1
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Shao RY, Xu XC, Zhou ZH, Zeng WJ, Song TW, Yin P, Li A, Ma CS, Tong L, Kong Y, Liang HW. Promoting ordering degree of intermetallic fuel cell catalysts by low-melting-point metal doping. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5896. [PMID: 37736762 PMCID: PMC10516855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon supported intermetallic compound nanoparticles with high activity and stability are promising cathodic catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells. However, the synthesis of intermetallic catalysts suffers from large diffusion barrier for atom ordering, resulting in low ordering degree and limited performance. We demonstrate a low-melting-point metal doping strategy for the synthesis of highly ordered L10-type M-doped PtCo (M = Ga, Pb, Sb, Cu) intermetallic catalysts. We find that the ordering degree of the M-doped PtCo catalysts increases with the decrease of melting point of M. Theoretic studies reveal that the low-melting-point metal doping can decrease the energy barrier for atom diffusion. The prepared highly ordered Ga-doped PtCo catalyst exhibits a large mass activity of 1.07 A mgPt-1 at 0.9 V in H2-O2 fuel cells and a rated power density of 1.05 W cm-2 in H2-air fuel cells, with a Pt loading of 0.075 mgPt cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yang Shao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Chu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Jie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tian-Wei Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chang-Song Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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2
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Guo J, Jiao S, Ya X, Zheng H, Wang R, Yu J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Liu W, He C, Fu X. Intermetallic Nanocrystals: Seed-Mediated Synthesis and Applications in Electrocatalytic Reduction Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202221. [PMID: 36066483 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, intermetallic nanocrystals (IMNCs) have attracted extensive attention in the field of electrocatalysis. However, precise control over the size, shape, composition, structure, and exposed crystal facet of IMNCs seems to be a challenge to the traditional method of high-temperature annealing although these parameters have a significant effect on the electrocatalytic performance. Controllable synthesis of IMNCs by the wet chemistry method in the liquid phase shows great potential compared with the traditional high-temperature annealing method. In this Review, we attempt to summarize the preparation of IMNCs by the seed-mediated synthesis in the liquid phase, as well as their applications in electrocatalytic reduction reactions. Several representative examples are purposely selected for highlighting the huge potential of the seed-mediated synthesis approach in chemical synthesis. Specifically, we personally perceive the seed-mediated synthesis approach as a promising tool in the future for precise control over the size, shape, composition, structure, and exposed crystal facet of IMNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Guo
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Shilong Jiao
- Department School of Materials, Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475001, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Ya
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Zheng
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Yu
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Congxiao He
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
| | - Xucheng Fu
- Department of Experimental and Practical Teaching Management, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, P.R. China
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3
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Mathiesen JK, Bøjesen ED, Pedersen JK, Kjaer ETS, Juelsholt M, Cooper S, Quinson J, Anker AS, Cutts G, Keeble DS, Thomsen MS, Rossmeisl J, Jensen KMØ. Breaking with the Principles of Coreduction to Form Stoichiometric Intermetallic PdCu Nanoparticles. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200420. [PMID: 35460216 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intermetallic nanoparticles (NPs) have shown enhanced catalytic properties as compared to their disordered alloy counterparts. To advance their use in green energy, it is crucial to understand what controls the formation of intermetallic NPs over alloy structures. By carefully selecting the additives used in NP synthesis, it is here shown that monodisperse, intermetallic PdCu NPs can be synthesized in a controllable manner. Introducing the additives iron(III) chloride and ascorbic acid, both morphological and structural control can be achieved. Combined, these additives provide a synergetic effect resulting in precursor reduction and defect-free growth; ultimately leading to monodisperse, single-crystalline, intermetallic PdCu NPs. Using in situ X-ray total scattering, a hitherto unknown transformation pathway is reported that diverges from the commonly reported coreduction disorder-order transformation. A Cu-rich structure initially forms, which upon the incorporation of Pd(0) and atomic ordering forms intermetallic PdCu NPs. These findings underpin that formation of stoichiometric intermetallic NPs is not limited by standard reduction potential matching and coreduction mechanisms, but is instead driven by changes in the local chemistry. Ultimately, using the local chemistry as a handle to tune the NP structure might open new opportunities to expand the library of intermetallic NPs by exploiting synthesis by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette K Mathiesen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Espen D Bøjesen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center & Aarhus University Centre for Integrated Materials Research, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jack K Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Emil T S Kjaer
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Juelsholt
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Susan Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Andy S Anker
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Geoff Cutts
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Dean S Keeble
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Maria S Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kirsten M Ø Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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4
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Non-precious Sn as alternative substitute metal in graphene-based catalysts for methanol electrooxidation. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Williams BP, Lo WS, Morabito JV, Young AP, Tsung F, Kuo CH, Palomba JM, Rayder TM, Chou LY, Sneed BT, Liu XY, Lamontagne LK, Petroff CA, Brodsky CN, Yang J, Andoni I, Li Y, Zhang F, Li Z, Chen SY, Gallacher C, Li B, Tsung SY, Pu MH, Tsung CK. Tailoring Heterogeneous Catalysts at the Atomic Level: In Memoriam, Prof. Chia-Kuang (Frank) Tsung. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51809-51828. [PMID: 34310110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Professor Chia-Kuang (Frank) Tsung made his scientific impact primarily through the atomic-level design of nanoscale materials for application in heterogeneous catalysis. He approached this challenge from two directions: above and below the material surface. Below the surface, Prof. Tsung synthesized finely controlled nanoparticles, primarily of noble metals and metal oxides, tailoring their composition and surface structure for efficient catalysis. Above the surface, he was among the first to leverage the tunability and stability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to improve heterogeneous, molecular, and biocatalysts. This article, written by his former students, seeks first to commemorate Prof. Tsung's scientific accomplishments in three parts: (1) rationally designing nanocrystal surfaces to promote catalytic activity; (2) encapsulating nanocrystals in MOFs to improve catalyst selectivity; and (3) tuning the host-guest interaction between MOFs and guest molecules to inhibit catalyst degradation. The subsequent discussion focuses on building on the foundation laid by Prof. Tsung and on his considerable influence on his former group members and collaborators, both inside and outside of the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Wei-Shang Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Joseph V Morabito
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Allison P Young
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Frances Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Chun-Hong Kuo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Rd, Nangang District, Taipei City, Taiwan 115
| | - Joseph M Palomba
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, 10 General Greene Avenue, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Thomas M Rayder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lien-Yang Chou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Brian T Sneed
- CMC Materials, 870 North Commons Drive, Aurora, Illinois 60504, United States
| | - Xiao-Yuan Liu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Leo K Lamontagne
- SecureSeniorConnections, 7114 East Stetson Drive, Scottsdale, Arizona 85251, United States
| | - Christopher A Petroff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Casey N Brodsky
- University of Michigan Medical School, 7300 Medical Sciences Building I-A Wing, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jane Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ilektra Andoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Furui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhehui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Sheng-Yu Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Rd, Nangang District, Taipei City, Taiwan 115
| | - Connor Gallacher
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Banruo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Sheng-Yuan Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Ming-Hwa Pu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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6
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Bueno SLA, Zhan X, Wolfe J, Chatterjee K, Skrabalak SE. Phase-Controlled Synthesis of Pd-Sn Nanocrystal Catalysts of Defined Size and Shape. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51876-51885. [PMID: 33945682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic Pd-based nanoparticles (NPs) are of interest as electrocatalysts for formic acid electrooxidation (FAEO) because of their higher initial catalytic activity and CO tolerance when compared to Pt. Intermetallic NPs (i-NPs) with specific geometric and electronic structures generally exhibit superior catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability when compared to their disordered (random alloy) counterparts; however, the colloidal synthesis of i-NPs remains a challenge. Here, a one-pot method was demonstrated as a facile route to obtain monodisperse Pd-Sn NPs with phase control, including intermetallic hexagonal Pd3Sn2 (P63/mmc), intermetallic orthorhombic Pd2Sn (Pnma), and alloy cubic Pd3Sn (FCC, Fm3m) as size-controlled NPs with quasi-spherical shapes. Initial metal precursor ratios and reaction temperature were critical parameters to achieving phase control. Also, slight modifications of synthetic conditions resulted in either Pd2Sn nanorhombohedra or nanorods with tunable aspect ratios. A systematic evaluation of the Pd-Sn NPs for FAEO showed that most presented higher specific activities when compared to commercial Pd/C, in which Pd2Sn quasi-spheres and nanorhombohedra showed the highest catalytic activity for FAEO. These results highlight the benefits of phase-controlled Pd-based nanocatalysts with defined nanocrystal size and shape, with use of trioctylphospine (TOP) and oleic acid (OA) central to shape and size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L A Bueno
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Xun Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joshua Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaustav Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sara E Skrabalak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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7
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Wang Z, Wang L, Zhu W, Zeng T, Wu W, Lei Z, Tan Y, Lv H, Cheng N. Pt 3Sn nanoparticles enriched with SnO 2/Pt 3Sn interfaces for highly efficient alcohol electrooxidation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5062-5067. [PMID: 36132342 PMCID: PMC9419862 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00314c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pt3Sn nanoparticles (NPs) enriched with Pt3Sn/ultra-small SnO2 interfaces (Pt3Sn@u-SnO2/NG) were synthesized through a thermal treatment of Pt2Sn/NG in a H2 atmosphere, followed by annealing under H2 and air conditions. The unique structure of Pt3Sn NPs enriched with Pt3Sn/SnO2 interfaces was observed on the Pt3Sn@u-SnO2/NG catalyst based on HRTEM. The optimized Pt3Sn@u-SnO2/NG catalyst achieves high catalytic activity with an ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) activity of 366 mA mgPt -1 and a methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activity of 503 mA mgPt -1 at the potential of 0.7 V, which are eight-fold and five-fold higher than those for the commercial Pt/C catalyst (44 and 99 mA mgPt -1, respectively). The Pt3Sn@u-SnO2/NG catalyst is found to be 3 times more stable and have higher CO tolerance than Pt/C. The outstanding performance of the Pt3Sn@u-SnO2/NG catalyst should be ascribed to the synergetic effect induced by the unique structure of Pt3Sn NPs enriched with Pt3Sn/SnO2 interfaces. The synergetic effect between Pt3Sn NPs and ultra-small SnO2 increases the performance for alcohol oxidation because the Sn in both Pt3Sn and SnO2 favors the removal of COads on the nearby Pt by providing OHads species at low potentials. The present work suggests that the Pt3Sn@u-SnO2 is indeed a unique kind of efficient electrocatalyst for alcohol electrooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 Fujian China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 Fujian China
| | - Wangbin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 Fujian China
| | - Tang Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 Fujian China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 Fujian China
| | - Zhao Lei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 Fujian China
| | - Yangyang Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 Fujian China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- PEM Fuel Cell Catalyst Research and Development Center Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 China
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Niancai Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 Fujian China
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8
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Chen M, Yan Y, Gebre M, Ordonez C, Liu F, Qi L, Lamkins A, Jing D, Dolge K, Zhang B, Heintz P, Shoemaker DP, Wang B, Huang W. Thermal Unequilibrium of PdSn Intermetallic Nanocatalysts: From In Situ Tailored Synthesis to Unexpected Hydrogenation Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18309-18317. [PMID: 34114306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Effective control on chemoselectivity in the catalytic hydrogenation of C=O over C=C bonds is uncommon with Pd-based catalysts because of the favored adsorption of C=C bonds on Pd surface. Here we report a unique orthorhombic PdSn intermetallic phase with unprecedented chemoselectivity toward C=O hydrogenation. We observed the formation and metastability of this PdSn phase in situ. During a natural cooling process, the PdSn nanoparticles readily revert to the favored Pd3 Sn2 phase. Instead, using a thermal quenching method, we prepared a pure-phase PdSn nanocatalyst. PdSn shows an >96 % selectivity toward hydrogenating C=O bonds of various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, highest in reported Pd-based catalysts. Further study suggests that efficient quenching prevents the reversion from PdSn- to Pd3 Sn2 -structured surface, the key to the desired catalytic performance. Density functional theory calculations and analysis of reaction kinetics provide an explanation for the observed high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minda Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yu Yan
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Mebatsion Gebre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Claudio Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Long Qi
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Andrew Lamkins
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dapeng Jing
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Materials Analysis and Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kevin Dolge
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Biying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Patrick Heintz
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Daniel P Shoemaker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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9
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Chen M, Yan Y, Gebre M, Ordonez C, Liu F, Qi L, Lamkins A, Jing D, Dolge K, Zhang B, Heintz P, Shoemaker DP, Wang B, Huang W. Thermal Unequilibrium of PdSn Intermetallic Nanocatalysts: From In Situ Tailored Synthesis to Unexpected Hydrogenation Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minda Chen
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Yu Yan
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering The University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019 USA
| | - Mebatsion Gebre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Claudio Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT) NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC) University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - Long Qi
- Ames Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Andrew Lamkins
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Dapeng Jing
- Ames Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy Ames IA 50011 USA
- Materials Analysis and Research Laboratory Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Kevin Dolge
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Biying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Patrick Heintz
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Daniel P. Shoemaker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering The University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019 USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
- Ames Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy Ames IA 50011 USA
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10
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Huang H, Nassr ABAA, Celorrio V, Gianolio D, Hardacre C, Brett DJL, Russell AE. Contrasting the EXAFS obtained under air and H 2 environments to reveal details of the surface structure of Pt-Sn nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11738-11745. [PMID: 33982041 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the surface structure of bimetallic nanoparticles is crucial for heterogeneous catalysis. Although surface contraction has been established in monometallic systems, less is known for bimetallic systems, especially of nanoparticles. In this work, the bond length contraction on the surface of bimetallic nanoparticles is revealed by XAS in H2 at room temperature on dealloyed Pt-Sn nanoparticles, where most Sn atoms were oxidized and segregated to the surface when measured in air. The average Sn-Pt bond length is found to be ∼0.09 Å shorter than observed in the bulk. To ascertain the effect of the Sn location on the decrease of the average bond length, Pt-Sn samples with lower surface-to-bulk Sn ratios than the dealloyed Pt-Sn were studied. The structural information specifically from the surface was extracted from the averaged XAS results using an improved fitting model combining the data measured in H2 and in air. Two samples prepared so as to ensure the absence of Sn in the bulk were also studied in the same fashion. The bond length of surface Sn-Pt and the corresponding coordination number obtained in this study show a nearly linear correlation, the origin of which is discussed and attributed to the poor overlap between the Sn 5p orbitals and the available orbitals of the Pt surface atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Huang
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Abu Bakr Ahmed Amine Nassr
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. and Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and System, Walter-Hülse-Straße 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Verónica Celorrio
- Diamond Light Source Ltd. Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Diego Gianolio
- Diamond Light Source Ltd. Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Christopher Hardacre
- School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Dan J L Brett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Andrea E Russell
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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11
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Chen S, Chang X, Sun G, Zhang T, Xu Y, Wang Y, Pei C, Gong J. Propane dehydrogenation: catalyst development, new chemistry, and emerging technologies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3315-3354. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00814a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in the propane dehydrogenation process in terms of emerging technologies, catalyst development and new chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Xin Chang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Guodong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yiyi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Chunlei Pei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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12
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Williams BP, Qi Z, Huang W, Tsung CK. The impact of synthetic method on the catalytic application of intermetallic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18545-18562. [PMID: 32970090 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intermetallic alloy nanocrystals have emerged as a promising next generation of nanocatalyst, largely due to their promise of surface tunability. Atomic control of the geometric and electronic structure of the nanoparticle surface offers a precise command of the catalytic surface, with the potential for creating homogeneous active sites that extend over the entire nanoparticle. Realizing this promise, however, has been limited by synthetic difficulties, imparted by differences in parent metal crystal structure, reduction potential, and atomic size. Further, little attention has been paid to the impact of synthetic method on catalytic application. In this review, we seek to connect the two, organizing the current synthesis methods and catalytic scope of intermetallic nanoparticles and suggesting areas where more work is needed. Such analysis should help to guide future intermetallic nanoparticle development, with the ultimate goal of generating precisely controlled nanocatalysts tailored to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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13
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Chen X, Cao H, Chen X, Du Y, Qi J, Luo J, Armbrüster M, Liang C. Synthesis of Intermetallic Pt-Based Catalysts by Lithium Naphthalenide-Driven Reduction for Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:18551-18561. [PMID: 32239903 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intermetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with a well-defined atom binding environment and a long-range ordering structure can be used as ideal models to understand their physical and catalytic properties. In this work, several kinds of nanostructured and carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Pt-based intermetallic compounds (IMCs) have been synthesized by one-step lithium naphthalenide-driven reduction at room temperature without the use of surfactants in light of the reduction potential of metals. In the chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, the second metal in Pt-M IMCs significantly creates a suitable reaction environment through construction of a good geometric and electronic structure. The Pt3Sn/CNT catalyst presents highly efficient and good chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol. This can be attributed to the fact that the incorporated Sn atoms effectively dilute large Pt ensembles and increase the electron density of Pt. The in situ-formed SnOx interfaces as Lewis acid sites facilitate the coordination of C═O bonds, enhancing the selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol. In addition, the SnOx interface as the joint between Pt3Sn IMCs NPs and CNTs significantly improves the stability of the catalyst in the reaction environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - He Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaozhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingjie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
| | - Changhai Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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14
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Pei Y, Chen M, Zhong X, Zhao TY, Ferrer MJ, Maligal-Ganesh RV, Ma T, Zhang B, Qi Z, Zhou L, Bowers CR, Liu C, Huang W. Pairwise semi-hydrogenation of alkyne to cis-alkene on platinum-tin intermetallic compounds. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8519-8524. [PMID: 32242595 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00920b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis for the high cis-alkene selectivity over intermetallic PtSn for alkyne semi-hydrogenation is demonstrated. Unlike the universal assumption that the bimetallic surface is saturated with atomic hydrogen, molecular hydrogen has a higher barrier for dissociative adsorption on intermetallic PtSn due to the deficiency of Pt three-fold sites. The resulting molecular behavior of adsorbed hydrogen on intermetallic PtSn nanoparticles leads to pairwise-hydrogenation of three alkynes to the corresponding cis-alkenes, satisfying both high stereoselectivity and high chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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15
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Williams BP, Young AP, Andoni I, Han Y, Lo W, Golden M, Yang J, Lyu L, Kuo C, Evans JW, Huang W, Tsung C. Strain‐Enhanced Metallic Intermixing in Shape‐Controlled Multilayered Core–Shell Nanostructures: Toward Shaped Intermetallics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Williams
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Allison P. Young
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Ilektra Andoni
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Yong Han
- Ames Laboratory—USDOE and Department of Physics & Astronomy Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Wei‐Shang Lo
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Matthew Golden
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Jane Yang
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Lian‐Ming Lyu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Hong Kuo
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica No. 128, Section 2, Academia Rd, Nangang District Taipei City 115 Taiwan
| | - James W. Evans
- Ames Laboratory—USDOE and Department of Physics & Astronomy Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Ames Laboratory—USDOE and Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Chia‐Kuang Tsung
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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16
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Williams BP, Young AP, Andoni I, Han Y, Lo W, Golden M, Yang J, Lyu L, Kuo C, Evans JW, Huang W, Tsung C. Strain‐Enhanced Metallic Intermixing in Shape‐Controlled Multilayered Core–Shell Nanostructures: Toward Shaped Intermetallics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10574-10580. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Williams
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Allison P. Young
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Ilektra Andoni
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Yong Han
- Ames Laboratory—USDOE and Department of Physics & Astronomy Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Wei‐Shang Lo
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Matthew Golden
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Jane Yang
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Lian‐Ming Lyu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Hong Kuo
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica No. 128, Section 2, Academia Rd, Nangang District Taipei City 115 Taiwan
| | - James W. Evans
- Ames Laboratory—USDOE and Department of Physics & Astronomy Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Ames Laboratory—USDOE and Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Chia‐Kuang Tsung
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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17
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Chen HS, Benedetti TM, Gonçales VR, Bedford NM, Scott RWJ, Webster RF, Cheong S, Gooding JJ, Tilley RD. Preserving the Exposed Facets of Pt 3Sn Intermetallic Nanocubes During an Order to Disorder Transition Allows the Elucidation of the Effect of the Degree of Alloy Ordering on Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3231-3239. [PMID: 31990182 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlling which facets are exposed in nanocrystals is crucial to understanding different activity between ordered and disordered alloy electrocatalysts. We modify the degree of ordering of Pt3Sn nanocubes, while maintaining the shape and size, to enable a direct evaluation of the effect of the order on ORR catalytic activity. We demonstrate a 2.3-fold enhancement in specific activity by 60- and 30%-ordered Pt3Sn nanocubes compared to 95%-ordered. This was shown to be likely due to surface vacancies in the less-ordered particles. The greater order, however, results in higher stability of the electrocatalyst, with the more disordered nanoparticles showing the dissolution of tin and platinum species during electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry , University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 , Canada
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18
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Goh TW, Tsung CK, Huang W. Spectroscopy Identification of the Bimetallic Surface of Metal-Organic Framework-Confined Pt-Sn Nanoclusters with Enhanced Chemoselectivity in Furfural Hydrogenation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23254-23260. [PMID: 31252478 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research and development in bimetallic nanoparticles have gained great interest over their monometallic counterparts because of their distinct and unique properties in a wide range of applications such as catalysis, energy storage, and bio/plasmonic imaging. Identification and characterization of these bimetallic surfaces for application in heterogeneous catalysis remain a challenge and heavily rely on advanced characterization techniques such as aberration-corrected electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray absorption studies. In this article, we have reported a strategy to prepare sub-2 nm bimetallic Pt-Sn nanoclusters confined in the pores of a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF). The Pt-Sn nanoclusters encapsulated in the Zr-MOF pores show enhanced chemoselectivity from 51 to 93% in an industrially relevant reaction, furfural hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol. The presence of bimetallic Pt-Sn surfaces was investigated by a surface-sensitive characterization technique utilizing diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of adsorbed CO to probe the bimetallic surface of the encapsulated ultrafine Pt-Sn nanocluster. Complementary techniques such as aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were also used to characterize the Pt-Sn nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wei Goh
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsung
- Department of Chemistry , Boston College , Boston , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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19
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Lai KC, Han Y, Spurgeon P, Huang W, Thiel PA, Liu DJ, Evans JW. Reshaping, Intermixing, and Coarsening for Metallic Nanocrystals: Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanical and Coarse-Grained Modeling. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6670-6768. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- King C. Lai
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Division of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Ames Laboratory − USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Division of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Ames Laboratory − USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Peter Spurgeon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Patricia A. Thiel
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Da-Jiang Liu
- Division of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Ames Laboratory − USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - James W. Evans
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Division of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Ames Laboratory − USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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