1
|
Di Carmine G, D’Agostino C, Bortolini O, Poletti L, De Risi C, Ragno D, Massi A. Heterogeneous Organocatalysts for Light-Driven Reactions in Continuous Flow. Molecules 2024; 29:2166. [PMID: 38792028 PMCID: PMC11124298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the realm of organic synthesis, photocatalysis has blossomed since the beginning of the last decade. A plethora of classical reactivities, such as selective oxidation of alcohol and amines, redox radical formation of reactive species in situ, and indirect activation of an organic substrate for cycloaddition by EnT, have been revised in a milder and more sustainable fashion via photocatalysis. However, even though the spark of creativity leads scientists to explore new reactions and reactivities, the urgency of replacing the toxic and critical metals that are involved as catalysts has encouraged chemists to find alternatives in the branch of science called organocatalysis. Unfortunately, replacing metal catalysts with organic analogues can be too expensive sometimes; however, this drawback can be solved by the reutilization of the catalyst if it is heterogeneous. The aim of this review is to present the recent works in the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis, applied to organic synthesis, enabled by continuous flow. In detail, among the heterogeneous catalysts, g-CN, polymeric photoactive materials, and supported molecular catalysts have been discussed within their specific sections, rather than focusing on the types of reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Carmine D’Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Poletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Carmela De Risi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Donnelly K, Baumann M. Advances in the Continuous Flow Synthesis of 3- and 4-Membered Ring Systems. Chemistry 2024:e202400758. [PMID: 38564288 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Small carbo- and heterocyclic ring systems have experienced a significant increase in importance in recent years due to their relevance in modern pharmaceuticals, as building blocks for designer materials or as synthetic intermediates. This necessitated the development of new synthetic methods for the preparation of these strained ring systems focusing on effectiveness and scalability. The high ring strain of these entities as well as the use of high-energy reagents and intermediates has often challenged their synthesis. Continuous flow approaches have thus emerged as highly effective means to safely and reliably access these strained scaffolds. In this short review, key developments in this field are summarised showcasing the power of continuous flow approaches for accessing 3- and 4-membered ring systems via thermal, photo- and electrochemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kian Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brocklehurst CE, Altmann E, Bon C, Davis H, Dunstan D, Ertl P, Ginsburg-Moraff C, Grob J, Gosling DJ, Lapointe G, Marziale AN, Mues H, Palmieri M, Racine S, Robinson RI, Springer C, Tan K, Ulmer W, Wyler R. MicroCycle: An Integrated and Automated Platform to Accelerate Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2118-2128. [PMID: 38270627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
We herein describe the development and application of a modular technology platform which incorporates recent advances in plate-based microscale chemistry, automated purification, in situ quantification, and robotic liquid handling to enable rapid access to high-quality chemical matter already formatted for assays. In using microscale chemistry and thus consuming minimal chemical matter, the platform is not only efficient but also follows green chemistry principles. By reorienting existing high-throughput assay technology, the platform can generate a full package of relevant data on each set of compounds in every learning cycle. The multiparameter exploration of chemical and property space is hereby driven by active learning models. The enhanced compound optimization process is generating knowledge for drug discovery projects in a time frame never before possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Eva Altmann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Corentin Bon
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Holly Davis
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - David Dunstan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Ertl
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Carol Ginsburg-Moraff
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan Grob
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel J Gosling
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Lapointe
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Alexander N Marziale
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Mues
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Marco Palmieri
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Racine
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Richard I Robinson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Clayton Springer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kian Tan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William Ulmer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - René Wyler
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shan C, Li R, Wang X. Efficient construction of a β-naphthol library under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2673-2677. [PMID: 38226147 PMCID: PMC10789443 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
A β-naphthol library has been efficiently constructed utilizing a mild continuous flow procedure, relying on a tandem Friedel-Crafts reaction and starting from readily available arylacetyl chloride and alkynes. Multiple functionalized β-naphthols can be acquired within 160 s in generally high yields (up to 83%). Using an electron-rich phenylacetyl chloride derivative (4-OH- or 4-MeO-) provides spirofused triene dione as the primary product. A scale-up preparation affords a throughput of 4.70 g h-1, indicating potential large-scale application. Herein, we present a rapid, reliable, and scalable method to obtain various β-naphthols in the compound library.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shan
- Heze University Heze Shandong Province 274015 China
| | - Ranran Li
- Heze University Heze Shandong Province 274015 China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Heze University Heze Shandong Province 274015 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brandão P, Pineiro M, M.V.D. Pinho e Melo T. Flow Chemistry: Sequential Flow Processes for the Synthesis of Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527832002.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Scattolin T, Simoens A, Stevens CV, Nolan SP. Flow chemistry of main group and transition metal complexes. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shan C, Cao L, Yang J, Cheng R, Yao X, Liang C, Sun M, Ye J. Construction of an α-chiral pyrrolidine library with a rapid and scalable continuous flow protocol. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00145d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cost-efficient development of an α-chiral pyrrolidine library is achieved via a rapid continuous flow protocol under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shan
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiasheng Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiantong Yao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chaoming Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maolin Sun
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glotz G, Waniek K, Schöggl JP, Cantillo D, Stueckler C, Arzt A, Gollner A, Schipfer R, Baumgartner RJ, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Synthesis of a Blocked Polyisocyanate: Process Intensification, Reaction Monitoring Via In-Line FTIR Analysis, and Comparative Life Cycle Assessment. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Waniek
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable Product Management, Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josef-Peter Schöggl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable Product Management, Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anton Arzt
- Allnex Austria GmbH, Bundesstrasse 175, 8402 Werndorf, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Allnex Austria GmbH, Bundesstrasse 175, 8402 Werndorf, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schipfer
- Allnex Austria GmbH, Bundesstrasse 175, 8402 Werndorf, Austria
| | - Rupert J. Baumgartner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable Product Management, Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bonner A, Loftus A, Padgham AC, Baumann M. Forgotten and forbidden chemical reactions revitalised through continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7737-7753. [PMID: 34549240 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has played an undeniable role in enabling modern chemical synthesis, whereby a myriad of reactions can now be performed with greater efficiency, safety and control. As flow chemistry furthermore delivers more sustainable and readily scalable routes to important target structures a growing number of industrial applications are being reported. In this review we highlight the impact of flow chemistry on revitalising important chemical reactions that were either forgotten soon after their initial report as necessary improvements were not realised due to a lack of available technology, or forbidden due to unacceptable safety concerns relating to the experimental procedure. In both cases flow processing in combination with further reaction optimisation has rendered a powerful set of tools that make such transformations not only highly efficient but moreover very desirable due to a more streamlined construction of desired scaffolds. This short review highlights important contributions from academic and industrial laboratories predominantly from the last 5 years allowing the reader to gain an appreciation of the impact of flow chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bonner
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Loftus
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alex C Padgham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomson CG, Banks C, Allen M, Barker G, Coxon CR, Lee AL, Vilela F. Expanding the Tool Kit of Automated Flow Synthesis: Development of In-line Flash Chromatography Purification. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14079-14094. [PMID: 34270260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in in-line extraction and purification technology have enabled complex multistep synthesis in continuous flow reactor systems. However, for the large scope of chemical reactions that yield mixtures of products or residual starting materials, off-line purification is still required to isolate the desired compound. We present the in-line integration of a commercial automated flash chromatography system with a flow reactor for the continuous synthesis and isolation of product(s). A proof-of-principle study was performed to validate the system and test the durability of the column cartridges, performing an automated sequence of 100 runs over 2 days. Three diverse reaction systems that highlight the advantages of flow synthesis were successfully applied with in-line normal- or reversed-phase flash chromatography, continuously isolating products with 97-99% purity. Productivity of up to 9.9 mmol/h was achieved, isolating gram quantities of pure product from a feed of crude reaction mixture. Herein, we describe the development and optimization of the systems and suggest guidelines for selecting reactions well suited to in-line flash chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Banks
- Cheshire Sciences (UK) Limited, Kao Hockham Building, Edinburgh Way, Harlow, Essex, England CM20 2NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Allen
- Advion (UK) Limited, Kao Hockham Building, Edinburgh Way, Harlow, Essex, England CM20 2NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.,Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.,Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jones CD, Kershaw Cook LJ, Marquez-Gamez D, Luzyanin KV, Steed JW, Slater AG. High-Yielding Flow Synthesis of a Macrocyclic Molecular Hinge. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7553-7565. [PMID: 33961419 PMCID: PMC8397308 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Many molecular machines
are built from modular components with
well-defined motile capabilities, such as axles and wheels. Hinges
are particularly useful, as they provide the minimum flexibility needed
for a simple and pronounced conformational change. Compounds with
multiple stable conformers are common, but molecular hinges almost
exclusively operate via dihedral rotations rather than truly hinge-like
clamping mechanisms. An ideal molecular hinge would better reproduce
the behavior of hinged devices, such as gates and tweezers, while
remaining soluble, scalable, and synthetically versatile. Herein,
we describe two isomeric macrocycles with clamp-like open and closed
geometries, which crystallize as separate polymorphs but interconvert
freely in solution. An unusual one-pot addition cyclization reaction
was used to produce the macrocycles on a multigram scale from inexpensive
reagents, without supramolecular templating or high-dilution conditions.
Using mechanistic information from NMR kinetic studies and at-line
mass spectrometry, we developed a semicontinuous flow synthesis with
maximum conversions of 85–93% and over 80% selectivity for
a single isomer. The macrocycles feature voids that are sterically
protected from guests, including reactive species such as fluoride
ions, and could therefore serve as chemically inert hinges for adaptive
supramolecular receptors and flexible porous materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Laurence J Kershaw Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - David Marquez-Gamez
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Konstantin V Luzyanin
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Jonathan W Steed
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Anna G Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leslie A, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S, Baumann M. Coupling biocatalysis with high-energy flow reactions for the synthesis of carbamates and β-amino acid derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:379-384. [PMID: 33828617 PMCID: PMC7871027 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous flow process is presented that couples a Curtius rearrangement step with a biocatalytic impurity tagging strategy to produce a series of valuable Cbz-carbamate products. Immobilized CALB was exploited as a robust hydrolase to transform residual benzyl alcohol into easily separable benzyl butyrate. The resulting telescoped flow process was effectively applied across a series of acid substrates rendering the desired carbamate structures in high yield and purity. The derivatization of these products via complementary flow-based Michael addition reactions furthermore demonstrated the creation of β-amino acid species. This strategy thus highlights the applicability of this work towards the creation of important chemical building blocks for the pharmaceutical and speciality chemical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Leslie
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2, Ireland
| | - Thomas S Moody
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom.,Arran Chemical Company, Athlone, Co. Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dykstra KD, Streckfuss E, Liu M, Liu J, Yu Y, Wang M, Kozlowski JA, Myers RW, Buevich AV, Maletic MM, Vachal P, Krska SW. Synthesis of HDAC Inhibitor Libraries via Microscale Workflow. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:337-342. [PMID: 33738059 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated workflow has been established that enables the synthesis, purification, and subsequent biological testing of compound libraries on a microgram scale. This approach utilizes mass directed preparative HPLC in conjunction with charged aerosol detection (CAD) to generate solutions of investigational compounds at high purity and standardized concentrations, facilitating high fidelity biological testing. This new workflow successfully delivered libraries of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that afforded biological data consistent with that obtained from standard scale parallel medicinal chemistry techniques. The advantages of this new approach to library synthesis include greatly reduced material requirements and amenability to high-throughput experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Dykstra
- Chemical Capabilities for Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric Streckfuss
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Min Liu
- Chemical Capabilities for Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Screening, Targets and Compound Profiling, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Younong Yu
- Chemical Capabilities for Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Chemical Capabilities for Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph A. Kozlowski
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert W. Myers
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei V. Buevich
- NMR Structure Elucidation, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Milana M. Maletic
- Chemical Capabilities for Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Petr Vachal
- Screening, Targets and Compound Profiling, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Chemical Capabilities for Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Plumet J. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrile Oxides under "Non-Conventional" Conditions: Green Solvents, Irradiation, and Continuous Flow. Chempluschem 2021; 85:2252-2271. [PMID: 33044044 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions (DCs) of nitrile oxides (NOs) to alkenes and alkynes are useful methods for the synthesis of 2-isoxazolines and isoxazoles respectively, which are important classes of heterocyclic compounds in organic and medicinal chemistry. Most of these reactions are carried out in organic solvents and under thermal activation. Nevertheless the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2 ) and ionic liquids (Ils) as alternative solvents and the application of microwave (MW) and ultrasound (US) as alternative activation procedures have evident advantages from the "Green Chemistry" point of view. The critical discussion on the applications of these "unconventional" activation methods and reaction conditions in the 1,3-DCs of NOs is the objective of the present Review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Plumet
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li J, Šimek H, Ilioae D, Jung N, Bräse S, Zappe H, Dittmeyer R, Ladewig BP. In situ sensors for flow reactors – a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review on integrating microfluidic reactors with in situ sensors for reaction probing of chemical transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Helena Šimek
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - David Ilioae
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Laboratory for Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Hans Zappe
- Gisela and Erwin Sick Laboratory for Micro-optics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Bradley P. Ladewig
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sivo A, Galaverna RDS, Gomes GR, Pastre JC, Vilé G. From circular synthesis to material manufacturing: advances, challenges, and future steps for using flow chemistry in novel application area. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We review the emerging use of flow technologies for circular chemistry and material manufacturing, highlighting advances, challenges, and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sivo
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- IT-20131 Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- IT-20131 Milano
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liao J, Zhang S, Wang Z, Song X, Zhang D, Kumar R, Jin J, Ren P, You H, Chen FE. Transition-metal catalyzed asymmetric reactions under continuous flow from 2015 to early 2020. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
21
|
Abstract
AbstractOscillatory flow reactors (OFRs) superimpose an oscillatory flow to the net movement through a flow reactor. OFRs have been engineered to enable improved mixing, excellent heat- and mass transfer and good plug flow character under a broad range of operating conditions. Such features render these reactors appealing, since they are suitable for reactions that require long residence times, improved mass transfer (such as in biphasic liquid-liquid systems) or to homogeneously suspend solid particles. Various OFR configurations, offering specific features, have been developed over the past two decades, with significant progress still being made. This review outlines the principles and recent advances in OFR technology and overviews the synthetic applications of OFRs for liquid-liquid and solid-liquid biphasic systems.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gérardy R, Debecker DP, Estager J, Luis P, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C 2-C 6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7219-7347. [PMID: 32667196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julien Estager
- Certech, Rue Jules Bordet 45, Zone Industrielle C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Patricia Luis
- Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bracken C, Baumann M. Development of a Continuous Flow Photoisomerization Reaction Converting Isoxazoles into Diverse Oxazole Products. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2607-2617. [PMID: 31927926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A continuous flow process is presented, which directly converts isoxazoles into their oxazole counterparts via a photochemical transposition reaction. This results in the first reported exploitation of this transformation to establish its scope and synthetic utility. A series of various di- and trisubstituted oxazole products bearing different appendages including different heterocyclic moieties were realized through this rapid and mild flow process. Furthermore, the robustness of this approach was demonstrated by generating gram quantities of selected products while also providing insights into likely intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Bracken
- School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Science Centre South , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Science Centre South , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Di Filippo M, Bracken C, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Preparation of Bioactive Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020356. [PMID: 31952244 PMCID: PMC7024297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a remarkable development towards improved and new photochemical transformations in response to greener and more sustainable chemical synthesis needs. Additionally, the availability of modern continuous flow reactors has enabled widespread applications in view of more streamlined and custom designed flow processes. In this focused review article, we wish to evaluate the standing of the field of continuous flow photochemistry with a specific emphasis on the generation of bioactive entities, including natural products, drugs and their precursors. To this end we highlight key developments in this field that have contributed to the progress achieved to date. Dedicated sections present the variety of suitable reactor designs and set-ups available; a short discussion on the relevance of greener and more sustainable approaches; and selected key applications in the area of bioactive structures. A final section outlines remaining challenges and areas that will benefit from further developments in this fast-moving area. It is hoped that this report provides a valuable update on this important field of synthetic chemistry which may fuel developments in the future.
Collapse
|
25
|
Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Luo G, Du L, Wang Y, Wang K. Manipulation and Control of Structure and Size of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Microchemical Systems. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangsheng Luo
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| | - Le Du
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
- Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyThe State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology 3 Ring Rd East 100029 Beijing China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| | - Kai Wang
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Riley DL, Strydom I, Chikwamba R, Panayides JL. Landscape and opportunities for active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing in developing African economies. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review will highlight the opportunities that exist in the localization of cutting-edge manufacturing technologies within an African context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Ian Strydom
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria
- South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sagmeister P, Williams JD, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Laboratory of the future: a modular flow platform with multiple integrated PAT tools for multistep reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of a modular microreactor platform, real-time inline analysis by IR and NMR, and online UPLC, leads to efficient optimization of a multistep organolithium transformation to a given product without the need for human intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Qiu C, Fang Z, Zhao L, He W, Yang Z, Liu C, Guo K. Microflow-based dynamic combinatorial chemistry: a microscale synthesis and screening platform for the rapid and accurate identification of bioactive molecules. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first flow-based synthesis and screening platform that integrates both microflow chemistry and protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry into a single modular unit was disclosed and validated by a case study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- PR China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- PR China
| | - Lihuan Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- PR China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- PR China
| | - Zhao Yang
- College of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- PR China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
| |
Collapse
|