant correlations of anti-PF4/heparin antibody levels with sodium and silver. While differences in sodium concentrations were associated with antibody positive status and correlated with antibody levels, no replication was performed. Additional studies are warranted to confirm our observed association, including in vitro binding studies and larger observational cohorts.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tian G, Wang Z, Huang Z, Xie Z, Xia L, Zhang Y. Clays and Wound Healing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1691. [PMID: 38612205 PMCID: PMC11012786 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Aluminosilicates, such as montmorillonite, kaolinite, halloysite, and diatomite, have a uniform bidimensional structure, a high surface-to-volume ratio, inherent stiffness, a dual charge distribution, chemical inertness, biocompatibility, abundant active groups on the surface, such as silanol (Si-OH) and/or aluminol (Al-OH) groups. These compounds are on the list of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved active compounds and excipients and are used for various medicinal products, such as wound healing agents, antidiarrheals, and cosmetics. This review summarizes the wound healing mechanisms related to the material characteristics and the chemical components. Numerous wound dressings with different active components and multiple forms have been studied. Then, medicinal mineral resources for use in hemostatic materials can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Tian
- Department of Inorganic Materials, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (G.T.); (Z.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Inorganic Materials, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (G.T.); (Z.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zongwang Huang
- Department of Inorganic Materials, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (G.T.); (Z.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zuyan Xie
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China;
| | - Lu Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China;
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Inorganic Materials, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (G.T.); (Z.W.); (Z.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sobczak AIS, Ajjan RA, Stewart AJ. Zn 2+ Differentially Influences the Neutralisation of Heparins by HRG, Fibrinogen, and Fibronectin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16667. [PMID: 38068988 PMCID: PMC10706850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For coagulation to be initiated, anticoagulant glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparins need to be neutralised to allow fibrin clot formation. Platelet activation triggers the release of several proteins that bind GAGs, including histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), fibrinogen, and fibronectin. Zn2+ ions are also released and have been shown to enhance the binding of HRG to heparins of a high molecular weight (HMWH) but not to those of low molecular weight (LMWH). The effect of Zn2+ on fibrinogen and fibronectin binding to GAGs is unknown. Here, chromogenic assays were used to measure the anti-factor Xa and anti-thrombin activities of heparins of different molecular weights and to assess the effects of HRG, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and Zn2+. Surface plasmon resonance was also used to examine the influence of Zn2+ on the binding of fibrinogen to heparins of different molecular weights. Zn2+ had no effect on the neutralisation of anti-factor Xa (FXa) or anti-thrombin activities of heparin by fibronectin, whereas it enhanced the neutralisation of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and HMWH by both fibrinogen and HRG. Zn2+ also increased neutralisation of the anti-FXa activity of LMWH by fibrinogen but not HRG. SPR showed that Zn2+ increased fibrinogen binding to both UFH and LMWH in a concentration-dependent manner. The presented results reveal that an increase in Zn2+ concentration has differential effects upon anticoagulant GAG neutralisation by HRG and fibrinogen, with implications for modulating anti-coagulant activity in plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramzi A. Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 3AA, UK;
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A calcium and zinc composite alginate hydrogel for pre-hospital hemostasis and wound care. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120186. [PMID: 36876801 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We developed, characterized, and examined the hemostatic potential of sodium alginate-based Ca2+ and Zn2+ composite hydrogel (SA-CZ). SA-CZ hydrogel showed substantial in-vitro efficacy, as observed by the significant reduction in coagulation time with better blood coagulation index (BCI) and no evident hemolysis in human blood. SA-CZ significantly reduced bleeding time (≈60 %) and mean blood loss (≈65 %) in the tail bleeding and liver incision in the mice hemorrhage model (p ≤ 0.001). SA-CZ also showed enhanced cellular migration (1.58-fold) in-vitro and improved wound closure (≈70 %) as compared with betadine (≈38 %) and saline (≈34 %) at the 7th-day post-wound creation in-vivo (p < 0.005). Subcutaneous implantation and intra-venous gamma-scintigraphy of hydrogel revealed ample body clearance and non-considerable accumulation in any vital organ, proving its non-thromboembolic nature. Overall, SA-CZ showed good biocompatibility along with efficient hemostasis and wound healing qualities, making it suitable as a safe and effective aid for bleeding wounds.
Collapse
|
6
|
Regan-Smith S, Fritzen R, Hierons SJ, Ajjan RA, Blindauer CA, Stewart AJ. Strategies for Therapeutic Amelioration of Aberrant Plasma Zn2+ Handling in Thrombotic Disease: Targeting Fatty Acid/Serum Albumin-Mediated Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810302. [PMID: 36142215 PMCID: PMC9499645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation, maintenance and regulation of blood coagulation is inexorably linked to the actions of Zn2+ in blood plasma. Zn2+ interacts with a variety of haemostatic proteins in the bloodstream including fibrinogen, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) to regulate haemostasis. The availability of Zn2+ to bind such proteins is controlled by human serum albumin (HSA), which binds 70–85% of plasma Zn2+ under basal conditions. HSA also binds and transports non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Upon NEFA binding, there is a change in the structure of HSA which leads to a reduction in its affinity for Zn2+. This enables other plasma proteins to better compete for binding of Zn2+. In diseases where elevated plasma NEFA concentrations are a feature, such as obesity and diabetes, there is a concurrent increase in hypercoagulability. Evidence indicates that NEFA-induced perturbation of Zn2+-binding by HSA may contribute to the thrombotic complications frequently observed in these pathophysiological conditions. This review highlights potential interventions, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical that may be employed to combat this dysregulation. Lifestyle and dietary changes have been shown to reduce plasma NEFA concentrations. Furthermore, drugs that influence NEFA levels such as statins and fibrates may be useful in this context. In severely obese patients, more invasive therapies such as bariatric surgery may be useful. Finally, other potential treatments such as chelation therapies, use of cholesteryl transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, lipase inhibitors, fatty acid inhibitors and other treatments are highlighted, which with additional research and appropriate clinical trials, could prove useful in the treatment and management of thrombotic disease through amelioration of plasma Zn2+ dysregulation in high-risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Remi Fritzen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | | | - Ramzi A. Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1334-463546
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Giles JB, Miller EC, Steiner HE, Karnes JH. Elucidation of Cellular Contributions to Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Using Omic Approaches. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:812830. [PMID: 35126147 PMCID: PMC8814424 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.812830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an unpredictable, complex, immune-mediated adverse drug reaction associated with a high mortality. Despite decades of research into HIT, fundamental knowledge gaps persist regarding HIT likely due to the complex and unusual nature of the HIT immune response. Such knowledge gaps include the identity of a HIT immunogen, the intrinsic roles of various cell types and their interactions, and the molecular basis that distinguishes pathogenic and non-pathogenic PF4/heparin antibodies. While a key feature of HIT, thrombocytopenia, implicates platelets as a seminal cell fragment in HIT pathogenesis, strong evidence exists for critical roles of multiple cell types. The rise in omic technologies over the last decade has resulted in a number of agnostic, whole system approaches for biological research that may be especially informative for complex phenotypes. Applying multi-omics techniques to HIT has the potential to bring new insights into HIT pathophysiology and identify biomarkers with clinical utility. In this review, we review the clinical, immunological, and molecular features of HIT with emphasis on key cell types and their roles. We then address the applicability of several omic techniques underutilized in HIT, which have the potential to fill knowledge gaps related to HIT biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason B. Giles
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Elise C. Miller
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Heidi E. Steiner
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jason H. Karnes
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Jason H. Karnes,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Werner P, Taupitz M, Schröder L, Schuenke P. An NMR relaxometry approach for quantitative investigation of the transchelation of gadolinium ions from GBCAs to a competing macromolecular chelator. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21731. [PMID: 34741037 PMCID: PMC8571392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used in clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for more than 30 years. However, there is increasing evidence that their dissociation in vivo leads to long-term depositions of gadolinium ions in the human body. In vitro experiments provide critical insights into kinetics and thermodynamic equilibria of underlying processes, which give hints towards the in vivo situation. We developed a time-resolved MRI relaxometry-based approach that exploits distinct relaxivities of Gd3+ in different molecular environments. Its applicability to quantify the transmetallation of GBCAs, the binding of Gd3+ to competing chelators, and the combined transchelation process is demonstrated. Exemplarily, the approach is applied to investigate two representative GBCAs in the presence of Zn2+ and heparin, which is used as a model for a macromolecular and physiologically occurring chelator. Opposing indirect impacts of heparin on increasing the kinetic stability but reducing the thermodynamic stability of GBCAs are observed. The relaxivity of resulting Gd-heparin complexes is shown to be essentially increased compared to that of the parent GBCAs so that they might be one explanation for observed long-term MRI signal enhancement in vivo. In forthcoming studies, the presented method could help to identify the most potent Gd-complexing macromolecular species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Werner
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schuenke
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sobczak AIS, Katundu KGH, Phoenix FA, Khazaipoul S, Yu R, Lampiao F, Stefanowicz F, Blindauer CA, Pitt SJ, Smith TK, Ajjan RA, Stewart AJ. Albumin-mediated alteration of plasma zinc speciation by fatty acids modulates blood clotting in type-2 diabetes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4079-4093. [PMID: 34163679 PMCID: PMC8179462 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06605b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ is an essential regulator of coagulation and is released from activated platelets. In plasma, the free Zn2+ concentration is fine-tuned through buffering by human serum albumin (HSA). Importantly, the ability of HSA to bind/buffer Zn2+ is compromised by co-transported non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Given the role of Zn2+ in blood clot formation, we hypothesise that Zn2+ displacement from HSA by NEFAs in certain conditions (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) impacts on the cellular and protein arms of coagulation. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the extent to which increasing concentrations of a range of medium- and long-chain NEFAs reduced Zn2+-binding ability of HSA. Amongst the NEFAs tested, palmitate (16 : 0) and stearate (18 : 0) were the most effective at suppressing zinc-binding, whilst the mono-unsaturated palmitoleate (16 : 1c9) was markedly less effective. Assessment of platelet aggregation and fibrin clotting parameters in purified systems and in pooled plasma suggested that the HSA-mediated impact of the model NEFA myristate on zinc speciation intensified the effects of Zn2+ alone. The effects of elevated Zn2+ alone on fibrin clot density and fibre thickness in a purified protein system were mirrored in samples from T2DM patients, who have derranged NEFA metabolism. Crucially, T2DM individuals had increased total plasma NEFAs compared to controls, with the concentrations of key saturated (myristate, palmitate, stearate) and mono-unsaturated (oleate, cis-vaccenate) NEFAs positively correlating with clot density. Collectively, these data strongly support the concept that elevated NEFA levels contribute to altered coagulation in T2DM through dysregulation of plasma zinc speciation. Zn2+ is an essential regulator of coagulation. In plasma, Zn2+ availability is fine-tuned by human serum albumin (HSA). Here we show that elevated fatty acid levels contribute to altered coagulation in type-2 diabetes through Zn2+ mishandling by HSA.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie I S Sobczak
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Kondwani G H Katundu
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546.,College of Medicine, University of Malawi Blantyre Malawi
| | - Fladia A Phoenix
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Siavash Khazaipoul
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Ruitao Yu
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546.,Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 23 Xinning Road Xining Qinghai 810001 China
| | - Fanuel Lampiao
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi Blantyre Malawi
| | - Fiona Stefanowicz
- Scottish Trace Element and Micronutrient Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Glasgow UK
| | | | - Samantha J Pitt
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Terry K Smith
- School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sobczak AIS, Stewart AJ. Coagulatory Defects in Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6345. [PMID: 31888259 PMCID: PMC6940903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes (both type-1 and type-2) affects millions of individuals worldwide. A major cause of death for individuals with diabetes is cardiovascular diseases, in part since both types of diabetes lead to physiological changes that affect haemostasis. Those changes include altered concentrations of coagulatory proteins, hyper-activation of platelets, changes in metal ion homeostasis, alterations in lipid metabolism (leading to lipotoxicity in the heart and atherosclerosis), the presence of pro-coagulatory microparticles and endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we explore the different mechanisms by which diabetes leads to an increased risk of developing coagulatory disorders and how this differs between type-1 and type-2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mammadova-Bach E, Braun A. Zinc Homeostasis in Platelet-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215258. [PMID: 31652790 PMCID: PMC6861892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ deficiency in the human population is frequent in underdeveloped countries. Worldwide, approximatively 2 billion people consume Zn2+-deficient diets, accounting for 1-4% of deaths each year, mainly in infants with a compromised immune system. Depending on the severity of Zn2+ deficiency, clinical symptoms are associated with impaired wound healing, alopecia, diarrhea, poor growth, dysfunction of the immune and nervous system with congenital abnormalities and bleeding disorders. Poor nutritional Zn2+ status in patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma or with advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma, was accompanied by cutaneous bleeding and platelet dysfunction. Forcing Zn2+ uptake in the gut using different nutritional supplementation of Zn2+ could ameliorate many of these pathological symptoms in humans. Feeding adult rodents with a low Zn2+ diet caused poor platelet aggregation and increased bleeding tendency, thereby attracting great scientific interest in investigating the role of Zn2+ in hemostasis. Storage protein metallothionein maintains or releases Zn2+ in the cytoplasm, and the dynamic change of this cytoplasmic Zn2+ pool is regulated by the redox status of the cell. An increase of labile Zn2+ pool can be toxic for the cells, and therefore cytoplasmic Zn2+ levels are tightly regulated by several Zn2+ transporters located on the cell surface and also on the intracellular membrane of Zn2+ storage organelles, such as secretory vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Although Zn2+ is a critical cofactor for more than 2000 transcription factors and 300 enzymes, regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, and basic metabolic functions of the cells, the molecular mechanisms of Zn2+ transport and the physiological role of Zn2+ store in megakaryocyte and platelet function remain elusive. In this review, we summarize the contribution of extracellular or intracellular Zn2+ to megakaryocyte and platelet function and discuss the consequences of dysregulated Zn2+ homeostasis in platelet-related diseases by focusing on thrombosis, ischemic stroke and storage pool diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, German Center for Lung Research, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Coverdale JPC, Barnett JP, Adamu AH, Griffiths EJ, Stewart AJ, Blindauer CA. A metalloproteomic analysis of interactions between plasma proteins and zinc: elevated fatty acid levels affect zinc distribution. Metallomics 2019; 11:1805-1819. [PMID: 31612889 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00177h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Serum albumin is a highly abundant plasma protein associated with the transport of metal ions, pharmaceuticals, fatty acids and a variety of small molecules in the blood. Once thought of as a molecular 'sponge', mounting evidence suggests that the albumin-facilitated transport of chemically diverse entities is not independent. One such example is the transport of Zn2+ ions and non-esterified 'free' fatty acids (FFAs) by albumin, both of which bind at high affinity sites located in close proximity. Our previous research suggests that their transport in blood plasma is linked via an allosteric mechanism on serum albumin. In direct competition, albumin-bound FFAs significantly decrease the binding capacity of albumin for Zn2+, with one of the predicted consequences being a change in plasma/serum zinc speciation. Using liquid chromatography (LC), ICP-MS and fluorescence assays, our work provides a quantitative assessment of this phenomenon, and finds that in the presence of high FFA concentrations encountered in various physiological conditions, a significant proportion of albumin-bound Zn2+ is re-distributed amongst plasma/serum proteins. Using peptide mass fingerprinting and immunodetection, we identify candidate acceptor proteins for Zn2+ liberated from albumin. These include histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), a multifunctional protein associated with the regulation of blood coagulation, and members of the complement system involved in the innate immune response. Our findings highlight how FFA-mediated changes in extracellular metal speciation might contribute to the progression of certain pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James P Barnett
- Department of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Edgbaston, B15 3TN, UK
| | - Adamu H Adamu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ellie J Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|