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Mameli A, Kovtun A, Jones D, Benekou V, Palermo V, Bandini M, Melucci M. Covalent functionalization by using blue light activated radicals: on the reaction mechanisms of arylazo sulfone binding on graphene. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024:d4na00359d. [PMID: 39170767 PMCID: PMC11333948 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00359d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene presents a pivotal strategy to enhance its surface properties and overcome inherent chemical inertness. While diazonium salts have been extensively utilized for this purpose, their limitations necessitate exploration of alternative approaches. Arylazo sulfones, such as diazonium salt derivatives serving as chromophores, offer a promising solution, enabling photochemical reactions under visible light. Here, we propose a novel method for rapid covalent photofunctionalization of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene on copper substrates using arylazo sulfones. The generation of aryl radicals - chlorobenzene in this case - was achieved through blue light LED irradiation of 4-chlorophenylazo methyl sulfone solution in acetonitrile. Efficient surface covalent modification of graphene was verified by observing (i) the photogeneration of radicals with a decrease in the π-π* band absorbance and an increase in the n-π* of arylazosulfone solution by UV-Vis spectroscopy; (ii) an increase in C sp3 defects on graphene from the Raman D band, the Auger C KLL signal and graphene C 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); and (iii) the presence of the chlorobenzene XPS Cl 2p signal. The aryl radical generation was enhanced by the copper substrate during irradiation, with a possible double path reaction mechanism. This approach highlights the versatility of arylazo sulfones in covalently patterning graphene surfaces, thus unlocking opportunities by overcoming the current approach consisting of the deposition of resist materials with successive cycles of lithography and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mameli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via P. Gobetti, 85 40129 Bologna Italy
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Alessandro Kovtun
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Derek Jones
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Vasiliki Benekou
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via P. Gobetti, 85 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE) Via G. Campi, 213/A 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via P. Gobetti, 85 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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2
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Peelikuburage BGD, Martens WN, Waclawik ER. Light switching for product selectivity control in photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10168-10207. [PMID: 38722105 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Artificial switchable catalysis is a new, rapidly expanding field that offers great potential advantages for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. Light irradiation is widely accepted as the best stimulus to artificial switchable chemical systems. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the synthesis and application of photo-switchable catalysts that can control when and where bond formation and dissociation take place in reactant molecules. Photo-switchable catalysis is a niche area in current catalysis, on which systematic analysis and reviews are still lacking in the scientific literature, yet it offers many intriguing and versatile applications, particularly in organic synthesis. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in photo-switchable catalyst systems that can result in two different chemical product outcomes and thus achieve a degree of control over organic synthetic reactions. Furthermore, this review evaluates different approaches that have been employed to achieve dynamic control over both the catalytic function and the selectivity of several different types of synthesis reactions, along with the remaining challenges and potential opportunities. Owing to the great diversity of the types of reactions and conditions adopted, a quantitative comparison of efficiencies between considered systems is not the focus of this review, instead the review showcases how insights from successful adopted strategies can help better harness and channel the power of photoswitchability in this new and promising area of catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan G D Peelikuburage
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Wayde N Martens
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Eric R Waclawik
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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3
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Carroll JA, Pashley-Johnson F, Frisch H, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemical Action Plots Reveal Red-shifted Wavelength-dependent Photoproduct Distributions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304174. [PMID: 38267371 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical action plots are a powerful tool for mapping photochemical reaction outcomes wavelength-by-wavelength. Typically, they map either the depletion of a reactant or the formation of a specific product as a function of wavelength. Herein, we exploit action plots to simultaneously map the formation of several photochemical products from a single chromophore. We demonstrate that the wavelength-resolved mapping of two reaction products formed during the irradiation of a chalcone species not only shows wavelength dependence - exhibiting the typical strong red-shift of the photochemical reactivity compared to the absorbance spectrum of the chromophore - but also a strong wavelength selectivity with remarkably different product distributions resulting from different irradiation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Fred Pashley-Johnson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4-Bis), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Insitute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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4
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Hossain MM, Shaikh AC, Kaur R, Gianetti TL. Red Light-Blue Light Chromoselective C(sp 2)-X Bond Activation by Organic Helicenium-Based Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7922-7930. [PMID: 38498938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Chromoselective bond activation has been achieved in organic helicenium (nPr-DMQA+)-based photoredox catalysis. Consequently, control over chromoselective C(sp2)-X bond activation in multihalogenated aromatics has been demonstrated. nPr-DMQA+ can only initiate the halogen atom transfer (XAT) pathway under red light irradiation to activate low-energy-accessible C(sp2)-I bonds. In contrast, blue light irradiation initiates consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) to activate more challenging C(sp2)-Br bonds. Comparative reaction outcomes have been demonstrated in the α-arylation of cyclic ketones with red and blue lights. Furthermore, red-light-mediated selective C(sp2)-I bonds have been activated in iodobromoarenes to keep the bromo functional handle untouched. Finally, the strength of the chromoselective catalysis has been highlighted with two-fold functionalization using both photo-to-transition metal and photo-to-photocatalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mubarak Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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5
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Zhou C, Wu B, Zheng X, Chen B, Chu C. Wavelength-dependent direct and indirect photochemical transformations of organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170414. [PMID: 38272084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Sunlight-induced photochemical transformations greatly affect the persistence of organic pollutants in natural environment. Whereas sunlight intensity is well-known to affect pollutant phototransformation rates, the reliance of pollutant phototransformation kinetics on sunlight spectrum remains poorly understood, which may greatly vary under different spatial-temporal, water matrix, and climatic conditions. Here, we systematically assessed the wavelength-dependent direct and indirect phototransformations of 12 organic pollutants. Their phototransformation rates dramatically decreased with light wavelength increasing from 375 to 632 nm, with direct photolysis displaying higher wavelength-dependence than indirect photolysis. Remarkably, UV light dominated both direct (90.4-99.5 %) and indirect (64.6-98.7 %) photochemical transformations of all investigated organic pollutants, despite its minor portion in sunlight spectrum (e.g., 6.5 % on March 20 at the equator). Based on wavelength-dependent rate constant spectrum, the predicted phototransformation rate of chloramphenicol (4.5 ± 0.7 × 10-4 s-1) agreed well with the observed rate under outdoor sunlight irradiation (4.3 ± 0.0 × 10-4 s-1), and there is no significant difference between the predicted rate and the observed rate (p-value = 0.132). Moreover, rate constant and quantum yield coefficient (QYC) spectrum could be applied for facilely investigate the influence of spectral changes on the phototransformation of pollutants under varying spatial-temporal (e.g., season, latitude) and climatic conditions (e.g., cloud cover). Our study highlights the wavelength-dependence of both direct and indirect phototransformation of pollutants, and the UV part of natural sunlight plays a decisive role in the phototransformation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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6
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Di Terlizzi L, Nicchio L, Callegari C, Scaringi S, Neuville L, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Masson G. Visible-Light-Mediated Divergent and Regioselective Vicinal Difunctionalization of Styrenes with Arylazo Sulfones. Org Lett 2023; 25:9047-9052. [PMID: 38085821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Activated by visible light, arylazo sulfones can serve as multifaceted reactants and are employed in diazenylation, sulfonylation, and arylation reactions under (photo)catalyst-free conditions. Such versatile reactivity enabled us to develop an operationally simple, regioselective, and tunable difunctionalization of styrenes with arylazo sulfones to produce α-sulfonyl arylhydrazones and 1,2-alkoxyarylated products in moderate to excellent yields. Furthermore, such difunctionalized products have been exploited as key building blocks for the synthesis of various heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Luca Nicchio
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Camilla Callegari
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Simone Scaringi
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 8 Rue de Rouen, 78440 Porcheville, France
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Geraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 8 Rue de Rouen, 78440 Porcheville, France
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7
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Patil DV, Ramesh K, Kim HY, Oh K. Visible-Light-Promoted Aryl Cation Formation: Aromatic S N1 Reactions of Areneazo-2-(2-nitro)propanes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7204-7208. [PMID: 37737122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The visible light excitation of areneazo-2-(2-nitro)propane·HCl salts generated the singlet aryl cation that readily underwent aromatic SN1 reactions with a variety of nucleophiles. The in situ generated singlet aryl cation was stabilized by a counter nitronate anion that prevented other intersystem crossing and single electron transfer processes. With the improved safety features of neutral areneazo-2-(2-nitro)propane derivatives, the current visible-light-promoted aromatic SN1 reactions provide an alternative aryl Csp2-X bond forming strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Patil
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Karu Ramesh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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8
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Michenfelder RT, Delafresnaye L, Truong VX, Barner-Kowollik C, Wagenknecht HA. DNA labelling in live cells via visible light-induced [2+2] photocycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4012-4015. [PMID: 36920883 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00817g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a visible light-driven (λmax = 451 nm) photo-chemical strategy for labelling of DNA in living HeLa cells via the [2+2] cycloaddition of a styrylquinoxaline moiety, which we incorporate into both the DNA and the fluorescent label. Our methodology offers advanced opportunities for the mild remote labelling of DNA in water while avoiding UV light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita T Michenfelder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Laura Delafresnaye
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Vinh X Truong
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia.
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
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9
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Continuous Flow Photochemical Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-arylmethylene Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones through Organic Photoredox Catalysis and Investigation of Their Larvicidal Activity. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones are heteropentacycle compounds found in several bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical and agrochemical properties. A well-known multicomponent reaction between β-ketoester, hydroxylamine, and aromatic aldehydes leads to 3-methyl-4-arylmethylene isoxazole-5(4H)-ones, in mild conditions. The initial purpose of this work was to investigate whether the reaction might be induced by light, as described in previous works. Remarkable results were obtained using a high-power lamp, reducing reaction times compared to methodologies that used heating or catalysis. Since there are many examples of successful continuous flow heterocycle synthesis, including photochemical reactions, the study evolved to run the reaction in flow conditions and scale up the synthesis of isoxazolones using a photochemical reactor set-up. Eight different compounds were obtained, and among them, three showed larvicidal activity on immature forms of Aedes aegypti in tests that investigated its growth inhibitory character. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reactions occur through organic photoredox catalysis.
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10
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Filho ACD, de Jesus Soares J, Carriço MRS, Viçozi GP, Flores WH, Denardin CC, Roehrs R, Denardin ELG. Green synthesis silver nanoparticles Bougainvillea glabra Choisy/LED light with high catalytic activity in the removal of methylene blue aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:36244-36258. [PMID: 36547835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated, in a pioneering way, the influence of wavelengths from the decomposition of white light on the production and physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Bearing in mind a process of green synthesis, an extract of the bracts of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (BgC) was used, a species native to tropical and subtropical regions and frequently used in ornamentation, possessing in its photochemical composition, biomolecules capable of acting as reducing agents for convert Ag+ to Ag0. We used light-emitting diodes (LED) to obtain the desired wavelengths (violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red) in the test called rainbow, and we evaluated the obtaining of AgNPs compared to white LED light, nature, and absence of light. In the rainbow assay, we obtained a gradual increase in the intensity of the plasmonic band resonance from the red wavelength (0.124 ± 0.067 a.u.) to violet (0.680 ± 0.199 a.u.), indicating a higher reaction yield in obtaining AgNPs. Smaller hydrodynamic sizes (approximately 150 nm) at more energetic wavelengths (violet, blue, and green) about less energetic wavelengths (yellow, orange, and red) (approximately 400 nm) were obtained. Analysis by SEM microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction indicates the presence of silver nanoparticles in all LED colors used together with white LED light and Laboratory light (natural light). Due to the high environmental demand to remove pollutants from water sources, including textile dyes, we applied AgNPs/BgC to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous solution. A minimum removal percentage greater than 65%, with emphasis on formulations synthesized by the colors of violet LED (84.27 ± 2.65%) and orange LED (85.91 ± 1.95%), was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Cezar Dotta Filho
- Laboratório de Estudos Físico-Químicos E Produtos Naturais (LEFQPN), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, P. Box: 118, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Jefferson de Jesus Soares
- Laboratório de Estudos Físico-Químicos E Produtos Naturais (LEFQPN), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, P. Box: 118, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Murilo Ricardo Sigal Carriço
- Laboratório de Análises Químicas Ambientais E Toxicológicas (LAQAT), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, P. Box: 118, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pedroso Viçozi
- Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, P. Box: 118, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Casagrande Denardin
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Bioquímica E Toxicologia Em Compostos Bioativos, Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, P. Box: 118, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Laboratório de Análises Químicas Ambientais E Toxicológicas (LAQAT), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, P. Box: 118, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil
| | - Elton Luís Gasparotto Denardin
- Laboratório de Estudos Físico-Químicos E Produtos Naturais (LEFQPN), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, P. Box: 118, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil.
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11
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Connell TU. The forgotten reagent of photoredox catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13176-13188. [PMID: 35997070 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible light powers an ever-expanding suite of reactions to both make and break chemical bonds under otherwise mild conditions. As a reagent in photochemical synthesis, light is obviously critical for reactivity but rarely optimized other than in light/dark controls. This Frontier Article presents an overview of recent research that investigates the unique ways light may be manipulated, and its unusual interactions with homogeneous transition metal and organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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12
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Feist F, Rodrigues LL, Walden SL, Barner-Kowollik C. Regioisomerism in Symmetric Dimethyl Dialdehydes Dictates their Photochemical Reactivity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9296-9300. [PMID: 35749632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the first light-driven selective monoderivatization (desymmetrization) of two chemically equivalent carbonyl groups in a single chromophore. By comparing of four symmetric regioisomers, featuring two equivalent ortho-methylbenzaldehyde units, we identify dimethyltherephtalaldehydes (DMTAs) which can be activated in a dual wavelength-selective fashion. Under visible light and UV-light irradiation, DMTAs undergo two consecutive Diels-Alder reactions exhibiting near-quantitative endo-selectivity (>99%) and provide excellent yields (96-98%). The influence of the regioisomerism of the dialdehydes on their photochemical behavior is profound, evidenced by an in-depth investigation of their photochemical performance. We exemplify the capability of the photosystems via the synthesis of complex Diels-Alder adducts with various dienophiles, including alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Feist
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leona L Rodrigues
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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13
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Shimizu N, Shigemitsu H, Kida T, Bach T, Mori T. Visible Light-Induced Regio- and Enantiodifferentiating [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of 1,4-Naphthoquinones Mediated by Oppositely Coordinating 1,3,2-Oxazaborolidine Chiral Lewis Acid. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8071-8083. [PMID: 35652135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A range of asymmetric photochemical transformations using visible light have recently become considerably attractive. Among the various approaches, chiral Lewis acid association to enones for [2 + 2] and ortho photocycloadditions and oxadi-π-methane rearrangements have shown to be very promising. Naturally, chiral Lewis acid coordination protects one of the prochiral faces of the C═C double bond, which enables an effective enantiodifferentiation in the following bond-forming process(es). Here, we studied regio- and enantiodifferentiating [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions of naphthoquinone derivatives mediated by chiral oxazaborolidines. A stereochemical control was quite challenging for the 2-ene-1,4-dione substrate, as a double coordination of Lewis acid essentially cancels out the face selectivity, and a mono-coordination to each carbonyl group leads to an opposite stereochemical outcome. Furthermore, a stepwise coordination in the ground state of Lewis acid in a 1:1 fashion was practically inaccessible. We found that the excited-state decomplexation is a key to accomplish high regio- and enantioselectivities in the photocycloaddition of an ene-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Shigemitsu
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division Institute for OTRI, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kida
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division Institute for OTRI, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Lombardi L, Kovtun A, Mantovani S, Bertuzzi G, Favaretto L, Bettini C, Palermo V, Melucci M, Bandini M. Visible-Light Assisted Covalent Surface Functionalization of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets with Arylazo Sulfones. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200333. [PMID: 35319124 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an environmentally benign methodology for the covalent functionalization (arylation) of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets with arylazo sulfones. A variety of tagged aryl units were conveniently accommodated at the rGO surface via visible-light irradiation of suspensions of carbon nanostructured materials in aqueous media. Mild reaction conditions, absence of photosensitizers, functional group tolerance and high atomic fractions (XPS analysis) represent some of the salient features characterizing the present methodology. Control experiments for the mechanistic elucidation (Raman analysis) and chemical nanomanipulation of the tagged rGO surfaces are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Kovtun
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Mantovani
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Favaretto
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristian Bettini
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Zou Y, Abednatanzi S, Gohari Derakhshandeh P, Mazzanti S, Schüßlbauer CM, Cruz D, Van Der Voort P, Shi JW, Antonietti M, Guldi DM, Savateev A. Red edge effect and chromoselective photocatalysis with amorphous covalent triazine-based frameworks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2171. [PMID: 35449208 PMCID: PMC9023581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoselective photocatalysis offers an intriguing opportunity to enable a specific reaction pathway out of a potentially possible multiplicity for a given substrate by using a sensitizer that converts the energy of incident photon into the redox potential of the corresponding magnitude. Several sensitizers possessing different discrete redox potentials (high/low) upon excitation with photons of specific wavelength (short/long) have been reported. Herein, we report design of molecular structures of two-dimensional amorphous covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) possessing intraband states close to the valence band with strong red edge effect (REE). REE enables generation of a continuum of excited sites characterized by their own redox potentials, with the magnitude proportional to the wavelength of incident photons. Separation of charge carriers in such materials depends strongly on the wavelength of incident light and is the primary parameter that defines efficacy of the materials in photocatalytic bromination of electron rich aromatic compounds. In dual Ni-photocatalysis, excitation of electrons from the intraband states to the conduction band of the CTF with 625 nm photons enables selective formation of C‒N cross-coupling products from arylhalides and pyrrolidine, while an undesirable dehalogenation process is completely suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zou
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Sara Abednatanzi
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Ghent University, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph M Schüßlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Cruz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheiman der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Ghent University, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jian-Wen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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16
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Markushyna Y, Savateev A. Light as a tool in organic photocatalysis: multi‐photon excitation and chromoselective reactions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Markushyna
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam GERMANY
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry GERMANY
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17
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Kodura D, Rodrigues LL, Walden SL, Goldmann AS, Frisch H, Barner-Kowollik C. Orange-Light-Induced Photochemistry Gated by pH and Confined Environments. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6343-6348. [PMID: 35364816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a new photochemically active compound, i.e., pyridinepyrene (PyPy), entailing a pH-active moiety that effects a significant halochromic shift into orange-light (λ = 590 nm) activatable photoreactivity while concomitantly exerting control over its reaction pathways. With blue light (λ = 450 nm) in neutral to basic pH, a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition can be triggered to form a cyclobutene ring in a reversible fashion. If the pH is decreased to acidic conditions, resulting in a halochromic absorption shift, photocycloaddition on the small-molecule level is blocked due to repulsive interactions and exclusive trans-cis isomerization is observed. Through implementation of PyPy into the confined environment of a single-chain nanoparticle (SCNP) design, one can overcome the repulsive forces and exploit the halochromic shift for orange light (λ = 590 nm)-induced cycloaddition and formation of macromolecular three-dimensional (3D) architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kodura
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (OUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Leona L Rodrigues
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (OUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (OUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Anja S Goldmann
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (OUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (OUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (OUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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18
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Bui TT, Tran VH, Kim H. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Synthesis of Sulfonyl Fluorides from Arylazo Sulfones. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tien Tan Bui
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 United States
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hieu Tran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee‐Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju 54907 Republic of Korea
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19
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Terlizzi L, Cola I, Raviola C, Fagnoni M, Protti S. Dyedauxiliary Group Strategy for the α-Functionalization of Ketones and Esters. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2021; 1:68-71. [PMID: 36855752 PMCID: PMC9954345 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of α-arylketones and α-arylazo esters has been achieved in mixed organic-aqueous media under photocatalyst- and metal-free conditions via visible light activation of arylazo sulfones in the presence of enol silyl ethers and ketene silyl acetals, respectively. The process took place efficiently and exhibits an excellent tolerance for a broad variety of functional groups.
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20
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Stuckhardt C, Wissing M, Studer A. Photo Click Reaction of Acylsilanes with Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18605-18611. [PMID: 34129264 PMCID: PMC8456837 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Light-mediated coupling of acylsilanes with indoles is reported. This photo click reaction occurs under mild conditions (415 nm) mostly in quantitative yield and provides stable silylated N,O-acetals via light mediated siloxycarbene generation with subsequent indole-N-H insertion. We show that this very efficient and fully atom economic coupling process can be applied to conjugate complex systems, as documented by the clicking of carbohydrates with indole alkaloids. The method is also applicable to the conjugation of polymer chains. The linking acetal moiety can be readily cleaved and it is also shown that wavelength-selective coupling and cleavage with acyl silanes bearing a second photoactive moiety is possible. This is documented by a successful polymerization/depolymerization sequence and by a polymer folding/unfolding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Stuckhardt
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Maren Wissing
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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21
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Stuckhardt C, Wissing M, Studer A. Photo Click Reaction of Acylsilanes with Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Stuckhardt
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Maren Wissing
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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22
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Lampkin PP, Thompson BJ, Gellman SH. Versatile Open-Source Photoreactor Architecture for Photocatalysis Across the Visible Spectrum. Org Lett 2021; 23:5277-5281. [PMID: 34161103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adoption of commercial photoreactors as standards for photocatalysis research could be limited by high cost. We report the development of the Wisconsin Photoreactor Platform (WPP), an open-source photoreactor architecture potentially suitable for general adoption. The WPP integrates inexpensive commercial components and common high-intensity LEDs in a 3D-printed enclosure. Dimensions and features of WPP reactors can be readily varied and configurations easily reproduced. WPP performance is evaluated using literature transformations driven by light of disparate wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Blaise J Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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23
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Xu X, Xiao L, Gu C, Shang J, Xiang Y. Wavelength-Selective Activation of Photocaged DNAzymes for Metal Ion Sensing in Live Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13153-13160. [PMID: 34056465 PMCID: PMC8158819 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA-cleaving DNAzymes are widely applied as sensors for detecting metal ions in environmental samples owing to their high sensitivity and selectivity, but their use for sensing biological metal ions in live cells is challenging because constitutive sensors fail to report the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of biological processes. Photocaged DNAzymes can be activated by light for sensing purposes that need spatial and temporal resolution. Studying complex biological processes requires logic photocontrol, but unfortunately all the literature-reported photocaged DNAzymes working in live cells cannot be selectively controlled by light irradiation at different wavelengths. In this work, we developed photocaged DNAzymes responsive to UV and visible light using a general synthetic method based on phosphorothioate chemistry. Taking the Zn2+-dependent DNAzyme sensor as a model, we achieved wavelength-selective activation of photocaged DNAzymes in live human cells by UV and visible light, laying the groundwork for the logic activation of DNAzyme-based sensors in biological systems.
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24
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Nguyen TK, Titov GD, Khoroshilova OV, Kinzhalov MA, Rostovskii NV. Light-induced one-pot synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives from vinyl azides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:4971-4982. [PMID: 32558855 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot procedure for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted dihydropyrimidine and pyrimidine derivatives from α-azidocinnamates was developed. The synthesis is based on the finding that the outcome of LED photolysis of α-azidocinnamates depends on the light wavelength employed. Blue light (455 nm) leads to the formation of 2H-azirines only, but violet light (395 nm), UV-A light (365 nm), or sunlight result in the transformation of the in situ formed 2H-azirines to 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-enes. Under basic catalysis (DBU), the latter were isomerized to 1,6-dihydropyrimidines which were oxidized to pyrimidines using DDQ. A successful use of Cs2CO3 as a base and air as an oxidant was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan K Nguyen
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Gleb D Titov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Olesya V Khoroshilova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail A Kinzhalov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Nikolai V Rostovskii
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
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25
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Schmermund L, Reischauer S, Bierbaumer S, Winkler CK, Diaz‐Rodriguez A, Edwards LJ, Kara S, Mielke T, Cartwright J, Grogan G, Pieber B, Kroutil W. Chromoselective Photocatalysis Enables Stereocomplementary Biocatalytic Pathways*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6965-6969. [PMID: 33529432 PMCID: PMC8048449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the selectivity of a chemical reaction with external stimuli is common in thermal processes, but rare in visible-light photocatalysis. Here we show that the redox potential of a carbon nitride photocatalyst (CN-OA-m) can be tuned by changing the irradiation wavelength to generate electron holes with different oxidation potentials. This tuning was the key to realizing photo-chemo-enzymatic cascades that give either the (S)- or the (R)-enantiomer of phenylethanol. In combination with an unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita, green light irradiation of CN-OA-m led to the enantioselective hydroxylation of ethylbenzene to (R)-1-phenylethanol (99 % ee). In contrast, blue light irradiation triggered the photocatalytic oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone, which in turn was enantioselectively reduced with an alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus ruber to form (S)-1-phenylethanol (93 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schmermund
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Sarah Bierbaumer
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Alba Diaz‐Rodriguez
- Chemical Development, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&DGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&DGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical EngineeringBiocatalysis and Bioprocessing GroupAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 108000AarhusDenmark
| | - Tamara Mielke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Jared Cartwright
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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26
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Schmermund L, Reischauer S, Bierbaumer S, Winkler CK, Diaz‐Rodriguez A, Edwards LJ, Kara S, Mielke T, Cartwright J, Grogan G, Pieber B, Kroutil W. Chromoselective Photocatalysis Enables Stereocomplementary Biocatalytic Pathways. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:7041-7045. [PMID: 38504955 PMCID: PMC10946972 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the selectivity of a chemical reaction with external stimuli is common in thermal processes, but rare in visible-light photocatalysis. Here we show that the redox potential of a carbon nitride photocatalyst (CN-OA-m) can be tuned by changing the irradiation wavelength to generate electron holes with different oxidation potentials. This tuning was the key to realizing photo-chemo-enzymatic cascades that give either the (S)- or the (R)-enantiomer of phenylethanol. In combination with an unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita, green light irradiation of CN-OA-m led to the enantioselective hydroxylation of ethylbenzene to (R)-1-phenylethanol (99 % ee). In contrast, blue light irradiation triggered the photocatalytic oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone, which in turn was enantioselectively reduced with an alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus ruber to form (S)-1-phenylethanol (93 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schmermund
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Sarah Bierbaumer
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Alba Diaz‐Rodriguez
- Chemical Development, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&DGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&DGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical EngineeringBiocatalysis and Bioprocessing GroupAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 108000AarhusDenmark
| | - Tamara Mielke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Jared Cartwright
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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27
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Abstract
Visible light photocatalysis has become a powerful tool in organic synthesis that uses photons as traceless, sustainable reagents. Most of the activities in the field focus on the development of new reactions via common photoredox cycles, but recently a number of exciting new concepts and strategies entered less charted territories. We survey approaches that enable the use of longer wavelengths and show that the wavelength and intensity of photons are import parameters that enable tuning of the reactivity of a photocatalyst to control or change the selectivity of chemical reactions. In addition, we discuss recent efforts to substitute strong reductants, such as elemental lithium and sodium, by light and technological advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimalle 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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28
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Schiel F, Peinsipp C, Kornigg S, Böse D. A 3D‐Printed Open Access Photoreactor Designed for Versatile Applications in Photoredox‐ and Photoelectrochemical Synthesis**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schiel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5–11 1121 Vienna Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Währinger Straße 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Peinsipp
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5–11 1121 Vienna Austria
| | - Stefan Kornigg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5–11 1121 Vienna Austria
| | - Dietrich Böse
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5–11 1121 Vienna Austria
- Current address: Merck Healthcare KGaA Frankfurter Strasse 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
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29
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Zhou R, Ma L, Yang X, Cao J. Recent advances in visible-light photocatalytic deuteration reactions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01299h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in visible-light photocatalytic deuteration of X–H, C–halogen, CC, and other bonds for the synthesis of deuterium-labeled organic molecules have been summarized according to the type of bond deuterated in the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Lishuang Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xiaona Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Jilei Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- China
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30
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Li A, Li Y, Liu J, Chen J, Lu K, Qiu D, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Zhao X. Metal-Free Trifluoromethylthiolation of Arylazo Sulfones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1292-1299. [PMID: 33350303 PMCID: PMC8765700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-driven protocol for the synthesis of aryl trifluoromethyl thioethers under photocatalyst- and metal-free conditions has been pursued. The procedure exploits the peculiar properties of arylazo sulfones (having electron-rich or electron-poor substituents on the (hetero)aromatic ring) as photochemical precursors of aryl radicals and S-trifluoromethyl arylsulfonothioates as easy-to-handle trifluoromethylthiolating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankun Li
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Lu
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Xia Zhao
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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32
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Abstract
Photochemical transformations of molecular building blocks have become an important and widely recognized research field in the past decade. Detailed and deep understanding of novel photochemical catalysts and reaction concepts with visible light as the energy source has enabled a broad application portfolio for synthetic organic chemistry. In parallel, continuous-flow chemistry and microreaction technology have become the basis for thinking and doing chemistry in a novel fashion with clear focus on improved process control for higher conversion and selectivity. As can be seen by the large number of scientific publications on flow photochemistry in the recent past, both research topics have found each other as exceptionally well-suited counterparts with high synergy by combining chemistry and technology. This review will give an overview on selected reaction classes, which represent important photochemical transformations in synthetic organic chemistry, and which benefit from mild and defined process conditions by the transfer from batch to continuous-flow mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology/Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
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33
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Qiu D, Lian C, Mao J, Fagnoni M, Protti S. Dyedauxiliary Groups, an Emerging Approach in Organic Chemistry. The Case of Arylazo Sulfones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12813-12822. [PMID: 32956584 PMCID: PMC8011925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of research papers that report photocatalyst-free protocols is currently increasing. Among the different approaches proposed, the conversion of a strong C-X bond of a stable substrate into a photolabile reactive moiety has been recently proposed. In this Synopsis, we introduce the so-dubbed dyedauxiliary group strategy by focusing on arylazo sulfones that are bench stable and visible-light responsive derivatives of anilines that have been exploited as precursors of a wide range of intermediates, including carbon-centered radicals as well as aryl cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Chang Lian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Jinshan Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
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35
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Sezen-Edmonds M, Tabora JE, Cohen BM, Zaretsky S, Simmons EM, Sherwood TC, Ramirez A. Predicting Performance of Photochemical Transformations for Scaling Up in Different Platforms by Combining High-Throughput Experimentation with Computational Modeling. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melda Sezen-Edmonds
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jose E. Tabora
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Cohen
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Serge Zaretsky
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Trevor C. Sherwood
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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36
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Kalayci K, Frisch H, Truong VX, Barner-Kowollik C. Green light triggered [2+2] cycloaddition of halochromic styrylquinoxaline-controlling photoreactivity by pH. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4193. [PMID: 32826921 PMCID: PMC7443129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical reactions are a powerful tool in (bio)materials design due to the spatial and temporal control light can provide. To extend their applications in biological setting, the use of low-energy, long wavelength light with high penetration propertiesis required. Further regulation of the photochemical process by additional stimuli, such as pH, will open the door for construction of highly regulated systems in nanotechnology- and biology-driven applications. Here we report the green light induced [2+2] cycloaddition of a halochromic system based on a styrylquinoxaline moiety, which allows for its photo-reactivity to be switched on and off by adjusting the pH of the system. Critically, the [2+2] photocycloaddition can be activated by green light (λ up to 550 nm), which is the longest wavelength employed to date in catalyst-free photocycloadditions in solution. Importantly, the pH-dependence of the photo-reactivity was mapped by constant photon action plots. The action plots further indicate that the choice of solvent strongly impacts the system's photo-reactivity. Indeed, higher conversion and longer activation wavelengths were observed in water compared to acetonitrile under identical reaction conditions. The wider applicability of the system was demonstrated in the crosslinking of an 8-arm PEG to form hydrogels (ca. 1 cm in thickness) with a range of mechanical properties and pH responsiveness, highlighting the potential of the system in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Kalayci
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Vinh X Truong
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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37
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Van De Walle M, De Bruycker K, Blinco JP, Barner‐Kowollik C. Two Colour Photoflow Chemistry for Macromolecular Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14143-14147. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van De Walle
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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38
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Van De Walle M, De Bruycker K, Blinco JP, Barner‐Kowollik C. Zweifarbiges Licht in der Durchflusssynthese für makromolekulares Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van De Walle
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - James P. Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
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39
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Glaser F, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Multiphotonen‐Anregung in der Photoredoxkatalyse: Konzepte, Anwendungen und Methoden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Departement Chemie Universität Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Departement Chemie Universität Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Departement Chemie Universität Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Schweiz
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40
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Glaser F, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Multi-Photon Excitation in Photoredox Catalysis: Concepts, Applications, Methods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10266-10284. [PMID: 31945241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The energy of visible photons and the accessible redox potentials of common photocatalysts set thermodynamic limits to photochemical reactions that can be driven by traditional visible-light irradiation. UV excitation can be damaging and induce side reactions, hence visible or even near-IR light is usually preferable. Thus, photochemistry currently faces two divergent challenges, namely the desire to perform ever more thermodynamically demanding reactions with increasingly lower photon energies. The pooling of two low-energy photons can address both challenges simultaneously, and whilst multi-photon spectroscopy is well established, synthetic photoredox chemistry has only recently started to exploit multi-photon processes on the preparative scale. Herein, we have a critical look at currently developed reactions and mechanistic concepts, discuss pertinent experimental methods, and provide an outlook into possible future developments of this rapidly emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Othman Abdulla H, Scaringi S, Amin AA, Mella M, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Aryldiazenyl Radicals from Arylazo Sulfones: Visible Light‐Driven Diazenylation of Enol Silyl Ethers. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Havall Othman Abdulla
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
- Chemistry Department, College of ScienceSalahaddin University Erbil Iraq
| | - Simone Scaringi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Ahmed A. Amin
- Chemistry Department, College of ScienceSalahaddin University Erbil Iraq
| | - Mariella Mella
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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42
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Delafresnaye L, Jung K, Boyer C, Barner-Kowollik C. Two colours of light drive PET–RAFT photoligation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By fusing the realms of photopolymerisation and photoligation, our contribution exploits two orthogonal wavelengths of visible light to readily synthesise and functionalise well defined polymers from a unique dual functionality RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delafresnaye
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- 4000 Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- 4000 Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology / Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
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44
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Molle E, Le D, Norizadeh Abbariki T, Akdemir MS, Takamiya M, Miceli E, Kassel O, Delaittre G. Access to Photoreactive Core‐Shell Nanomaterials by Photoinitiated Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Molle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Dao Le
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tannaz Norizadeh Abbariki
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Meryem S. Akdemir
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Enrico Miceli
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Olivier Kassel
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Applied Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Applied Sciences Aachen Heinrich-Mussmann-Strasse 1 52428 Jülich Germany
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West (DTNW) gGmbH Adlerstrasse 1 47798 Krefeld Germany
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45
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Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Reactivity control of a photocatalytic system by changing the light intensity. Chem Sci 2019; 10:11023-11029. [PMID: 32206254 PMCID: PMC7069242 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04584h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By using simple optics such as a lens, switching between one- and two-photon driven reaction mechanisms became feasible, which allows the control over the main products of photochemical reactions.
We report a novel light-intensity dependent reactivity approach allowing us to selectively switch between triplet energy transfer and electron transfer reactions, or to regulate the redox potential available for challenging reductions. Simply by adjusting the light power density with an inexpensive lens while keeping all other parameters constant, we achieved control over one- and two-photon mechanisms, and successfully exploited our approach for lab-scale photoreactions using three substrate classes with excellent selectivities and good product yields. Specifically, our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the irradiation intensity can be used to control (i) the available photoredox reactivity for reductive dehalogenations to selectively target either bromo- or chloro-substituted arenes, (ii) the photochemical cis–trans isomerization of olefins versus their photoreduction, and (iii) the competition between hydrogen atom abstraction and radical dimerization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland . ;
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland . ;
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Stegbauer S, Jeremias N, Jandl C, Bach T. Reversal of reaction type selectivity by Lewis acid coordination: the ortho photocycloaddition of 1- and 2-naphthaldehyde. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8566-8570. [PMID: 31803430 PMCID: PMC6839505 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03315g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of a specific substrate class for synthetic applications is greatly enhanced if different types of reactions can be performed selectively upon a judicious choice of reaction conditions. In the present study it was shown that the typical photochemical behaviour of naphthaldehydes is completely altered in the presence of Lewis acids. Without Lewis acids, reactions at the carbonyl group are exclusively observed while Lewis acids facilitate a visible light-mediated cycloaddition at the arene core providing access to products of aromatic C-H functionalization via cyclobutane intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stegbauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 89 28913330
| | - Noah Jeremias
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 89 28913330
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 89 28913330
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 89 28913330
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Amin HIM, Raviola C, Amin AA, Mannucci B, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Hydro/Deutero Deamination of Arylazo Sulfones under Metal- and (Photo)Catalyst-Free Conditions. Molecules 2019; 24:E2164. [PMID: 31181774 PMCID: PMC6601019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrodeaminated and monodeuterated aromatics were obtained via a visible-light driven reaction of arylazo sulfones. Deuteration occurs efficiently in deuterated media such as isopropanol-d8 or in THF-d8/water mixtures and exhibits a high tolerance to the nature and the position of the aromatic substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawraz I M Amin
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia. Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq.
| | - Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia. Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ahmed A Amin
- Chemistry Department, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq.
| | - Barbara Mannucci
- Centro Grandi Strumenti (CGS), University of Pavia, V. Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia. Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia. Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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48
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Haas CP, Roider T, Hoffmann RW, Tallarek U. Light as a reaction parameter – systematic wavelength screening in photochemical synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Systematic wavelength screening with 16 LED arrays in a continuous-flow photoreactor revealed different reaction channels for the perfluoroalkylation of 2-methylindole, which were transferred into independent synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Haas
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Thomas Roider
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
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