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Mabesoone MFJ, Leopold-Messer S, Minas HA, Chepkirui C, Chawengrum P, Reiter S, Meoded RA, Wolf S, Genz F, Magnus N, Piechulla B, Walker AS, Piel J. Evolution-guided engineering of trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases. Science 2024; 383:1312-1317. [PMID: 38513027 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial multimodular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are giant enzymes that generate a wide range of therapeutically important but synthetically challenging natural products. Diversification of polyketide structures can be achieved by engineering these enzymes. However, notwithstanding successes made with textbook cis-acyltransferase (cis-AT) PKSs, tailoring such large assembly lines remains challenging. Unlike textbook PKSs, trans-AT PKSs feature an extraordinary diversity of PKS modules and commonly evolve to form hybrid PKSs. In this study, we analyzed amino acid coevolution to identify a common module site that yields functional PKSs. We used this site to insert and delete diverse PKS parts and create 22 engineered trans-AT PKSs from various pathways and in two bacterial producers. The high success rates of our engineering approach highlight the broader applicability to generate complex designer polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs F J Mabesoone
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Leopold-Messer
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannah A Minas
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Chepkirui
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pornsuda Chawengrum
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Silke Reiter
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roy A Meoded
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Wolf
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Genz
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nancy Magnus
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgit Piechulla
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Allison S Walker
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1234 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue S, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Chen H, Bai X, Sun T, Wang X, Zhang Y, Bian X, Zhou H. The Genomic-Driven Discovery of Glutarimide-Containing Derivatives from Burkholderia gladioli. Molecules 2023; 28:6937. [PMID: 37836780 PMCID: PMC10574677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutarimide-containing polyketides exhibiting potent antitumor and antimicrobial activities were encoded via conserved module blocks in various strains that favor the genomic mining of these family compounds. The bioinformatic analysis of the genome of Burkholderia gladioli ATCC 10248 showed a silent trans-AT PKS biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) on chromosome 2 (Chr2C8), which was predicted to produce new glutarimide-containing derivatives. Then, the silent polyketide synthase gene cluster was successfully activated via in situ promoter insertion and heterologous expression. As a result, seven glutarimide-containing analogs, including five new ones, gladiofungins D-H (3-7), and two known gladiofungin A/gladiostatin (1) and 2 (named gladiofungin C), were isolated from the fermentation of the activated mutant. Their structures were elucidated through the analysis of HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The structural diversities of gladiofungins may be due to the degradation of the butenolide group in gladiofungin A (1) during the fermentation and extraction process. Bioactivity screening showed that 2 and 4 had moderate anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, genome mining combined with promoter engineering and heterologous expression were proved to be effective strategies for the pathway-specific activation of the silent BGCs for the directional discovery of new natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Chen
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.C.); (X.B.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Xianping Bai
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.C.); (X.B.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Tao Sun
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.C.); (X.B.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xingyan Wang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.C.); (X.B.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Youming Zhang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.C.); (X.B.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoying Bian
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.C.); (X.B.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.C.); (X.B.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
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3
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Bonhomme S, Contreras-Martel C, Dessen A, Macheboeuf P. Architecture of a PKS-NRPS hybrid megaenzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the genotoxin colibactin. Structure 2023:S0969-2126(23)00095-3. [PMID: 37059096 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxin colibactin produced by Escherichia coli is involved in the development of colorectal cancers. This secondary metabolite is synthesized by a multi-protein machinery, mainly composed of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)/polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes. In order to decipher the function of a PKS-NRPS hybrid enzyme implicated in a key step of colibactin biosynthesis, we conducted an extensive structural characterization of the ClbK megaenzyme. Here we present the crystal structure of the complete trans-AT PKS module of ClbK showing structural specificities of hybrid enzymes. In addition, we report the SAXS solution structure of the full-length ClbK hybrid that reveals a dimeric organization as well as several catalytic chambers. These results provide a structural framework for the transfer of a colibactin precursor through a PKS-NRPS hybrid enzyme and can pave the way for re-engineering PKS-NRPS hybrid megaenzymes to generate diverse metabolites with many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonhomme
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Carlos Contreras-Martel
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andréa Dessen
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Macheboeuf
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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4
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Sirirungruang S, Ad O, Privalsky TM, Ramesh S, Sax JL, Dong H, Baidoo EEK, Amer B, Khosla C, Chang MCY. Engineering site-selective incorporation of fluorine into polyketides. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:886-893. [PMID: 35817967 PMCID: PMC10030150 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although natural products and synthetic small molecules both serve important medicinal functions, their structures and chemical properties are relatively distinct. To expand the molecular diversity available for drug discovery, one strategy is to blend the effective attributes of synthetic and natural molecules. A key feature found in synthetic compounds that is rare in nature is the use of fluorine to tune drug behavior. We now report a method to site-selectively incorporate fluorine into complex structures to produce regioselectively fluorinated full-length polyketides. We engineered a fluorine-selective trans-acyltransferase to produce site-selectively fluorinated erythromycin precursors in vitro. We further demonstrated that these analogs could be produced in vivo in Escherichia coli on engineering of the fluorinated extender unit pool. By using engineered microbes, elaborate fluorinated compounds can be produced by fermentation, offering the potential for expanding the identification and development of bioactive fluorinated small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Ad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Swetha Ramesh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joel L Sax
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongjun Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Bashar Amer
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle C Y Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Feng Y, Zhang F, Huang S, Deng Z, Bai L, Zheng J. Structural visualization of transient interactions between the cis-acting acyltransferase and acyl carrier protein of the salinomycin modular polyketide synthase. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 78:779-791. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322004612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transient protein–protein interactions between cis-acting acyltransferase (AT) and acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains are critical for the catalysis and processivity of modular polyketide synthases (mPKSs), but are challenging for structural characterization due to the intrinsically weak binding affinity. Here, a stable complex of cis-acting AT and ACP domains from the ninth module of the salinomycin mPKS was obtained using a maleimide cross-linker and the structure of the complex was determined at 2.6 Å resolution. The crystal structure shows that the AT in combination with the ketosynthase (KS)-to-AT linker forms a C-shaped architecture to embrace the ACP. The large hydrolase subdomain of the AT serves as a major binding platform for the ACP, while the small ferredoxin-like subdomain of the AT and the KS-to-AT linker cooperate with each other to constrain binding of the ACP. The importance of interface residues in cis-acting AT–ACP interactions was confirmed by mutagenesis assays. The interaction mode observed in the cis-acting AT–ACP complex is completely different from those observed in trans-acting AT–ACP complexes, where the ACP primarily contacts the small domain of the AT. The complex structure provides detailed mechanistic insights into AT–ACP recognition in cis-AT mPKSs.
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6
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Passmore M, Gallo A, Lewandowski JR, Jenner M. Molecular basis for acyl carrier protein-ketoreductase interaction in trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13676-13685. [PMID: 34760152 PMCID: PMC8549798 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03478b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of polyketides by type I modular polyketide synthases (PKS) relies on co-ordinated interactions between acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains and catalytic domains within the megasynthase. Despite the importance of these interactions, and their implications for biosynthetic engineering efforts, they remain poorly understood. Here, we report the molecular details of the interaction interface between an ACP domain and a ketoreductase (KR) domain from a trans-acyltransferase (trans-AT) PKS. Using a high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS)-based assay in combination with scanning alanine mutagenesis, residues contributing to the KR-binding epitope of the ACP domain were identified. Application of carbene footprinting revealed the ACP-binding site on the KR domain surface, and molecular docking simulations driven by experimental data allowed production of an accurate model of the complex. Interactions between ACP and KR domains from trans-AT PKSs were found to be specific for their cognate partner, indicating highly optimised interaction interfaces driven by evolutionary processes. Using detailed knowledge of the ACP:KR interaction epitope, an ACP domain was engineered to interact with a non-cognate KR domain partner. The results provide novel, high resolution insights into the ACP:KR interface and offer valuable rules for future engineering efforts of biosynthetic assembly lines. The interaction epitope between a cognate KR–ACP domain pairing from a trans-AT polyketide synthase is elucidated in molecular detail, providing unique insights into recognition and specificity of the interface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Munro Passmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Angelo Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Matthew Jenner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK .,Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre (WISB), University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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8
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Paiva P, Medina FE, Viegas M, Ferreira P, Neves RPP, Sousa JPM, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Animal Fatty Acid Synthase: A Chemical Nanofactory. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9502-9553. [PMID: 34156235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are crucial molecules for most living beings, very well spread and conserved across species. These molecules play a role in energy storage, cell membrane architecture, and cell signaling, the latter through their derivative metabolites. De novo synthesis of fatty acids is a complex chemical process that can be achieved either by a metabolic pathway built by a sequence of individual enzymes, such as in most bacteria, or by a single, large multi-enzyme, which incorporates all the chemical capabilities of the metabolic pathway, such as in animals and fungi, and in some bacteria. Here we focus on the multi-enzymes, specifically in the animal fatty acid synthase (FAS). We start by providing a historical overview of this vast field of research. We follow by describing the extraordinary architecture of animal FAS, a homodimeric multi-enzyme with seven different active sites per dimer, including a carrier protein that carries the intermediates from one active site to the next. We then delve into this multi-enzyme's detailed chemistry and critically discuss the current knowledge on the chemical mechanism of each of the steps necessary to synthesize a single fatty acid molecule with atomic detail. In line with this, we discuss the potential and achieved FAS applications in biotechnology, as biosynthetic machines, and compare them with their homologous polyketide synthases, which are also finding wide applications in the same field. Finally, we discuss some open questions on the architecture of FAS, such as their peculiar substrate-shuttling arm, and describe possible reasons for the emergence of large megasynthases during evolution, questions that have fascinated biochemists from long ago but are still far from answered and understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabiola E Medina
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 7100 Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Matilde Viegas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui P P Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P M Sousa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Mutanofactin promotes adhesion and biofilm formation of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:576-584. [PMID: 33664521 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans is known as a predominant etiological agent of dental caries due to its exceptional capacity to form biofilms. From strains of S. mutans isolated from dental plaque, we discovered, in the present study, a polyketide/nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene cluster, muf, which directly correlates with a strong biofilm-forming capability. We then identified the muf-associated bioactive product, mutanofactin-697, which contains a new molecular scaffold, along with its biosynthetic logic. Further mode-of-action studies revealed that mutanofactin-697 binds to S. mutans cells and also extracellular DNA, increases bacterial hydrophobicity, and promotes bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation. Our findings provided an example of a microbial secondary metabolite promoting biofilm formation via a physicochemical approach, highlighting the importance of secondary metabolism in mediating critical processes related to the development of dental caries.
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10
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Kačar D, Cañedo LM, Rodríguez P, González EG, Galán B, Schleissner C, Leopold-Messer S, Piel J, Cuevas C, de la Calle F, García JL. Identification of trans-AT polyketide clusters in two marine bacteria reveals cryptic similarities between distinct symbiosis factors. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2509-2521. [PMID: 33734547 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutarimide-containing polyketides are known as potent antitumoral and antimetastatic agents. The associated gene clusters have only been identified in a few Streptomyces producers and Burkholderia gladioli symbiont. The new glutarimide-family polyketides, denominated sesbanimides D, E and F along with the previously known sesbanimide A and C, were isolated from two marine alphaproteobacteria Stappia indica PHM037 and Labrenzia aggregata PHM038. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on 1D and 2D homo and heteronuclear NMR analyses and ESI-MS spectrometry. All compounds exhibited strong antitumor activity in lung, breast and colorectal cancer cell lines. Subsequent whole genome sequencing and genome mining revealed the presence of the trans-AT PKS gene cluster responsible for the sesbanimide biosynthesis, described as sbn cluster. Strikingly, the modular architecture of downstream mixed type PKS/NRPS, SbnQ, revealed high similarity to PedH in pederin and Lab13 in labrenzin gene clusters, although those clusters are responsible for the production of structurally completely different molecules. The unexpected presence of SbnQ homologues in unrelated polyketide gene clusters across phylogenetically distant bacteria, raises intriguing questions about the evolutionary relationship between glutarimide-like and pederin-like pathways, as well as the functionality of their synthetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Kačar
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Librada M Cañedo
- Research and Development Department, PharmaMar S.A., Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Rodríguez
- Research and Development Department, PharmaMar S.A., Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena G González
- Research and Development Department, PharmaMar S.A., Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Galán
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Cuevas
- Research and Development Department, PharmaMar S.A., Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José L García
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Smith HG, Beech MJ, Lewandowski JR, Challis GL, Jenner M. Docking domain-mediated subunit interactions in natural product megasynth(et)ases. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6152290. [PMID: 33640957 PMCID: PMC9113145 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) multienzymes produce numerous high value metabolites. The protein subunits which constitute these megasynth(et)ases must undergo ordered self-assembly to ensure correct organisation of catalytic domains for the biosynthesis of a given natural product. Short amino acid regions at the N- and C-termini of each subunit, termed docking domains (DDs), often occur in complementary pairs, which interact to facilitate substrate transfer and maintain pathway fidelity. This review details all structurally characterised examples of NRPS and PKS DDs to date and summarises efforts to utilise DDs for the engineering of biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen G Smith
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matthew J Beech
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Gregory L Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew Jenner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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12
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Mindrebo JT, Misson LE, Johnson C, Noel JP, Burkart MD. Activity Mapping the Acyl Carrier Protein: Elongating Ketosynthase Interaction in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3626-3638. [PMID: 32857494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elongating ketosynthases (KSs) catalyze carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions during the committed step for each round of chain extension in both fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs). A small α-helical acyl carrier protein (ACP) shuttles fatty acyl intermediates between enzyme active sites. To accomplish this task, the ACP relies on a series of dynamic interactions with multiple partner enzymes of FAS and associated FAS-dependent pathways. Recent structures of the Escherichia coli FAS ACP, AcpP, in covalent complexes with its two cognate elongating KSs, FabF and FabB, provide high-resolution details of these interfaces, but a systematic analysis of specific interfacial interactions responsible for stabilizing these complexes has not yet been undertaken. Here, we use site-directed mutagenesis with both in vitro and in vivo activity analyses to quantitatively evaluate these contacting surfaces between AcpP and FabF. We delineate the FabF interface into three interacting regions and demonstrate the effects of point mutants, double mutants, and region deletion variants. Results from these analyses reveal a robust and modular FabF interface capable of tolerating seemingly critical interface mutations with only the deletion of an entire region significantly compromising activity. Structure and sequence analyses of FabF orthologs from related type II FAS pathways indicate significant conservation of type II FAS KS interface residues and, overall, support its delineation into interaction regions. These findings strengthen our mechanistic understanding of molecular recognition events between ACPs and FAS enzymes and provide a blueprint for engineering ACP-dependent biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Mindrebo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States.,Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Laetitia E Misson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Caitlin Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joseph P Noel
- Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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13
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Nivina A, Yuet KP, Hsu J, Khosla C. Evolution and Diversity of Assembly-Line Polyketide Synthases. Chem Rev 2019; 119:12524-12547. [PMID: 31838842 PMCID: PMC6935866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Assembly-line polyketide synthases (PKSs) are among the most complex protein machineries known in nature, responsible for the biosynthesis of numerous compounds used in the clinic. Their present-day diversity is the result of an evolutionary path that has involved the emergence of a multimodular architecture and further diversification of assembly-line PKSs. In this review, we provide an overview of previous studies that investigated PKS evolution and propose a model that challenges the currently prevailing view that gene duplication has played a major role in the emergence of multimodularity. We also analyze the ensemble of orphan PKS clusters sequenced so far to evaluate how large the entire diversity of assembly-line PKS clusters and their chemical products could be. Finally, we examine the existing techniques to access the natural PKS diversity in natural and heterologous hosts and describe approaches to further expand this diversity through engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nivina
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford ChEM-H, Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kai P. Yuet
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford ChEM-H, Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jake Hsu
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford ChEM-H, Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford ChEM-H, Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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14
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Chevrette MG, Gutiérrez-García K, Selem-Mojica N, Aguilar-Martínez C, Yañez-Olvera A, Ramos-Aboites HE, Hoskisson PA, Barona-Gómez F. Evolutionary dynamics of natural product biosynthesis in bacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 37:566-599. [PMID: 31822877 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00048h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2008 up to 2019The forces of biochemical adaptive evolution operate at the level of genes, manifesting in complex phenotypes and the global biodiversity of proteins and metabolites. While evolutionary histories have been deciphered for some other complex traits, the origins of natural product biosynthesis largely remain a mystery. This fundamental knowledge gap is surprising given the many decades of research probing the genetic, chemical, and biophysical mechanisms of bacterial natural product biosynthesis. Recently, evolutionary thinking has begun to permeate this otherwise mechanistically dominated field. Natural products are now sometimes referred to as 'specialized' rather than 'secondary' metabolites, reinforcing the importance of their biological and ecological functions. Here, we review known evolutionary mechanisms underlying the overwhelming chemical diversity of bacterial secondary metabolism, focusing on enzyme promiscuity and the evolution of enzymatic domains that enable metabolic traits. We discuss the mechanisms that drive the assembly of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters and propose formal definitions for 'specialized' and 'secondary' metabolism. We further explore how biosynthetic gene clusters evolve to synthesize related molecular species, and in turn how the biological and ecological roles that emerge from metabolic diversity are acted on by selection. Finally, we reconcile chemical, functional, and genetic data into an evolutionary model, the dynamic chemical matrix evolutionary hypothesis, in which the relationships between chemical distance, biomolecular activity, and relative fitness shape adaptive landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Chevrette
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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15
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Engineering enzymatic assembly lines to produce new antibiotics. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 51:88-96. [PMID: 31743841 PMCID: PMC6908967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many clinical antibiotics are natural products produced by thiotemplate-based assembly line biosynthetic pathways. Assembly line pathways provide an opportunity for rational bioengineering to modify complex natural product structures. New, rule-based mix and match strategies facilitate the engineering of non-ribosomal peptide assembly line synthetases. Evolutionary guided approaches highlight new avenues for polyketide synthase assembly line reprogramming.
Numerous important therapeutic agents, including widely-used antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, immunosuppressants, agrochemicals and other valuable compounds, are produced by microorganisms. Many of these are biosynthesised by modular enzymatic assembly line polyketide synthases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, and hybrids thereof. To alter the backbone structure of these valuable but difficult to modify compounds, the respective enzymatic machineries can be engineered to create even more valuable molecules with improved properties and/or to bypass resistance mechanisms. In the past, many attempts to achieve assembly line pathway engineering failed or led to enzymes with compromised activity. Recently our understanding of assembly line structural biology, including an appreciation of the conformational changes that occur during the catalytic cycle, have improved hugely. This has proven to be a driving force for new approaches and several recent examples have demonstrated the production of new-to-nature molecules, including anti-infectives. We discuss the developments of the last few years and highlight selected, illuminating examples of assembly line engineering.
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16
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Shi C, Chen J, Kang X, Zhao G, Lao X, Zheng H. Deep Learning in the Study of Protein-Related Interactions. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 27:359-369. [PMID: 31538879 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190723114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-related interaction prediction is critical to understanding life processes, biological functions, and mechanisms of drug action. Experimental methods used to determine proteinrelated interactions have always been costly and inefficient. In recent years, advances in biological and medical technology have provided us with explosive biological and physiological data, and deep learning-based algorithms have shown great promise in extracting features and learning patterns from complex data. At present, deep learning in protein research has emerged. In this review, we provide an introductory overview of the deep neural network theory and its unique properties. Mainly focused on the application of this technology in protein-related interactions prediction over the past five years, including protein-protein interactions prediction, protein-RNA\DNA, Protein- drug interactions prediction, and others. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges that deep learning currently faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinyue Kang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guiling Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xingzhen Lao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Heng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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17
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Walker PD, Williams C, Weir ANM, Wang L, Crosby J, Race PR, Simpson TJ, Willis CL, Crump MP. Control of β‐Branching in Kalimantacin Biosynthesis: Application of13C NMR to Polyketide Programming. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12446-12450. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Walker
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Angus N. M. Weir
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Luoyi Wang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - John Crosby
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Paul R. Race
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of Bristol University Walk Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | - Thomas J. Simpson
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Matthew P. Crump
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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18
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Walker PD, Williams C, Weir ANM, Wang L, Crosby J, Race PR, Simpson TJ, Willis CL, Crump MP. Control of β‐Branching in Kalimantacin Biosynthesis: Application of13C NMR to Polyketide Programming. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Walker
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Angus N. M. Weir
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Luoyi Wang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - John Crosby
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Paul R. Race
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of Bristol University Walk Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | - Thomas J. Simpson
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Matthew P. Crump
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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19
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Predicting the peculiar. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:761-763. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Al-Dhelaan R, Russo PS, Padden SE, Amaya A, Dong DW, You YO. Condensation-Incompetent Ketosynthase Inhibits trans-Acyltransferase Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:304-312. [PMID: 30642162 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonelongating modules with condensation-incompetent ketosynthase (KS0) are frequently found in many trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases ( trans-AT PKS). KS0 catalyzes translocation of carbon chain without decarboxylative condensation. Unlike typical elongating modules where malonylation of acyl carrier protein (ACP) precedes elongation, the malonylation of ACP downstream of KS0 is assumed to be prevented. In this study, the regulation mechanism(s) of ACP malonylation in a non-elongating module of difficidin biosynthase was investigated. In vitro reconstitution, protein mass spectrometry, and enzyme kinetics demonstrated that KS0 controls the pathway by inhibiting the trans-AT activity. Protein-protein interactions of the surrounding domains also contribute to the regulation. Enzyme kinetics further identified the DfnKS05 as an allosteric inhibitor of trans-AT. The principle and knowledge discovered from this study will enhance the understanding of this unusual PKS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Al-Dhelaan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
| | | | - Sean E Padden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
| | - Anthony Amaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
| | | | - Young-Ok You
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
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