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Mandal S, Biswal JR, Kommula B, Bhattacharyya S. Solvent-Assisted Structural Modifications of Sulfur Dots Followed by Time-Dependent Emergence of a New Emissive State and Long-Lived Afterglow. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36763-36773. [PMID: 38973076 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur dots are a new class of recently developed nonmetallic luminescent nanomaterials with various potential applications. Herein, we synthesized sulfur dots using a mild chemical etching method and then modified the structural features of the as-synthesized sulfur dots using a slow and defined solvent-assisted aggregation process. This increases the particle size and overall crystallinity along with the modifications of the surface functional groups, which eventually show a new emission band at longer wavelengths. Detailed photophysical and temperature-dependent luminescence studies confirmed that the new emissive state evolves due to interparticle interactions in the excited state. Furthermore, the occurrence of a new emissive state in a longer-wavelength region helped reduce the energy gap between the lowest excited singlet state and the lowest excited triplet state in modified sulfur dots, resulting in an aqueous stable room-temperature phosphorescence/afterglow emission through efficient intersystem crossing. This typical efficacious afterglow emission directly shows the potential applicability of structurally modified sulfur dots in encryption devices and can also be potentially effective in light emitting diodes (LED) and sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srayee Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Jyoti Ranjan Biswal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Bramhaiah Kommula
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
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2
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Zhou B, Fang F, Liu Z, Zhong H, Zhou K, Hu H, Min J, Zheng F, Fang S, Nie J, Huang JK, Li LJ, Li H, Wan Y, Shi Y. Self-Trapped Exciton Emission in Highly Polar 0D Hybrid Ammonium/Hydronium-Based Perovskites Triggered by Antimony Doping. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15198-15208. [PMID: 38743271 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Various monovalent cations are employed to construct metal halide perovskites with various structures and functionalities. However, perovskites based on highly polar A-site cations have seldom been reported. Here, a novel hybrid 0D (NH4)x(OH3)3-xInCl6 perovskite with highly polar hydronium OH3+ cations is introduced in this study. Upon doping with Sb3+, hybrid 0D (NH4)x(OH3)3-xInCl6 single crystals exhibited highly efficient broadband yellowish-green (550 nm) and red (630 nm) dual emissions with a PLQY of 86%. The dual emission arises due to Sb3+ occupying two sites within the crystal lattice that possess different polarization environments, leading to distinct Stokes shift energies. The study revealed that lattice polarity plays a significant role in the self-trapped exciton emission of Sb3+-doped perovskites, contributing up to 25% of the Stokes shift energy for hybrid 0D (NH4)x(OH3)3-xInCl6:Sb3+ as a secondary source, in addition to the Jahn-Teller deformation. These findings highlight the potential of Sb3+-doped perovskites for achieving tunable broadband emission and underscore the importance of lattice polarity in determining the emission properties of perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feier Fang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zexiang Liu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haizhe Zhong
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kang Zhou
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiacheng Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fangyuan Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shaofan Fang
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jingheng Nie
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Henan Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yumeng Shi
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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3
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Truksa J, Kratochvíl M, Richtár J, Ivanová L, Weiter M, Krajčovič J, Lukeš V. Spectroscopic behavior differences between lumazine and alloxazine in the DMSO-water mixture. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:122998. [PMID: 37356394 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The absorption and emission spectra were investigated for lumazine, alloxazine and their cyanated or fluorinated derivatives, respectively. The spectroscopic properties were modulated by varying water concentration in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Some intriguing experimental results were found for the samples containing 65 % of water and 35% of DMSO. This finding is consistent with previously published molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirming the concept of the 'local bulk' model. In this case, a notable decrease in absorption and emission intensities was registered, even larger than the water quenching observed in other cases. The changes in midrange DMSO concentrations could be explained by the formation of local solvents structures as predicted by MD, specifically the formation of DMSO·2H2O dimers. Experimentally, the cyano-substituted lumazine has shown a remarkable sensitivity to DMSO concentration. The spectroscopic measurements were interpreted using the density functional theory where the implicit DMSO solvent model was combined with explicit water molecules. Together with its enhanced water solubility, the cyanated lumazine derivate could be used for non-destructive DMSO detection in vitro for applications such as drug uptake monitoring, since DMSO is often used in pharmaceutical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Truksa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Matouš Kratochvíl
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Richtár
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Ivanová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Weiter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Krajčovič
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vladimír Lukeš
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Chen M, Yang F, Hou D, Zheng Y, Liu C, Lin X, Li Y, Sun H. Preparation of Multicolor Fluorescent Carbon Dots Based on Catechol and o-Phthalaldehyde. Molecules 2023; 28:5303. [PMID: 37513177 PMCID: PMC10386174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the foremost category of carbon materials, carbon dots (CDs) have been extensively applied in many domains because of their special fluorescence features and outstanding biocompatibility. However, in early studies of fluorescent CDs, as the fluorescence wavelength of most CDs was restricted to the blue or green region and was excitation dependent, the application of CDs was limited. In this study, three representative CDs, fluorescing yellow, green, and blue, were synthesized under alkaline, neutral, and acidic circumstances, respectively, while using a hydrothermal method in which catechol and phthalaldehyde acted as carbon sources and methanol functioned as the reaction solvent. The carbon nuclei of the three fluorescent CDs all had comparable graphite structures. The diversity of photoluminescence (PL) emission from these three CDs was attributed mainly to the different sizes of the sp2 conjugated structures among them. Mixing synthesized CDs with epoxy resin, three colors (yellow, green, and blue) of LED using CIE coordinates (0.40, 0.44), (0.33, 0.46), and (0.21, 0.22), respectively, were successfully prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Fulin Yang
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Defa Hou
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yunwu Zheng
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Can Liu
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xu Lin
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hao Sun
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forestry Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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5
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Hoang NM, Ngoc NTB, Huong PTL, Huyen PTT, Duy DQ, Dao VD, Tu LT. Dual Emission Carbon Dots for Simultaneous Detections of Pb 2+ and Fe 3+ Ions in Water Via Distinct Sensing Mechanisms. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:1359-1366. [PMID: 36695956 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, dual-emission carbon dots (DE-CDs) were synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method. DE-CDs exhibited two well-separated peaks at 433 and 513 nm under ultraviolet excitation. The prepared DE-CDs offer selective detection of Fe3+ ions via inner filter effect (IFE) and Pb2+ ions via aggregation-induced enhancement (AIE). The obtained DE-CDs showed a good affinity for both Fe3+ and Pb2+ ions in the presence of various interfering ions. The limits of detection were 0.797 ppm and 4.739 ppm for Pb2+ and Fe3+, respectively. The finding reveals the huge potential of DE-CDs for the selective detection of multiple targets in one solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Hoang
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Thi Lan Huong
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Thi Thanh Huyen
- Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Academy of Cryptography Techniques, 1000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dao Quang Duy
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van-Duong Dao
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Le Tuan Tu
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Faghihi H, Mozafari MR, Bumrungpert A, Parsaei H, Taheri SV, Mardani P, Dehkharghani FM, Pudza MY, Alavi M. Prospects and Challenges of Synergistic Effect of Fluorescent Carbon Dots, Liposomes and Nanoliposomes for Theragnostic Applications. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023:103614. [PMID: 37201772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The future of molecular-level therapy, efficient medical diagnosis, and drug delivery relies on the effective theragnostic function which can be achieved by the synergistic effect of fluorescent carbon dots (FCDs) liposomes (L) and nanoliposomes. FCDs act as the excipient navigation agent while liposomes play the role of the problem-solving agent, thus the term "theragnostic" would describe the effect of LFCDs properly. Liposomes and FCDs share some excellent at-tributes such as being nontoxic and biodegradable and they can represent a potent delivery system for pharmaceutical compounds. They enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs via stabilizing the encapsulated material by circumventing barriers to cellular and tissue uptake. These agents facilitate long-term drug biodistribution to the intended locations of action while eliminating systemic side effects. This manuscript reviews recent progress with liposomes, nanoliposomes (collectively known as lipid vesicles) and fluorescent carbon dots, by exploring their key characteristics, applications, characterization, performance, and challenges. An extensive and intensive understanding of the synergistic interaction between liposomes and FCDs sets out a new research pathway to an efficient and theragnostic / theranostic drug delivery and targeting diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Faghihi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15459-13487, Iran.
| | - M R Mozafari
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Akkarach Bumrungpert
- Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Natural Products for Health & Anti-Aging, College of Integrative Medicine, Dhurakij Pundit University, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Houman Parsaei
- Student Research Committee and Department of Anatomy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Vahid Taheri
- Student Research Committee and Department of Anatomy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Parisa Mardani
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Farnaz Mahdavi Dehkharghani
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Musa Yahaya Pudza
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mehran Alavi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, 6617715175, Iran.
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7
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Minervini G, Madonia A, Panniello A, Fanizza E, Curri ML, Striccoli M. One-Pot Synthesis of Dual Color-Emitting CDs: Numerical and Experimental Optimization towards White LEDs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:374. [PMID: 36770335 PMCID: PMC9920914 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon Dots (CDs) are fluorescent carbon-based nanoparticles that have attracted increasing attention in recent years as environment-friendly and cost-effective fluorophores. An application that can benefit from CDs in a relatively short-term perspective is the fabrication of color-converting materials in phosphor-converted white LEDs (WLEDs). In this work we present a one-pot solvothermal synthesis of polymer-passivated CDs that show a dual emission band (in the green and in the red regions) upon blue light excitation. A purposely designed numerical approach enables evaluating how the spectroscopic properties of such CDs can be profitable for application in WLEDs emulating daylight characteristics. Subsequently, we fabricate nanocomposite coatings based on the dual color-emitting CDs via solution-based strategies, and we compare their color-converting properties with those of the simulated ones to finally accomplish white light emission. The combined numerical and experimental approach can find a general use to reduce the number of experimental trial-and-error steps required for optimization of CD optical properties for lighting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Minervini
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonino Madonia
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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8
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Zhou Y, Zhang W, Leblanc RM. Structure-Property-Activity Relationships in Carbon Dots. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10777-10796. [PMID: 36395361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are one of the most versatile nanomaterials discovered in the 21st century. They possess many properties and thus hold potentials in diverse applications. While an increasing amount of attention has been given to these novel nanoparticles, the broad scientific community is actively engaged in exploring their limits. Recent studies on the fractionalization and assembly of CDs further push the limits beyond just CDs and demonstrate that CDs are both a mixture of heterogeneous fractions and promising building blocks for assembly of large carbon-based materials. With CDs moving forward toward both microscopic and macroscopic levels, a good understanding of the structure-property-activity relationships is essential to forecasting the future of CDs. Hence, in this Perspective, structure-property-activity relationships are highlighted based on the repeatedly verified findings in CDs. In addition, studies on CD fractionalization and assembly are briefly summarized in this Perspective. Eventually, these structure-property-activity relationships and controllability are essential for the development of CDs with desired properties for various applications especially in photochemistry, electrochemistry, nanomedicine, and surface chemistry. In summary, in our opinion, since 2004 until the present, history has witnessed a great development of CDs although there is still some room for more studies. Also, considering many attractive properties, structure-property-activity relationships, and the building block nature of CDs, a variety of carbon-based materials of interest can be constructed from CDs with control. They can help reduce blind trials in the development of carbon-based materials, which is of great significance in materials science, chemistry, and any fields related to the applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States.,C-Dots LLC, Miami, Florida 33136, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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9
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Rajendran S, UshaVipinachandran V, Badagoppam Haroon KH, Ashokan I, Bhunia SK. A comprehensive review on multi-colored emissive carbon dots as fluorescent probes for the detection of pharmaceutical drugs in water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4263-4291. [PMID: 36278849 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to constituent hazardous chemicals in medical products has become a threat to environmental health across the globe. Excessive medication and the mishandling of pharmaceutical drugs can lead to the increased presence of chemicals in the aquatic environment, causing water pollution. Only a few nanomaterials exist for the detection of these chemicals and they are limited in use due to their adverse toxicity, instability, cost, and low aqueous solubility. In contrast, carbon dots (C-dots), a member of the family of carbon-based nanomaterials, have various beneficial properties including excellent biocompatibility, strong photoluminescence, low photobleaching, tunable fluorescence, and easy surface modification. Herein, we summarize recent advancements in various synthetic strategies for high-quality tunable fluorescent C-dots. The root of fluorescence has been briefly explained via the quantum confinement effect, surface defects, and molecular fluorescence. The surface functional moieties of C-dots have been investigated in depth to recognize the various types of pharmaceutical drugs that are used for the treatment of patients. The modulation of C-dot fluorescence in the course of their interactions with these drugs has been carefully explained. Different types of interaction mechanisms behind the C-dot fluorescence alteration have been discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of C-dots have been proposed for the vibrant field development of C-dot-based drug sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Varsha UshaVipinachandran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | | | - Indhumathi Ashokan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Susanta Kumar Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
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10
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Sengottuvelu D, Shaik AK, Mishra S, Ahmad H, Abbaszadeh M, Hammer NI, Kundu S. Multicolor Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Environment-Dependent Emission Tuning. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:27742-27754. [PMID: 35967036 PMCID: PMC9366982 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have potential applications in many fields such as light-emitting devices, photocatalysis, and bioimaging due to their unique photoluminescence (PL) properties and environmental benignness. Here, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) from citric acid and m-phenylenediamine using a one-pot hydrothermal approach. The environment-dependent emission changes of NCQDs were extensively investigated in various solvents, in the solid state, and in physically assembled PMMA-PnBA-PMMA copolymer gels in 2-ethyl-hexanol. NCQDs display bright emissions in various solvents as well as in the solid state. These NCQDs exhibit multicolor PL emission across the visible region upon changing the environment (solutions and polymer matrices). NCQDs also exhibit excitation-dependent PL and solvatochromism, which have not been frequently investigated in CQDs. Most CQDs are nonemissive in the aggregated or solid state due to the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, limiting their solid-state applications. However, NCQDs synthesized here display a strong solid-state emission centered at 568 nm attributed to the presence of surface functional groups that restrict the π-π interaction between the NCQDs and assist in overcoming the ACQ effect in the solid state. NCQD-containing gels display significant fluorescence enhancement in comparison to the NCQDs in 2-ethyl hexanol, likely because of the interaction between the polar PMMA blocks and NCQDs. The application of NCQDs-Gel as a solid/gel state fluorescent display has been presented. This research facilitates the development of large-scale, low-cost multicolor phosphor for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices, sensing, and bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineshkumar Sengottuvelu
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State University, MS State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Abdul Kalam Shaik
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Satish Mishra
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State University, MS State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Humayun Ahmad
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State University, MS State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Mahsa Abbaszadeh
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State University, MS State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Nathan I. Hammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Santanu Kundu
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, 323 Presidents Circle, Mississippi State University, MS State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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11
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Yun S, Kang ES, Choi JS. Zn-assisted modification of the chemical structure of N-doped carbon dots and their enhanced quantum yield and photostability. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2029-2035. [PMID: 36133412 PMCID: PMC9419812 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the Zn-assisted synthesis of N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) with an enhanced quantum yield (QY) and photostability. There have been intensive studies to improve or tune the optical properties of carbon dots (CDs) to meet the demand for luminescent materials in various fields, including energy conversion, photocatalysis, bioimaging, and phototherapy. For these applications, the photostability of the CDs is also a critical factor, but the related studies are relatively less common. The Zn-assisted N-CDs (denoted as Zn:N-CDs) obtained by the addition of Zn(OAc)2 to the precursors during the synthesis of N-CDs not only exhibited an enhanced quantum yield but also improved photostability compared to those of N-CDs. A comprehensive study of the chemical composition of Zn:N-CD and N-CD using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated a correlation between their chemical structure and photostability. Zn(OAc)2, which acts as a catalytic reagent, induced the modification of chemical structures at the edges of carbogenic sp2 domains, without being doped in N-CD, and the heteroatom-carbon bonds in Zn:N-CD seemed to be more resistant to light compared to those in N-CDs. The increased QY and photostability of Zn:N-CDs make them more suitable as an optical probe and they could be used in fingerprint identification. With Zn:N-CDs, the microstructure of fingerprints was confirmed clearly for a long duration effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
| | - Eun Soo Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
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12
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Döring A, Ushakova E, Rogach AL. Chiral carbon dots: synthesis, optical properties, and emerging applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:75. [PMID: 35351850 PMCID: PMC8964749 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are luminescent carbonaceous nanoparticles that can be endowed with chiral properties, making them particularly interesting for biomedical applications due to their low cytotoxicity and facile synthesis. In recent years, synthetic efforts leading to chiral carbon dots with other attractive optical properties such as two-photon absorption and circularly polarized light emission have flourished. We start this review by introducing examples of molecular chirality and its origins and providing a summary of chiroptical spectroscopy used for its characterization. Then approaches used to induce chirality in nanomaterials are reviewed. In the main part of this review we focus on chiral carbon dots, introducing their fabrication techniques such as bottom-up and top-down chemical syntheses, their morphology, and optical/chiroptical properties. We then consider emerging applications of chiral carbon dots in sensing, bioimaging, and catalysis, and conclude this review with a summary and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Döring
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elena Ushakova
- Center of Information Optical Technologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Andrey L Rogach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, 518057, Shenzhen, China.
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13
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Xu J, Cui K, Gong T, Zhang J, Zhai Z, Hou L, Zaman FU, Yuan C. Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of N-Doped, Multicolor Carbon Dots toward Fluorescent Inks, Fluorescence Sensors, and Logic Gate Operations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:312. [PMID: 35159657 PMCID: PMC8839126 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Over past decades, the multicolor carbon dots (M-CDs) have attracted enormous attentions due to their tunable photoluminescence and versatile applications. Herein, the nitrogen-doped (N-doped) M-CDs including green, chartreuse, and pink emissive CDs are successfully synthesized by ultrasonic treatment of kiwifruit juice with different additive reagents such as ethanol, ethylenediamine, and acetone. Owing to their strong fluorescence upon irradiation with 365 nm UV light, the highly water-soluble M-CDs present great potential in the anticounterfeit field as fluorescent inks. Particularly, the resulting green emission CDs (G-CDs) with excellent fluorescence and stability are applied as a label-free probe model for "on-off" detection of Fe3+. The fluorescence of G-CDs is significantly quenched by Fe3+ through static quenching. The nanoprobe demonstrates good selectivity and sensitivity toward Fe3+ with a detection limit of ~0.11 μM. Besides, the quenched fluorescence of G-CDs by Fe3+ can be recovered by the addition of PO43- or ascorbic acid (AA) into the CDs/Fe3+ system to realize the "off-on" fluorescent process. Furthermore, NOT and IMPLICATION logic gates are constructed based on the selection of Fe3+ and PO43- or AA as the inputs, which makes the G-CD-based sensors utilized as various logic gates at molecular level. Therefore, the N-doped M-CDs hold promising prospects as competitive candidates in monitoring the trace species, applications in food chemistry, anticounterfeit uses, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linrui Hou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (J.X.); (K.C.); (T.G.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (F.u.Z.)
| | | | - Changzhou Yuan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (J.X.); (K.C.); (T.G.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (F.u.Z.)
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14
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Sarkar S, Roy D, Das A, Roy R, Das D, Das BK, Ghorai UK, Chattopadhyay KK. Probing the emission dynamics in nitrogen doped carbon dots by reversible capping with mercury (II) through surface chemistry. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01910h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the mechanistic insight and emission dynamics have been explored of size dependent nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (namely 3A,3B & 3C) with toxic metal Hg2+ ions via...
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15
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Architha N, Ragupathi M, Shobana C, Selvankumar T, Kumar P, Lee YS, Kalai Selvan R. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from Mexican Mint extract for Fe 3+ detection and bio-imaging applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111263. [PMID: 33939978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived carbon quantum dots have drawn special interest owing to their admirable photostability, biocompatibility, fluorescence, high solubility, sensitivity and environmentally friendly properties. In the present work, the Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) was synthesized from the Plectranthus amboinicus (Mexican Mint) leaves via the microwave-assisted reflux method. The strong absorption peaks observed from UV-vis spectra at 291 and 330 nm corresponds to the π-π* and n-π* transitions, respectively, reveal the formation of CQDs. The synthesized CQDs showed bright blue fluorescence under UV irradiation with a fluorescence quantum yield of 17% and a maximum emission of 436 nm in the blue region at an excitation wavelength of 340 nm. The HRTEM analysis elucidates that the synthesized CQDs were crystalline and spherical in shape with a particle size of 2.43 ± 0.02 nm. The FT-IR spectroscopy confirms the presence of the different functional groups such as -OH, -CH, CO and C-O. The chemical composition of CQD was revealed through XPS analysis. The synthesized CQDs were used as a fluorescent probe to detect different metal ions, where high selectivity was obtained for Fe3+ ions through quenching phenomenon. The emission intensity of CQD showed a good linear relationship with R2 = 0.9111 with the concentration of Fe3+ ions in the range of 0-15 μM. The fluorescence emission of CQD was turned OFF upon the binding of Fe3+ ions and turned - ON with the addition of ascorbic acid. With this fluorescent turn ON-OFF behaviour of CQD, the NOT and IMPLICATION logic gates were constructed and studied for different input conditions. The biocompatibility of CQD was tested via MTT assay using MCF7 breast cancer cell line, which revealed that CQD synthesized from the Mexican Mint leaves possess less cytotoxicity. Further, the prepared CQD was applied effectively as fluorescent probes in a cell imaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Architha
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Ragupathi
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, 641 029, India
| | - Thangasamy Selvankumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahendra Arts & Science College, Kalippatti, Namakkal, 637501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, India
| | - Yun Sung Lee
- Faculty of Applied Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
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16
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Kalytchuk S, Zdražil L, Bad'ura Z, Medved' M, Langer M, Paloncýová M, Zoppellaro G, Kershaw SV, Rogach AL, Otyepka M, Zbořil R. Carbon Dots Detect Water-to-Ice Phase Transition and Act as Alcohol Sensors via Fluorescence Turn-Off/On Mechanism. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6582-6593. [PMID: 33724779 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles called carbon dots (CDs) have been the focus of intense research due to their simple chemical synthesis, nontoxic nature, and broad application potential including optoelectronics, photocatalysis, biomedicine, and energy-related technologies. Although a detailed elucidation of the mechanism of their photoluminescence (PL) remains an unmet challenge, the CDs exhibit robust, reproducible, and environment-sensitive PL signals, enabling us to monitor selected chemical phenomena including phase transitions or detection of ultralow concentrations of molecular species in solution. Herein, we report the PL turn-off/on behavior of aqueous CDs allowing the reversible monitoring of the water-ice phase transition. The bright PL attributable to molecular fluorophores present on the CD surface was quenched by changing the liquid aqueous environment to solid phase (ice). Based on light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance (LEPR) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the proposed kinetic model assuming the presence of charge-separated trap states rationalized the observed sensitivity of PL lifetimes to the environment. Importantly, the PL quenching induced by freezing could be suppressed by adding a small amount of alcohols. This was attributed to a high tendency of alcohol to increase its concentration at the CD/solvent interface, as revealed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Based on this behavior, a fluorescence "turn-on" alcohol sensor for exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis has been developed. This provided an easy method to detect alcohols among other common interferents in EBC with a low detection limit (100 ppm), which has a potential to become an inexpensive and noninvasive clinically useful diagnostic tool for early stage lung cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Kalytchuk
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Zdražil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Bad'ura
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 786 41, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medved'
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Langer
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Paloncýová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen V Kershaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Andrey L Rogach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
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17
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Langer M, Paloncýová M, Medved' M, Otyepka M. Molecular Fluorophores Self-Organize into C-Dot Seeds and Incorporate into C-Dot Structures. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8252-8258. [PMID: 32805121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various molecular fluorophores have been identified to be present during carbon-dot (C-dot) syntheses. However, the organization of such fluorophores in C-dots is still unknown. We study the self-assembly of 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo-[1,2-α]-pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA), a molecular fluorophore present during the synthesis of C-dots from citric acid and ethylenediamine. Both forms of IPCA (neutral and anionic) show a tendency to self-assemble into stacked systems, forming seeds of C-dots during their synthesis. IPCA also interacts with graphitic C-dot building blocks, fragments easily, and incorporates into their structures via π-π stacking. Both IPCA forms are able to create adlayers internally stabilized by an extensive hydrogen bonding network, with an arrangement of layers similar to that in ordinary graphitic C-dots. The results show the tendency of molecular fluorophores to form organized stacked seeds of C-dots and incorporate into C-dot structures. Such noncovalent structures can be further covalently interlinked via the carbonization process during C-dot growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Langer
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Paloncýová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medved'
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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18
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Minervini G, Panniello A, Fanizza E, Agostiano A, Curri ML, Striccoli M. Oil-Dispersible Green-Emitting Carbon Dots: New Insights on a Facile and Efficient Synthesis. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173716. [PMID: 32842684 PMCID: PMC7503313 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have been progressively attracting interest as novel environmentally friendly and cost-effective luminescent nanoparticles, for implementation in light-emitting devices, solar cells, photocatalytic devices and biosensors. Here, starting from a cost-effective bottom-up synthetic approach, based on a suitable amphiphilic molecule as carbon precursor, namely cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), green-emitting CDs have been prepared at room temperature, upon treatment of CPC with concentrated NaOH solutions. The investigated method allows the obtaining, in one-pot, of both water-dispersible (W-CDs) and oil-dispersible green-emitting CDs (O-CDs). The study provides original insights into the chemical reactions involved in the process of the carbonization of CPC, proposing a reliable mechanism for the formation of the O-CDs in an aqueous system. The ability to discriminate the contribution of different species, including molecular fluorophores, allows one to properly single out the O-CDs emission. In addition, a mild heating of the reaction mixture, at 70 °C, has demonstrated the ability to dramatically decrease the very long reaction time (i.e. from tens of hours to days) at room temperature, allowing us to synthesize O-CDs in a few tens of minutes while preserving their morphological and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Minervini
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (E.F.); (A.A.)
- Italian National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Bari Unit, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (E.F.); (A.A.)
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Angela Agostiano
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (E.F.); (A.A.)
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (E.F.); (A.A.)
- Italian National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Bari Unit, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF-Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Segkos A, Sakellis I, Boukos N, Drivas C, Kennou S, Kordatos K, Tsamis C. Patterned carbon dot-based thin films for solid-state devices. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10254-10264. [PMID: 32356538 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dot-based fluorescent nanocomposite compounds were obtained following microwave assisted thermal treatment of an aqueous mixture consisting of citric acid and urea. Thin film deposition of nanocomposites on SiO2 (100) substrates is followed by annealing, in order to render the films dissolution-resistant and processable. Optical lithography and O2 plasma etching are utilized to pattern the deposited films in the desired shapes and dimensions and a solid-state relative humidity sensor is fabricated on the SiO2 substrate. Spectroscopy and microscopy techniques are employed to characterize and monitor the whole process throughout the fabrication steps. The patterned films retain the functional groups introduced during their synthesis and continue to display hydrophilicity and PL properties. Successful patterning of these nanocomposites opens the way for the fabrication of solid-state, carbon dot-based optical and electrical devices that take advantage of the properties of carbon quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Segkos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece. and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Sakellis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Boukos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece.
| | - Charalampos Drivas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Stella Kennou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kordatos
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Tsamis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Aghia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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20
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Zulfajri M, Rasool A, Huang GG. A fluorescent sensor based on oyster mushroom-carbon dots for sensing nitroarenes in aqueous solutions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of OM-CDs and their sensing application for NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfajri
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry Education
| | - Akhtar Rasool
- Toxicology Unit
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Genin Gary Huang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research
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21
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Venkateswara Raju C, Kalaiyarasan G, Paramasivam S, Joseph J, Senthil Kumar S. Phosphorous doped carbon quantum dots as an efficient solid state electrochemiluminescence platform for highly sensitive turn-on detection of Cu2+ ions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Emanuele A, Cailotto S, Campalani C, Branzi L, Raviola C, Ravelli D, Cattaruzza E, Trave E, Benedetti A, Selva M, Perosa A. Precursor-Dependent Photocatalytic Activity of Carbon Dots. Molecules 2019; 25:E101. [PMID: 31888094 PMCID: PMC6983025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work systematically compares both structural features and photocatalytic performance of a series of graphitic and amorphous carbon dots (CDs) prepared in a bottom-up manner from fructose, glucose, and citric acid. We demonstrate that the carbon source and synthetic procedures diversely affect the structural and optical properties of the CDs, which in turn unpredictably influence their photo electron transfer ability. The latter was evaluated by studying the photo-reduction of methyl viologen. Overall, citric acid-CDs were found to provide the best photocatalytic performance followed by fructose- and glucose-CDs. However, while the graphitization of glucose- and citric acid-CDs favored the photo-reaction, a reverse structure-activity dependence was observed for fructose-CDs due to the formation of a large graphitic-like supramolecular assembly. This study highlights the complexity to design in advance photo-active bio-based carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadio Emanuele
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Simone Cailotto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Carlotta Campalani
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Branzi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Elti Cattaruzza
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Enrico Trave
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Alvise Benedetti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Maurizio Selva
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Alvise Perosa
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (S.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.); (E.C.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
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23
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Zhi B, Yao X, Cui Y, Orr G, Haynes CL. Synthesis, applications and potential photoluminescence mechanism of spectrally tunable carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:20411-20428. [PMID: 31641702 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05028k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the prominent characteristics of carbon-based luminescent nanostructures (known colloquially as carbon dots), such as inexpensive precursors, excellent hydrophilicity, low toxicity, and intrinsic fluorescence, these nanomaterials are regarded as potential candidates to replace traditional quantum dots in some applications. As such, research in the field of carbon dots has been increasing in recent years. In this mini-review, we summarize recent progress in studies of multicolor carbon dots focusing on potential photoluminescence (PL) mechanisms, strategies for effective syntheses, and applications in ion/molecule and temperature sensing, light emitting diodes and high-resolution bioimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, USA.
| | - XiaoXiao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, USA.
| | - Yi Cui
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Unexpectedly bright photoluminescence emission can be observed in materials incorporating inorganic carbon when their size is reduced from macro–micro to nano. At present, there is no consensus in its understanding, and many suggested explanations are not consistent with the broad range of experimental data. In this Review, I discuss the possible role of collective excitations (excitons) generated by resonance electronic interactions among the chromophore elements within these nanoparticles. The Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism of energy migration within nanoparticles operates when the composing fluorophores are the localized electronic systems interacting at a distance. Meanwhile, the resonance interactions among closely located fluorophores may lead to delocalization of the excited states over many molecules resulting in Frenkel excitons. The H-aggregate-type quantum coherence originating from strong coupling among the transition dipoles of adjacent chromophores in a co-facial stacking arrangement and exciton transport to emissive traps are the basis of the presented model. It can explain most of the hitherto known experimental observations and must stimulate the progress towards their versatile applications.
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Hua XW, Bao YW, Zeng J, Wu FG. Nucleolus-Targeted Red Emissive Carbon Dots with Polarity-Sensitive and Excitation-Independent Fluorescence Emission: High-Resolution Cell Imaging and in Vivo Tracking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32647-32658. [PMID: 31381288 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Red-emitting carbon dots (CDs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their wide applications in areas including imaging, sensing, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. However, it is still highly challenging for red-emitting CDs to simultaneously achieve high quantum yields (QYs), nucleus targeting, and super-resolution fluorescence imaging (especially the stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging). Here, it is found that the addition of varied metal ions during the hydrothermal treatment of p-phenylenediamine (pPDA) leads to the formation of fluorescent CDs with emission wavelengths up to 700 nm. Strikingly, although metal ions play a crucial role in the synthesis of CDs with varied QYs, they are absent in the formed CDs, that is, the obtained CDs are metal-free, and the metal ions play a role similar to a "catalyst" during the CD formation. Besides, using pPDA and nickel ions (Ni2+) as raw materials, we prepare Ni-pPCDs which have the highest QY and exhibit various excellent fluorescence properties including excitation-independent emission (at ∼605 nm), good photostability, polarity sensitivity, and ribonucleic acid responsiveness. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that Ni-pPCDs are highly biocompatible and can realize real-time, wash-free, and high-resolution imaging of cell nuclei and high-contrast imaging of tumor-bearing mice and zebrafish. In summary, the present work may hold great promise in the synthesis and applications of red emissive CDs.
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26
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Lee S. A new green technology for direct synthesis of carbon nanodots with narrow size distribution. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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27
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Mintz KJ, Zhou Y, Leblanc RM. Recent development of carbon quantum dots regarding their optical properties, photoluminescence mechanism, and core structure. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4634-4652. [PMID: 30834912 PMCID: PMC6467229 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CDs) are a relatively new class of carbon nanomaterials which have been studied very much in the last fifteen years to improve their already favorable properties. The optical properties of CDs have drawn particular interest as they display the unusual trait of excitation-dependent emission, as well as high fluorescence quantum yields (QY), long photoluminescence (PL) decay lifetimes, and photostability. These qualities naturally lead researchers to apply CDs in the field of imaging (particularly bio-imaging) and sensing. Since the amount of publications regarding CDs has been growing nearly exponentially in the last ten years, many improvements have been made in the optical properties of CDs such as QY and PL lifetime. However, a great deal of confusion remains regarding the PL mechanism of CDs as well as their structural properties. Therefore, presented in this review is a summary and discussion of the QYs and PL lifetimes reported in recent years. The effect of method as well as precursor has been evaluated and discussed appropriately. The current theories regarding the PL mechanism of CDs are discussed, with special attention to the concept of surface state-controlled PL. With this knowledge, the improvement of preparation and applications of CDs related to their optical properties will be easily accomplished. Further improvements can be made to CDs through the understanding of their structural and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan J Mintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA.
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28
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Du F, Cheng Z, Lai Z, Ruan G, Zhao C. Red-emissive nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots for highly selective and sensitive fluorescence detection of the alachlor herbicide in soil samples. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04232f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of red-emissive nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots and their applications in the highly selective and sensitive detection of the alachlor herbicide in soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyou Du
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University
- Changsha
- China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
| | - Zhenfang Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Zhan Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Guihua Ruan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University
- Changsha
- China
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