1
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Baek JH, Kim HG, Lim SY, Hong SC, Chang Y, Ryu H, Jung Y, Jang H, Kim J, Zhang Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Huang PY, Cheong H, Kim M, Lee GH. Thermally induced atomic reconstruction into fully commensurate structures of transition metal dichalcogenide layers. NATURE MATERIALS 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01690-2. [PMID: 37828101 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Twist angle between two-dimensional layers is a critical parameter that determines their interfacial properties, such as moiré excitons and interfacial ferro-electricity. To achieve better control over these properties for fundamental studies and various applications, considerable efforts have been made to manipulate twist angle. However, due to mechanical limitations and the inevitable formation of incommensurate regions, there remains a challenge in attaining perfect alignment of crystalline orientation. Here we report a thermally induced atomic reconstruction of randomly stacked transition metal dichalcogenide multilayers into fully commensurate heterostructures with zero twist angle by encapsulation annealing, regardless of twist angles of as-stacked samples and lattice mismatches. We also demonstrate the selective formation of R- and H-type fully commensurate phases with a seamless lateral junction using chemical vapour-deposited transition metal dichalcogenides. The resulting fully commensurate phases exhibit strong photoluminescence enhancement of the interlayer excitons, even at room temperature, due to their commensurate structure with aligned momentum coordinates. Our work not only demonstrates a way to fabricate zero-twisted, two-dimensional bilayers with R- and H-type configurations, but also provides a platform for studying their unexplored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hwan Baek
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung Gyun Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Lim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Chul Hong
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunyeong Chang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Huije Ryu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonjoon Jung
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hajung Jang
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungcheol Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yichao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwan-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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2
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Chen J, Zhou J, Xu W, Wen Y, Liu Y, Warner JH. Atomic-Level Dynamics of Point Vacancies and the Induced Stretched Defects in 2D Monolayer PtSe 2. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3289-3297. [PMID: 35389659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer PtSe2 holds great potential in extending 2D devices functionality, but their atomic-level-defect study is still limited. Here, we investigate the atomic structures of lattice imperfections from point to stretched 1D defects in 1T-PtSe2 monolayers, using annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM). We show Se vacancies (VSe) have preferential sites with high beam-induced mobility. Diverse divacancies form with paired VSe. We found stretched linear defects triggered by dynamics of VSe that altered strain fields, distinct from the line vacancies in 2H-phase 2D materials. The paired VSe stability and formation possibility of vacancy lines are evaluated by density functional theory. Lower sputtering energy in PtSe2 than that in MoS2 can cause larger possibility of atomic loss compared to diffusion required for creating VSe lines. This provides atomic insights into the defects in 1T-PtSe2 and shows how a deviated 1D structure is embedded in a 2D system without losing atom lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Materials Graduate Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenshuo Xu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyue Liu
- Materials Graduate Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Materials Graduate Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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3
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Najafi L, Bellani S, Zappia MI, Serri M, Oropesa‐Nuñez R, Bagheri A, Beydaghi H, Brescia R, Pasquale L, Shinde DV, Zuo Y, Drago F, Mosina K, Sofer Z, Manna L, Bonaccorso F. Transition metal dichalcogenides as catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction: The emblematic case of “inert” ZrSe
2
as catalyst for electrolyzers. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michele Serri
- Graphene Labs Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | | | - Ahmad Bagheri
- Graphene Labs Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Brescia
- Electron Microscopy Facility Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | - Lea Pasquale
- Materials Characterization Facility Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | | | - Yong Zuo
- NanoChemistry Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- NanoChemistry Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | - Kseniia Mosina
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Liberato Manna
- NanoChemistry Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
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4
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Singh AK, Kumbhakar P, Krishnamoorthy A, Nakano A, Sadasivuni KK, Vashishta P, Roy AK, Kochat V, Tiwary CS. Review of strategies toward the development of alloy two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides. iScience 2021; 24:103532. [PMID: 34917904 PMCID: PMC8666674 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted significant attention owing to their prosperity in material research. The inimitable features of TMDCs triggered the emerging applications in diverse areas. In this review, we focus on the tailored and engineering of the crystal lattice of TMDCs that finally enhance the efficiency of the material properties. We highlight several preparation techniques and recent advancements in compositional engineering of TMDCs structure. We summarize different approaches for TMDCs such as doping and alloying with different materials, alloying with other 2D metals, and scrutinize the technological potential of these methods. Beyond that, we also highlight the recent significant advancement in preparing 2D quasicrystals and alloying the 2D TMDCs with MAX phases. Finally, we highlight the future perspectives for crystal engineering in TMDC materials for structure stability, machine learning concept marge with materials, and their emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appu Kumar Singh
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Partha Kumbhakar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Aravind Krishnamoorthy
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ajit K. Roy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7718, USA
| | - Vidya Kochat
- Materials Science Center, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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5
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Chen J, Wang Y, Xu W, Wen Y, Ryu GH, Grossman JC, Warner JH. Atomic Structure of Dislocations and Grain Boundaries in Two-Dimensional PtSe 2. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16748-16759. [PMID: 34610239 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Each 2D material has a distinct structure for its grain boundary and dislocation cores, which is dictated by both the crystal lattice geometry and the elements that participate in bonding. For the class of noble metal dichalcogenides, this has yet to be thoroughly investigated at the atomic scale. Here, we examine the atomic structure of the dislocations and grain boundaries (GBs) in two-dimensional PtSe2, using atomic-resolution annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, combined with density functional theory and empirical force field calculations. The PtSe2 we study adopts the 1T phase in large-area polycrystalline films with numerous planar tilt GB distinct dislocations, including 5|7+Se and 4|4|8+Se polygons, in tilt-angle monolayer GBs, with features sharply distinguished from those in 2H-phase TMDs. On the basis of dislocation cores, the GB structures are investigated in terms of pathways of dislocation chain arrangement, dislocation core distributions in different misorientation angles, and 2D strain fields induced. Based on the Frank-Bilby equation, the deduced Burgers vector magnitude is close to the lattice constant of 1T-PtSe2, building the quantitative relationship of dislocation spacings and small GB angles. The 30° GBs are most frequently formed as a stitched interface between the armchair and zigzag lattices, constructed by a string of 5|7+Se dislocations asymmetrically with a small deviation angle. Another special angle GB, mirror twin 60° GB, is also mapped linearly by metal-condensed asymmetric or Se-rich symmetric dislocations. This report gives atomic-level insights into the GBs and dislocations in 1T-phase noble metal TMD PtSe2, which is a promising material to underpin extending properties of 2D materials by local structure engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Yanming Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenshuo Xu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Gyeong Hee Ryu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Materials Graduate Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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6
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Zhao X, Loh KP, Pennycook SJ. Electron beam triggered single-atom dynamics in two-dimensional materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:063001. [PMID: 33007771 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abbdb9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling atomic structure and dynamics with single-atom precision is the ultimate goal in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Despite great successes being achieved by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) over the past a few decades, fundamental limitations, such as ultralow temperature, and low throughput, significantly hinder the fabrication of a large array of atomically defined structures by STM. The advent of aberration correction in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) revolutionized the field of nanomaterials characterization pushing the detection limit down to single-atom sensitivity. The sub-angstrom focused electron beam (e-beam) of STEM is capable of interacting with an individual atom, thereby it is the ideal platform to direct and control matter at the level of a single atom or a small cluster. In this article, we discuss the transfer of energy and momentum from the incident e-beam to atoms and their subsequent potential dynamics under different e-beam conditions in 2D materials, particularly transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Next, we systematically discuss the e-beam triggered structural evolutions of atomic defects, line defects, grain boundaries, and stacking faults in a few representative 2D materials. Their formation mechanisms, kinetic paths, and practical applications are comprehensively discussed. We show that desired structural evolution or atom-by-atom assembly can be precisely manipulated by e-beam irradiation which could introduce intriguing functionalities to 2D materials. In particular, we highlight the recent progress on controlling single Si atom migration in real-time on monolayer graphene along an extended path with high throughput in automated STEM. These results unprecedentedly demonstrate that single-atom dynamics can be realized by an atomically focused e-beam. With the burgeoning of artificial intelligence and big data, we can expect that fully automated microscopes with real-time data analysis and feedback could readily design and fabricate large scale nanostructures with unique functionalities in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Stephen J Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
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7
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Najafi L, Bellani S, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Brescia R, Prato M, Pasquale L, Demirci C, Drago F, Martín-García B, Luxa J, Manna L, Sofer Z, Bonaccorso F. Microwave-Induced Structural Engineering and Pt Trapping in 6R-TaS 2 for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003372. [PMID: 33225597 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nanoengineering of the structure of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is widely pursued to develop viable catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) alternative to the precious metallic ones. Metallic group-5 TMDs have been demonstrated to be effective catalysts for the HER in acidic media, making affordable real proton exchange membrane water electrolysers. Their key-plus relies on the fact that both their basal planes and edges are catalytically active for the HER. In this work, the 6R phase of TaS2 is "rediscovered" and engineered. A liquid-phase microwave treatment is used to modify the structural properties of the 6R-TaS2 nanoflakes produced by liquid-phase exfoliation. The fragmentation of the nanoflakes and their evolution from monocrystalline to partly polycrystalline structures improve the HER-activity, lowering the overpotential at cathodic current of 10 mA cm-2 from 0.377 to 0.119 V. Furthermore, 6R-TaS2 nanoflakes act as ideal support to firmly trap Pt species, which achieve a mass activity (MA) up 10 000 A gPt -1 at overpotential of 50 mV (20 000 A gPt -1 at overpotentials of 72 mV), representing a 20-fold increase of the MA of Pt measured for the Pt/C reference, and approaching the state-of-the-art of the Pt mass activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Najafi
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., via Albisola 121, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., via Albisola 121, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Reinier Oropesa-Nuñez
- BeDimensional Spa., via Albisola 121, Genova, 16163, Italy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Solid State Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75103, Sweden
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Lea Pasquale
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Cansunur Demirci
- NanoChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- NanoChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | | | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Liberato Manna
- NanoChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., via Albisola 121, Genova, 16163, Italy
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8
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Spies M, Sadre Momtaz Z, Lähnemann J, Anh Luong M, Fernandez B, Fournier T, Monroy E, I den Hertog M. Correlated and in-situ electrical transmission electron microscopy studies and related membrane-chip fabrication. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:472001. [PMID: 32503014 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab99f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between the structure, composition and opto-electronic properties of semiconductor nano-objects requires combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) based techniques with electrical and optical measurements on the very same specimen. Recent developments in TEM technologies allow not only the identification and in-situ electrical characterization of a particular object, but also the direct visualization of its modification in-situ by techniques such as Joule heating. Over the past years, we have carried out a number of studies in these fields that are reviewed in this contribution. In particular, we discuss here i) correlated studies where the same unique object is characterized electro-optically and by TEM, ii) in-situ Joule heating studies where a solid-state metal-semiconductor reaction is monitored in the TEM, and iii) in-situ biasing studies to better understand the electrical properties of contacted single nanowires. In addition, we provide detailed fabrication steps for the silicon nitride membrane-chips crucial to these correlated and in-situ measurements.
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9
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Kondekar N, Boebinger MG, Tian M, Kirmani MH, McDowell MT. The Effect of Nickel on MoS 2 Growth Revealed with in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7117-7126. [PMID: 31117371 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MoS2 has important applications in (electro)catalysis and as a semiconductor for electronic devices. Other chemical species are commonly added to MoS2 to increase catalytic activity or to alter electronic properties through substitutional or adsorption-based doping. While groundbreaking work has been devoted to determining the atomic-scale structure of MoS2 and other layered transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), there is a lack of understanding of the dynamic processes that govern the evolution of these materials during synthesis. Here, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) heating, in combination with larger length scale ex situ experiments, is used to investigate the effects of added Ni on the growth of MoS2 during the thermolysis of the solid-state (NH4)2MoS4 precursor. Low concentrations of Ni are observed to cause significant differences in the MoS2 crystallization and growth process, leading to an increase in MoS2 crystal size. This is likely a result of the altered mobility of interfaces between crystals during growth. These findings demonstrate the important role of additional elements in controlling the evolution of TMDCs during synthesis, which should be considered when designing these materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kondekar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Matthew G Boebinger
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Mengkun Tian
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Materials Characterization Facility , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Mohammad Hamza Kirmani
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Matthew T McDowell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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