1
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Song C, Wade A, Rainier JD. A gram-scale synthesis of very-long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs). Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3951-3954. [PMID: 38686739 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00536h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript describes our third generation, gram-scale synthesis of very long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs), a unique and increasingly important class of lipids. Critical to this work and what makes it different from our previous approach to this family was the avoidance of oxidation sequences. Central to accomplishing this involved the use of a Negishi coupling reaction between the acid chloride derived from DHA and a saturated alkyl zinc reaction. Overall, the general approach required 6 synthetic transformations from DHA and was accomplished with an overall yield of 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Song
- Department of Chemistry, 315 South, 1100 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
| | - Alex Wade
- Department of Chemistry, 315 South, 1100 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
| | - Jon D Rainier
- Department of Chemistry, 315 South, 1100 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
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2
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Gagestein B, von Hegedus JH, Kwekkeboom JC, Heijink M, Blomberg N, van der Wel T, Florea BI, van den Elst H, Wals K, Overkleeft HS, Giera M, Toes REM, Ioan-Facsinay A, van der Stelt M. Comparative Photoaffinity Profiling of Omega-3 Signaling Lipid Probes Reveals Prostaglandin Reductase 1 as a Metabolic Hub in Human Macrophages. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18938-18947. [PMID: 36197299 PMCID: PMC9585591 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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The fish oil constituent
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6
n-3) is
a signaling lipid with anti-inflammatory properties. The molecular
mechanisms underlying the biological effect of DHA are poorly understood.
Here, we report the design, synthesis, and application of a complementary
pair of bio-orthogonal, photoreactive probes based on the polyunsaturated
scaffold DHA and its oxidative metabolite 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic
acid (17-HDHA). In these probes, an alkyne serves as a handle to introduce
a fluorescent reporter group or a biotin-affinity tag via copper(I)-catalyzed
azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This pair of chemical probes was used
to map specific targets of the omega-3 signaling lipids in primary
human macrophages. Prostaglandin reductase 1 (PTGR1) was identified
as an interaction partner that metabolizes 17-oxo-DHA, an oxidative
metabolite of 17-HDHA. 17-oxo-DHA reduced the formation of pro-inflammatory
lipids 5-HETE and LTB4 in human macrophages and neutrophils. Our results
demonstrate the potential of comparative photoaffinity protein profiling
for the discovery of metabolic enzymes of bioactive lipids and highlight
the power of chemical proteomics to uncover new biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Gagestein
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H von Hegedus
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Joanneke C Kwekkeboom
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Heijink
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Blomberg
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van den Elst
- Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Wals
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Andreea Ioan-Facsinay
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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3
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Pradhan TR, Paudel M, Feoktistova T, Cheong PHY, Park JK. Silaborative Assembly of Allenamides and Alkynes: Highly Regio- and Stereocontrolled Access to Bi- or Trimetallic Skipped Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116154. [PMID: 35142019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A highly stereo- and regiocontrolled multicomponent approach to skipped 1,4-dienes decorated with one boryl and two silyl functionalities is described. This Pd-catalyzed atom-economical union of allenamides, alkynes, and Me2 PhSiBpin (or Et3 SiBpin) proceeds without the use of phosphine ligands, instead relying on chelation through the internal amide group of the allenamide sulfonyl. A variety of alkynes, including those derived from complex bioactive molecules, can be efficiently coupled with allenamides and Me2 PhSiBpin in good yields and with excellent selectivity. The synthetic potential was demonstrated through multiple valuable chemoselective transformations, establishing new disconnections for functionalized dienes. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the reaction first proceeded through borylation of the allenamide, followed by silylation of the alkyne and then reductive elimination, which convergently assemble the skipped 1,4-diene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas R Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukti Paudel
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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4
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Gjessing G, Johnsen LIG, Antonsen SG, Nolsøe JMJ, Stenstrøm Y, Hansen TV. The Synthesis of 3-(R)- and 3-(S)-Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic Acid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072295. [PMID: 35408694 PMCID: PMC9000449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monohydroxylated polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to the oxylipin class of natural products are present in marine and terrestrial sources as well as in the human body. Due to their biological activities and role in diverse biosynthetic pathways, oxylipins biosynthesized from eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid have attracted great interest from the scientific community. One example is 3-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid where the absolute configuration at C-3 has only been tentatively assigned. In this paper, studies on acetate type aldol reactions that enabled the preparation of 3-(R)-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (3R-HETE, 2) and its enantiomer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gard Gjessing
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1433 Ås, Norway; (G.G.); (S.G.A.); (J.M.J.N.)
| | - Lars-Inge Gammelsæter Johnsen
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Simen Gjelseth Antonsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1433 Ås, Norway; (G.G.); (S.G.A.); (J.M.J.N.)
- Department of Mechanical, Electronic and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens M. J. Nolsøe
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1433 Ås, Norway; (G.G.); (S.G.A.); (J.M.J.N.)
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1433 Ås, Norway; (G.G.); (S.G.A.); (J.M.J.N.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (T.V.H.)
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1433 Ås, Norway; (G.G.); (S.G.A.); (J.M.J.N.)
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (T.V.H.)
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5
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Pradhan TR, Paudel M, Feoktistova T, Cheong PH, Park JK. Silaborative Assembly of Allenamides and Alkynes: Highly Regio‐ and Stereocontrolled Access to Bi‐ or Trimetallic Skipped Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas R. Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Mukti Paudel
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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6
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Upadhyay R, Rana R, Sood A, Singh V, Kumar R, Srivastava VC, Maurya SK. Heterogeneous vanadium-catalyzed oxidative cleavage of olefins for sustainable synthesis of carboxylic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5430-5433. [PMID: 33949501 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01742j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of green and sustainable processes to synthesize active pharmaceutical ingredients and key starting materials is a priority for the pharmaceutical industry. A green and sustainable protocol for the oxidative cleavage of olefins to produce pharmaceutically and biologically valuable carboxylic acids is achieved. The developed protocol involves 70% aq. TBHP as an oxidant over a heterogeneous vanadium catalyst system. Notably, the synthesis of industrially important azelaic acid from various renewable vegetable oils is accomplished. The catalyst could be recycled for up to 5 cycles without significant loss in yield and the protocol was successfully demonstrated at the gram-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Upadhyay
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India
| | - Rohit Rana
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India
| | - Aakriti Sood
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India.
| | - Vikash Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247 667, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India
| | - Vimal Chandra Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247 667, India
| | - Sushil K Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201 002, India
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7
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Wang CG, Zhang Y, Wang S, Chen B, Li Y, Ni HL, Gao Y, Hu P, Wang BQ, Cao P. Nickel-Catalyzed Carboalkenylation of 1,3-Dienes with Aldehydes and Alkenylzirconium Reagents: Access to Skipped Dienes. Org Lett 2021; 23:535-541. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yunxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Simin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hai-Liang Ni
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
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8
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García López J, Sansores Peraza PM, Iglesias MJ, Roces L, García-Granda S, López Ortiz F. Spiro[1,2]oxaphosphetanes of Nonstabilized and Semistabilized Phosphorus Ylide Derivatives: Synthesis and Kinetic and Computational Study of Their Thermolysis. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14570-14591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García López
- Área de Quı́mica Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almerı́a, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Pablo M. Sansores Peraza
- Área de Quı́mica Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almerı́a, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María José Iglesias
- Área de Quı́mica Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almerı́a, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Laura Roces
- Departamento de Quı́mica Fı́sica y Analı́tica, Universidad de Oviedo-CINN, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Servicios Cientı́fico Técnicos, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Santiago García-Granda
- Departamento de Quı́mica Fı́sica y Analı́tica, Universidad de Oviedo-CINN, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando López Ortiz
- Área de Quı́mica Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almerı́a, 04120 Almería, Spain
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9
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Nachtschatt M, Okada S, Speight R. Integral Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturases: A Review of Biochemical, Structural, and Biotechnological Advances. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nachtschatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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10
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Pangopoulos MK, Nolsøe JMN, Antonsen SG, Colas RA, Dalli J, Aursnes M, Stenstrøm Y, Hansen TV. Enzymatic studies with 3-oxa n-3 DPA. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103653. [PMID: 32062066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 and several lipoxygenases convert polyunsaturated fatty acids into a large variety of products. During inflammatory processes, these enzymes form several distinct families of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators possessing potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects. These mediators have attracted a great interest as leads in drug discovery and have recently been the subject of biosynthetic pathway studies using docosahexaenoic and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid as substrates. Herein we present enzymatic studies with cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-, 12- and 15-lipoxygenase enzymes using 3-oxa n-3 DPA as a synthetic mimic of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. Structural elucidation based on data from RP-HPLC UV and LC/MS-MS experiments enabled the identification of novel enzymatically formed products. These findings constitute the basis for further biosynthetic studies towards understanding the mechanisms regulating substrate utilization in the biosynthesis of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Pangopoulos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jens M N Nolsøe
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Simen G Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Romain A Colas
- Lipid Mediator Unit, Center for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Lipid Mediator Unit, Center for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marius Aursnes
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Sanfilippo C, Paterna A, Biondi DM, Patti A. Lyophilized extracts from vegetable flours as valuable alternatives to purified oxygenases for the synthesis of oxylipins. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103325. [PMID: 31586707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the whole aqueous extracts of soybean flour and oat flour have been used as valuable alternatives to purified oxygenase enzymes for the preparation of oxylipins derived from (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The lipoxygenase activity in the aqueous extracts of soybean (Glycine max. L.) flour was monitored with linoleic acid as substrate and compared with the commercially available purified enzyme (LOX-1). Oat flour extracts (Avena sativa L.) were evaluated for their peroxygenase activity by comparing different enzyme preparations in the epoxidation of methyl oleate. It was found that lyophilization of the aqueous extracts from these vegetable flours offers advantages in terms of enzyme stability, reproducibility and applicability to preparative organic synthesis. The lyophilized enzyme preparations were tested for the oxyfunctionalization of EPA and the formed products were isolated in satisfactory yields. In the presence of lyophilized extract from soybean, EPA gave 15S-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoic acid in enantiopure form as exclusive product. Peroxygenase from oat flour was less selective and catalyzed the formation of different epoxides of EPA. However, the biocatalyzed epoxidation of EPA under controlled conditions allowed to obtain optically active (17R,18S)-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (65% ee) as the main monoepoxide, among the five possible ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sanfilippo
- CNR - Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Paterna
- CNR - Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela M Biondi
- CNR - Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Patti
- CNR - Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy.
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